Advanced Soil Mechanics

Dr. Mubashir Aziz Design Class -1 (10-01-2012)

Tentative List of Experiments

1. Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils
a) b) c) d) Effects of Shear Strain Rate Effects of Pore Fluid Effects of Testing Method (TC / DS) Effects of Soil Structure (Flocc. / Disp.)

2. Shear Strength of Sand-Clay Mixtures

Groups / Members
GROUP-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2008-MS-GEO-10 2011-MS-CEG-09 2011-MS-CEG-21 2011-MS-CEG-12 2011-MS-CEG-24 2011-MS-CEG-18 2010-MS-CEH-25 2011-MS-CEG-11 Ahmed Hasnat Ilyas Akram Hasan Gul Asad Sultan Usama Khalid Zia-ur-Rehman Yasar Ali Abidi Muhammad Ramzan 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

GROUP-2
2011-MS-CEG-07 2011-MS-CEG-23 2011-MS-CEG-10 2011-MS-CEG-16 2009-MS-CEG-13 2008-MS-GEO-07 2009-MS-CEG-31 2011-MS-CEG-06 Attique ur Rehman Jawad Munir Shojat Munir Hira Mashkoor Khuram Arshad Syed Umair Ali Hufsa Kanwal Rabia Yaseen 3

GROUP-3
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2011-MS-CEG-08 2011-MS-CEG-19 2011-MS-CEG-22 2011-MS-CEG-15 2008-MS-GEO-15 2010-MS-CEG-07 2011-MS-CEG-02 Omer Altaf Azhar Shehzad Sajid Bilal M. Faheem Haider Faisal Butt 28 Abid Hameed 29 Mian Atif Hafeez 24

GROUP-4
2010-MS-CEG-04 Muhammad Ali

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2010-MS-CEG-20

Muhammad Arham

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2010-MS-CEG-08

Jehanzaib

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2011-MS-CEG-01

Muhammad Ali

2010-MS-CEG-18

Fahad Aziz

2011-MS-CEG-05

Adil Umer

INTRODUCTION
Geotechnical Design/Problems Types of Geotechnical Reports Types of Tests

LABORATORY LAYOUT

Geotechnical Design
Deep Excavations Retaining Walls Marine Bulkheads Piles & Caissons Footings Underpinning Rock Stabilization Finite Elements Cutoff Walls

Each type of geotechnical construction has its own design and investigation requirements. Experience plays a major role in adopting the most efficient geotechnical design. A good geotechnical design will identify issues and will offer alternatives if unexpected conditions are encountered.

Geotechnical Reports _ Possible Subjects

Settlement of structures and roads Load capacity of piles and footings Levees, design of earth and concrete dams. Earth retention structures, gravity walls, deep excavations. Soil nailing walls, mechanically stabilized earth Slope stability and landslide problems Ground water cutoff, environmental cutoff barriers Marine structures Geotextiles and geomembranes Tunnels and underground caverns Geotechnical seismic risks
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Laboratory-Based Engineering Properties of Soils (ASTM Standards)

BASIC TESTS
Visual-Manual Classification Unit Weight & Moisture Moisture Content Atterbergs Limits Sieve/Hydrometer Analysis Soil Classification Standard / Modified Proctor Index Densities of Sands ASTM D248 ASTM D2937 ASTM D2216, ASTM D4643 ASTM D4318 ASTM C136, D1140, D422 ASTM D2487 ASTM D698, D1557 ASTM D4253, D4254
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Laboratory-Based Engineering Properties of Soils (ASTM Standards) Contd

Shear Strength and Deformation Characteristics
Triaxial Unconfined Compression CD Direct Shear California Bearing Ratio 1-D Consolidation by Incremental Load 1-D Settlement/Swell of Cohesive Soils ASTM D2850, D4767 ASTM D2166 ASTM D3080 ASTM D1883 ASTM D2435 ASTM D4546

Laboratory-Based Engineering Properties of Soils (ASTM Standards) Contd

Other Tests
Permeability Organic Content pH Determination Pinhole Test on Dispersive Clays Resistivity Carbonate Content ASTM D2434, D5084 ASTM D2974 ASTM D1293 ASTM D4647 ASTM G57 ASTM D3042, D4373

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Testing Sieves

Standards: EN 933-2, ISO 3310-1, ISO 3310-2, ISO 565, ASTM E11

All test sieves must be manufactured to International Specifications and should be supplied with a Certificate of Compliance. Each sieve should be individually serial numbered, ensuring full traceability.

