Chapter 1 Introduction To Physics

No. Terms Definition

1. Physical quantities 2. Base quantities 3. Derived quantities

Quantities that can be measured

4. Scalar quantities 5. Vector quantities

Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities Physical quantity obtained from the combination of base quantities through multiplication or division or both. Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction Physical quantities that have magnitude only

6. Consistency The ability (of a measuring instrument) to measure a quantity with little or no deviation among the measurements 7. Accuracy The closeness of a measurement
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to the actual value 8. Sensitivity The ability (of a measuring instrument) to detect a small change in the quantity to be measured Errors in the calibration of instruments or the non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero Errors due to the mistakes made by the observer when taking Error due to the incorrect positioning of the eye when reading a measurement The non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero that is the pointer of the instrument does not return to the zero position when it is not being used

9. Systematic error

10. Random error 11. Parallax error 12. Zero erroe

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Chapter 2 Force And Motion

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No. Terms 1. Distance

Definition The total path length travelled from one location to the other 2. Displacement The distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them in a specified direction 3. Speed Rate of change of distance OR Distance travelled per unit time 4. Velocity Rate of change of displacement 5. Acceleration Rate of change of velocity 6. Average velocity 7. Average speed 8. Inertia displacement over total time The rate of movement. The tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to comtinue its motion Product of mass and velocity

9. Momentum

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10. Principle of conservation of momentum 11. Force

12. Impulse 13. Impulsive force 14. Free falling

In a closed system, the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision provided there is no external force Push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Change in momentum The rate of change of momentum. The motion in which the object falls due to gravitational force only The gravitational force acting on the object The quantity of matter in an object A single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces with magnitude and

15. Weight 16. Mass 17. Resultant force

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18. Equilibrium force

19. Work done

20. Energy 21. Kinetic energy 22. Gravitational potential energy 23. Principle of Conservation of energy

direction Situation in which forces acting on an object produces no net force. The object is satationary or moves with a constant velocity in a straight line. The product of the applied force and the displacement in the direction of the applied force The ability to do work The energy of an object due to its motion The energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be transformed from one form to another.The total energy in a closed system is constant . The rate at which work is done

24. Power

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25. Efficiency No. Terms 26. Elasticity

27. Spring constant 28. Elastic potential energy

OR the amount of work done per second The percentage of the energy Definition input that is transformed into useful energy The ability of an object to return to its original size / length / shape when the force that is acting on it is removed. Force per unit extension The energy stored in an object when it is stretched or compressed

29. Gravitational The region around the earth field which an object experiences a force towards the centre of earth.

Chapter 3 Force And Pressure

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1. Density 2. Pressure

Mass per unit volume Magnitude of force acting perpendicularly to a surface per unit area of the surface

3. Pressure in liquid 4. Atmosphere The pressure due to the weight of Pressure the air acting per unit area on the earths surface 5. Gas the pressure exerted by a gas. Pressure 6. Buoyant The upward force exerted by a Force fluid when an object is wholly or partially immersed in the fluid 7. Lift Force The upward force produced when fluid rises over a particle.

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Chapter 4 Heat

No. Terms Definition 1. Temperature The measure of the degree of hotness of an object. 2. Heat the forms of energy. 3. Thermal equilibrium The situation in which two objects which are in thermal contact have the same rate of heat transfer and the same temperature The NET heat flow between the two objects is zero. 4. Specific heat The amount of heat that must be capacity supplied to an object of mass 1 kg to increase its temperature by 1C 5. Melting point The temperature at which a given solid will melt. 6. Lower fixed The temperature at which pure point ice melts under the standard atmospheric pressure. 7. Solidifies Make or become hard or solid.

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8. Boiling point The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor. 9. Condensation The process of becoming denser, in particular. 10. Upper fixed The temperature of steam from point pure water that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure. 11. Latent heat The heat absorbed or released at constant temperature during a change of phase. 12. Specific The amount of heat required to latent heat of change 1 kg of a substance from fusion solid to liquid without any change in temperature 13. Specific The amount of heat required to latent heat of change 1 kg of a substance from vaporisation liquid to gas without any change in temperature 14. Absolute The lowest temperature in theory zero in which the pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are zero

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No.

Terms

Definition

Chapter 5 Light

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1. Angle of incidence i 2. Angle of reflection r 3. Centre of curvature C 4. Radius of curvature

The angle between the reflected ray and the normal. The angle between the refracted ray and the normal. The centre of the sphere that forms the curved mirror the radius of the circle of curvature; the absolute value of the reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at a given point. 5. Focal length The distance between the center of a lens or curved mirror and its focus. 6. Principal axis a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted 7. Focal point A common point on the principal axis where all the rays parallel to the axis converge to it after passing through a convex lens or appear to diverge from it after passing through a concave

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8.

9. 10.

11.

12.

lens. Refractive The value of the constant (sin i / index sin r) for a light ray passing through a vacuum into a given medium Real depth The distance of the real object from the surface of a medium Critical angle The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90 Total internal The condition in which the light reflection ray from a denser medium to a less dense medium is reflected back into the denser medium when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Focal point A common point on the of a lens F principal axis where all the rays parallel to the axis converge to it after passing through a convex lens or appear to diverge from it after passing through a concave

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lens. 13. Apparent The distance of the virtual image depth from the surface of the medium 14. Power of lens The reciprocal of the focal length 15. Object distance 16. Real image The distance between the object and the mirror The image that can be formed / displayed on a screen 17. Virtual image The image that cannot be formed on a screen The ratio of the image size to the 18. Linear magnification object size OR the ratio of the image distance to object distance

