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<
> >
o o
+
o
=
) 0 r ( 0
) 0 r , 0 A ( )
2
Ar
(
0
I
2
2
)
2
A
2
r (
exp
2
r
) r ( P
------------- (1)
The A is the amplitude of the dominant component i.e. direct path or line of sight (LOS) component,
o is the RMS value of voltage in a received signal,
2
o is the time-average power of the received
signal and (.)
0
I is the modified Bessel function of the first kind with zero-order. The parameter K in
Rician fading factor, and can be defined as the ratio between the power of the LOS component and the
disperse component (NLOS),
dB
2
2
A
log 10 ) dB ( K
o
=
Now, with the variation fading factor one can realize different fading distribution. Such as, Rayleigh
distribution is one kind of Rician distribution for K tends to 0 and for K >> 1 the Rician distribution
can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution, [15]. The probability distribution function (PDF) and
the Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the Rician distribution with the variation of the fading
parameter are shown in figures 5 and 6 respectively.
Figure 4. Rician channel model
February Issue Page 14 of 84 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.2, 2012
Figure 5. Probability distribution Figure 6. Cumulative distribution
function (PDF) function (CDF)
5. BER calculation
The probability density function (PDF) [16] of instantaneous signal to noise ratio (SNR) under
Rician fading given by The SNR PDF of a Rician fading channel is given by
, 0 ),
s
) K 1 ( k
2 (
0
I ]
s
) K 1 (
K exp[
s
) K 1 (
) ( f >
+
=
----- (2)
0
N
S
E
) (
S
=
is the average SNR.
Where K= is the Rician factor, I
0
(.) is the zero-order modied Bessel function of the 1
st
kind. The
Rician factor K can define as the ratio of the LOS component energy to the diffuse (multipath)
component energy. If K=0 we get the Rayleigh distribution, whereas the channel approaches the no
fading case (AWGN channel) as K increases.
The error probability can be calculated by averaging the conditional probability of error over the PDF
of , i.e.
}
c = c d ) ( f
0
) | ( P ) P(
-------------------- (3)
Now, the conditional error probability for the coherent MPSK is given by
u
}
t
t
u
t
t
= c d
M /
2
0
}
2
sec )
M
(
2
sin exp{
1
) | ( P
---------- (4)
The probability of error [17] for coherent MPSK over Rician fading channel can be calculated, by
substituting ) | ( P c and ) ( f
}
t
t
u
t
+
+
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
u
t
+
+
u
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
t
= c d
M /
2
0
2
sec )
M
(
2
sin
s
K 1
2
sec )
M
(
2
sin
s
K 1
2
sec )
M
(
2
sin K
exp
s
K 1 1
) P( --------- (5)
The probability of symbol error for QAM over a Gaussian channel is given as [18, 19]
M
2
log .
) 1 M (
5 . 1
exp . 2 . 0 ) | ( P
(
= c
------- (6)
Similarly, the probability of error for coherent MQAM over Rician fading channel can be calculated,
by substituting ) | ( P c and ) ( f
+ +
+ +
+
= c
s
. 5 . 1 ) 1 M ).( K 1 (
s
K . 5 . 1
exp .
s
. 5 . 1 ) 1 M ).( K 1 (
) 1 M ).( K 1 (
. M
2
log 2 . 0 ) P( ----- (7)
6. Simulated results:
Figure 7. BER vs. SNR curves for 2x2 V-BLAST MIMO- OFDM systems with different modulation
schemes in Rayleigh fading channel
The above figure shows BER Vs SNR curves for 2x2 VBLAST MIMO- OFDM systems with different
modulation schemes. As in figure we find that with the increase in the modulation order the BER
values increases consequently.
February Issue Page 16 of 84 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.2, 2012
Figure 8. BER vs. SNR curves for 2x2 V-BLAST MIMO- OFDM systems with different values of
Rician factor (k)
Above figure shows the BER performance of the 2x2 V-BLAST MIMO OFDM system in Rician
channel with the variation of the Rician fading factor. Here we have taken 16 QAM as the digital
modulation/ demodulation technique. As we know that for k<1, the Rician PDF tends to Rayleigh PDF
and with k tends to infinity Rician PDF tends to the Gaussian one. Therefore, as in figure 8 with the
increase in the Rician fading factor the BER performance of the system gets improve.
Figure 9. Performance comparison of 1x1 OFDM and 2x2 V-BLAST MIMO- OFDM systems with
different values of Rician factor (k)
Figure 9 depicts the comparative study on the performance of the 1x1 OFDM system and 2x2
VBLAST MIMO- OFDM in Rician channel condition with the variation of the fading factor (k). Here
also with the increase in k values the system performance improves significantly. Also from the above
figure, we have that with the increase in the diversity order the BER performance of the system gets
better. Therefore OFDM system with multiple antenna system provides significant improvement and
resistance in severe channel condition.