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Sieve Shaker
Standards: EN 932-5, ISO 3310-1 The Sieve Shaker imparts a circular motion to the material being sieved so that it makes a slow progression over the surface of the sieve. At the same time a feature of the rapid vertical movement agitates the sample which helps to clear the sieve apertures and avoid them blinding. The shaker is fitted with timer which can be preset for any duration.

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Pycnometer
A pycnometer (from Greek: puknos meaning "dense"), also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle, is a device used to determine the density of soils.

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Speedy Moisture Meter

Standards: BS 812, ASTM D4944, AASHTO T217

The Speedy Moisture is a portable system comprising a vessel with an integral pressure gauge a weighing scale and a carry case. A small sample of the material is prepared, weighed and placed into the vessel. The reagent is then added and the vessel is sealed and shaken to mix the reagent with the sample.

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Laboratory Ovens
Standards: ASTM C 127- C136-D558, D559, D560, D698, D1557, D1559, BS 1377:1-1924:11 Drying, warming and general laboratory applications.

Fitted with fixed shelf runners and removable chrome plated wire grid shelves. The control system comprises of a Digital thermometer with thermostatically controlled units Microprocessor digital controller.
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Liquid Limit Devices: Casagrande Method

Standards: BS 1377:2, ASTM D4318, AASHTO T89 Used to determine the moisture content at which clay soils pass from a plastic to a liquid state. It helps in the classification of soil when comparing the potential properties of soil material against empirical data. Consists of a removable brass cup, adjustable crank, mechanical blow counter, and base.

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Liquid Limit Devices: Cone Penetrometer Test

Standards: BS 1377, 1924-2 The Cone Penetrometer is used to carry on liquid limit tests on soil samples. It is a static test depending on the soil shear strength. The test is based on the relationship between moisture content and the penetration of a cone into the soil sample under pre-set conditions.

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Plastic Limit Set

Standards: ASTM D4318, AASHTO T90, BS 1377:2

The plastic limit is defined as the lowest moisture content of a soil that will permit a sample to be rolled into threads of 3 mm diameter without the threads breaking. The Plastic Limit Set comprises of a glass plate, steel rod, mixing dish, spatula and moisture content tins.

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Shrinkage Limit Apparatus

Standards: ASTM D427, AASHTO T92, BS 1377.

When the water content of a fine-grained soil is reduced below the plastic limit, shrinkage of the soil mass continues until the shrinkage limit is reached. This method of test covers the determination of the shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage and linear shrinkage.

The set comprises prong plate, shrinkage dish, spatula, glass measuring cylinder and moisture content tins.
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Dry Density, Moisture Relationship Standard / Modified Proctor Mould

Standards: BS 1377-4, 1924-2, 1997-2, ASTM D558, 559, 560, 698, 1557, AASHTO The Moulds are used for determining the relationship between the moisture content and density of compacted soil. Made of plated steel, includes collar, mould body and base plate.

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Automatic Soil Compactor

Standards: BS 1377-4, 1990, ASTM D558, 560, 698, 1557 The Automatic Soil Compactors is designed to provide a uniform compaction of Standard, Modified and CBR specimens assuring conformity with the reference standard. The Compactor is equipped with programmable digital counter which allows machine to stop at the preset numbers of blows. The height and weight of the rammer is adjustable to suit test requirements. The drop weight is adjustable to 300 mm drop height and is also adjustable to 450 mm drop height. The rammer is circular faced with a 50 mm diameter and is adjustable to 2.5 kg. or 4.5 kg.
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Sand Replacement
Standards: BS 1377:9, 1924:2 The Sand Replacement is used to determine the dry density of in-situ compact, fine, medium grained soils and for layers not exceeding 50 cm thickness. A circular hole is dug in the ground, all the soil from within it is collected, weighed and dried. The hole is then back-filled with standard uniform sand or fine gravel, poured from a calibrated container for calculating the volume of hole.

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Sand Cone Density

Standards: ASTM D1556, AASHTO T191 The Sand Cone Density is used for on site determination of the degree of compaction of sand. Complete set includes double cone, plastic sand jar 5lt capacity and metal tray.