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Chapter 6 Waves

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N Terms Definition o. 1. Longitudinal A wave in which the particles of wave the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the wave moves 2. Transverse A wave in which the particles of wave the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves 3. wavefront An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a wave 4. Wave length The horizontal distance between two successive equivalent points on a wave 5. Amplitude The maximum displacement from the mean position of a wave 6. Frequency The number of complete oscillations made in 1 second 7. Damping Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in the

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8. Period

form of heat energy The time taken to complete one oscillation

9. Wave speed The speed at which the wave form of a progressive wave travels 10 Angle of The angle between the reflected . incidence ray and the normal. 11 Angle of The angle between the refracted . reflector ray and the normal. 12 Refraction The phenomena in which there is . of wave a change of direction of propagation due to a change of speed when water waves travel one area to another of different depths. 13 Diffraction The phenomena that refers to the . of wave spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or round an obstacle 14 Principle of Waves which consist of a joint . superpositio electric and magnetic fields which

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n 15 . 16 . Interference of waves Constructive interference

17 Destructive . interference 18 Electromagn . etic spectrum 19 Infrasound .

20 ultrasound .

oscillate perpendicular to each other The phenomena in which two sets of coherent waves meet / combine the interference of two or more waves of equal frequency and phase, the interference of two waves of e qual frequency and opposite phase. The range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends. A wave phenomenon sharing the physical nature of sound but with a range of frequencies below that of human hearing. Sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency, particularly as used in medical imaging.

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Chapter 7 Electricity

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No. Terms Definition 1. Electric field A region in which an electric charge experiences an electric force The rate of charge flow in a 2. Electric current circuit The work done or the energy that 3. Potential difference would be required to move 1 C of charge from one point to another in a circuit The enrgy carried by electrical 4. Electrical energy charges which can be transformed to other forms of energy by the operation of an electrical device or appliance. The rate of electrical energy 5. Electrical power dissipated or transferred The percentage of the input 6. Efficiency energy that is transformed into useful energy. All the components are connected 7. Series circuit one after another in a single path
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8. Parallel circuit

All the components are connected with their corresponding ends joined together at common points to form separate and parallel paths

The ratio of potential difference across a conductor to the electric current flowing through the conductor The resistance against the moving 10. Internal resistance, r charge due to the electrolyte in the cell / battery

9. Resistance

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Chapter 8 Electromagnetism

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No. Terms 1. Magnetic field

Definition A region round a current carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts 2. Electromagnet A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core 3. Catapult field The resultant magnetic field due to the combination of the magnetic field due to the current in the conductor and the external magnetic field 4. Electromagnetic The setting up of an induction electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in the magnetix flux caused by the relative motion of the conductor and a magnetic field. The induced emf will cause induced current to flow 5. Induced To produce an electric current or a magnetic charge

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6. Alternating current A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit and it changes its direction periodically

7. Direct current

8. Step-up transformer

9. Step-down transformer

A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit and the magnitude of the current maybe constant or changes with time A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the voltage across the primary coil A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is less than the

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number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is less than the voltage across the primary coil 10. Renewable An energy resource that is energy continually replaced and will not run out. 11. Non-renewable An energy resource cannot be energy replaced once it has been used. 12. Eddy current The current induced in the soft iron core due to the changing magnetic field produced by the alternating current in the coils 13. National Grid Network A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and substations in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit electricity

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No. Terms

Definition

Chapter 9 Electronics

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1. Thermionic emission

The process of emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal The stream of electrons which moves from cathode to anode at high speed across a vacuum A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities called dopants to a semiconductor to increase its conductivity

2. Cathode ray

3. Doping

4. n-type Semiconductor obtained when semiconductor pentavalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra electrons. Free electrons become the majority charge carrier and the holes become the minority carrier 5. p-type Semiconductor obtained when

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semiconductor trivalent atoms which are doped into the intrinsic semiconductor contribute extra holes. Free electrons become the minority charge carrier and the holes become the majority charge carrier 6. semiconductor An electronic device made from diode a p-n junction that allows current to flow in one direction only but blocks it in the opposite direction 7. Forward bias The connection in which the ptype (anode) of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and the ntype (cathode) is connected to the negative terminal of the battery 8. Reverse bias The connection in which the ptype (anode) of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of a battery and the n-

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type (cathode) is connected to N Terms Definition positive terminal of the the o battery . 9. Logic gates A switching circuit made up of The number of protons transistor 1 Proton a combination of in the nucleus . number,Z of an atom switches which has one or more inputs but only one output 10. Half-wave A process where only half of rectification every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in one direction only. 11. Full-wave A process where both halves of rectification every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in the same direction
Chapter 10 Radioactivity

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2 Nucleon . number, A 3 Isotopes .

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon number 4 Radioacti The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the . vity emission of an energetic particle or a photon ( or radioactive emission) Helium nucleus emitted by an unstable 5 Alpha . particle nucleus. High energy electron emitted by an 6 Beta . particle unstable nucleus. 7 Gamma Electromagnetic waves with very high frequency and short wavelength . rays 8 Radioacti Spontaneous disintegration of a . ve decay radionuclide accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation in the form of alpha or beta particles or gamma rays.

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9 Half-life .

The time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei in the sample to be reduced to half of its original number. 1 Radioisot Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive emissions. 0 opes . 1 Nuclear Energy released by a nuclear reaction as a result of a mass defect. 1 energy . a unit that is suitable for the mass of 1 Atomic 2 mass unit atoms and the mass of subatomic particles. . he amount by which the mass of a 1 Mass particular nucleus is less than the total 3 defect mass of its constituent particles . 1 Nuclear The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei. 4 fission . The self-sustaining fission reaction 1 Chain 5 reaction spread by neutrons that occurs in nuclear reactors and bombs. .

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Physics Pocket Notes

By Farah Dinah Hassan 5 Hibiscus

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