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Voluvessel, 1/20 cu. ft. (1600ml) capacity

Standards: ASTM D2167; AASHTO T205 Voluvessel determine the in-place density of compacted or firmly-bonded soils using a rubber balloon apparatus viewed through a graduated, direct-reading clear plastic cylinder protected by metal casing. The model features a plastic cylinder, which screws into the density plate with the pump assembly mounted to the base. The Voluvessel comes with a pressurevacuum pump assembly, pressure gauge, quick coupler valve, double graduated cylinder, balloons and a density plate.
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CBR Test Machine

Standards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883, AASHTO T193 The California Bearing Ratio or CBR test is used for the laboratory evaluation of the bearing value of highway sub-bases and sub-grade. The CBR is composed by a robust and compact two-column frame with adjustable upper cross beam driven by an electromechanical ram with a maximum capacity of 50 kN. The CBR is designed to load the penetration piston into the soil sample at a constant rate to measure the applied load and piston penetration at pre-determined intervals. The ram speed can be set.
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CBR Mould and Accessories

Standards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883, AASHTO T193

Product Description CBR Mould, CBR Extension Collar, CBR Solid Base Plate, CBR Perforated Base Plate, Plated steel 150mm diameter x 120mm body height CBR Perforated Base Plate, Plated steel 6 in. (152.4mm) diameter x 7in (177.8mm) body height, Cutting Collar, Annular Surcharge Weight 2.27kg Slotted Surcharge Weight 2.27kg, Spacing Disc with T handle 5 15/16in. diameter (150.8mm) x 2.416 in. (61.4mm), Straight Edge, C-spanner, Filter Papers, Base Plate Tool.
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In-situ California Bearing Ratio Apparatus

Standards: BS 1377, 1924, ASTM D1883, AASHTO T193 The in-situ California Bearing Ratio is used for the evaluation of the bearing capacity of soil from a vehicle on site immediately and with less delay.

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Universal Extruder
Standards: ASTM D698, D1587, D1883, BS 598:107, 1377:4, 924:2

The Universal Extruder has been designed for laboratory and field use to extract samples from various moulds.

The extruder head is for standard use with sample tubes. Also used to remove Compaction Moulds, CBR and Marshall Moulds.

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Triaxial Testing Apparatus

Standards: BS 1377-7,8 1924-2, ASTM D2850 D4767, AASHTO T296 T297 The Triaxial Testing Apparatus test soil samples for the following applications: Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Consolidated Undrained (CU) Consolidated Drained (CD) Unconfined Compression (UC) The Triaxial Testing Apparatus consists of a Load Frame, Platen adaptors, dial gauge or digital transducer assembly, Triaxial Cell, Base and pressure system.

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Direct Shear Apparatus

Standards: BS 1377, ASTM D3080, AASHTO T236

The direct shear apparatus is used for determination of the direct shear strength of soils specimen.

Comprises:

Direct Shear box, floor mounted with carriage assembly and load hanger with 10:1 lever loading device.
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Consolidation Apparatus
Standards: BS 1377:5 / ASTM D2435, D3877, D4546, AASHTO T216

The One-dimensional Consolidation test is used to determine the consolidation characteristics of soils of low permeability. The frame is designed to load the specimen through a yoke assembly and one of three alternative beam ratios as 9:1 0:1 and 11:1. The beam is fitted with a counter balance weight and beam support check. The cell platform will accept the complete range of consolidation cells and is fitted with a central spigot to ensure accurate centering of the cell under the loading yoke. The fixed ring consolidation cells are manufactured from corrosion resistant materials and conform to the requirements of the relevant standards. An integral water reservoir is incorporated in the cell which allows the specimen to be inundated when required.
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Plate Bearing Test Equipment

Standards: ASTM D 1194, D1195, D1196, BS 1377:9 The Plate Bearing Test is used to determine the bearing capacity of a soil under field loading conditions for a specific loading plate and depth of embedment. It is also used for load tests of soil and flexible pavement components. The Basic test set unit is supplied complete with long datum bar. 3 dial gauges, hydraulic cylinder with hand pump, pressure gauge, connections and 300 mm diameter loading plate.

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Expansion Swell Test Equipment

The Swell Test Equipment is placed on top of the soil sample to enable monitoring of swelling. The swell test consists of perforated plate with adjustable stem (swell plate) dial gauge tripod and dial gauge.

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