February Issue Page 17 of 84 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.2, 2012
Figure 10. BER of a 2x2 VBLAST MIMO OFDM system with different Doppler shift
Figure 10 shows the performance of the 2x2 VBLAST MIMO OFDM with respect to Doppler shift.
From the above figure, we find that with the increase in the Doppler frequency the system performance
is degraded. And also it is clear that with the increase in the signal SNR level the Doppler sift become
less effective where as for the lower value of SNR it is much more destructive.
7. Conclusion
From above simulated results, we find that VBLAST-MIMO OFDM is one of the best solutions for
establishing wireless communication link in vehicular channel condition. As it is very much evident
that in V2V or V2I communication, there wills severe multipath effect, Doppler spread and signal
attenuation etc, therefore a combination of MIMO with OFDM will provide a reliable and robust
communication link. And we find that this combination provides significant amount of the resistance
against sever fading and reasonable Doppler shift.
8. References
[1]. S. D. Elliott and D. J. Dailey, Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems,
Boston, London: Artech House, 1995.
[2]. Javier Gozalvez Miguel Sepulcre Ramon Bauza, Impact of the radio channel modelling on the
performance of VANET communication protocols, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
2010, 2010.
[3]. Lin Cheng Benjamin Henty Fan Bai Daniel D. Stancil, Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
of Rural and Highway Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels at 5.9 GHz, IEEE ,GLOBECOM, 2008
[4]. David W. Matolak, Channel Modeling for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications, IEEE
Communications Magazine, May 2008, pp-76-83.
[5]. D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. Smith, A. Naguib, From Theory to Practice: An overview of
MIMO space-time coded wireless systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,
VOL. 21, NO.3 , Apr 2003.
[6]. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment
when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communication. vol. 6, pp. 311-335, Mar. 1998.
[7]. V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri, and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time codes for high data rate wireless
communication: performance criterion and code construction,, IEEE TRANSACTIONSON
INFORMATION THEORY, VOL.44,NO.2, MARCH 1998.
[8]. Andrea Goldsmith. Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY,
USA, 2005.
[9]. M.P. Chitra and Dr. S.K.Srivatsa, BER ANALYSIS OF CODED AND UNCODED MIMO-
OFDM SYSTEM IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION, IJCSE, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp-357-363.
February Issue Page 18 of 84 ISSN 2229 5216
International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 4, No.2, 2012
[10]. Massaki Harada, Performance analysis of coded MIMO OFDM in multipath fading
channel,IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.8, No.19, pp- 1596-1601.
[11]. F.JavierL opez-Mart nez, EduardoMartos-Naya, Jos eF.Paris and Andrea J.Goldsmith. BER
Analysis for MIMO-OFDM Beamforming with MRC under Channel Prediction and Interpolation
Errors, IEEE "GLOBECOM" 2009, 2009.
[12]. Andreas F. Molisch, Fredrik Tufvesson, Johan Karedal and Christoph F. Mecklenbrauker, A
SURVEY ON VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE PROPAGATION CHANNELS, IEEE Wireless
Communications, December 2009.
[13]. P. Bello, Characterization of Random Time-Variant Linear Channels, IEEE Trans. Commun.,
vol. 11, Dec. 1963, pp. 36093.
[14]. Herv Boeglen, Benot Hilt, Pascal Lorenz Jonathan Ledy, Anne-Marie Poussard, A survey of
V2V channel modeling for VANET simulations, Eighth International Conference on Wireless
On-Demand Network Systems and Services,2011,pp-117-123.
[15]. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principle and Practice. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
[16]. J. Sun and I. Reed, Linear diversity analyses for M-PSK in Rician fading channels, IEEE Trans.
Commun., vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1749-1753, Nov. 2003.
[17]. Jonqyin Sun and Irving S. Reed, Linear Diversity Analysis for M-PSK in Rician Fading
Channels, IEEE Transaction on Communications, Vol.51, No. 11, November 2003.
[18]. Adel Ahmed Ali and Khalid Alkhudairi BER for M-QAM with Space-Time Transmit Diversity
in Nakagami and Rician Fading Channels, IEEE MCWC, pp. 6772, 2006.
[19]. A. Goldsmith and S. G. Chua, Variable-rate variable-power M-QAM for fading channels, IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol. 45, pp. 12181230, Oct. 1997.
Authors Profile
Samarendra Nath Sur: Received his M.Sc. (Electronics Science) from Jadavpur
University in the year 2007 and pursuing M.Tech from Sikkim Manipal University.
Currently working as an assistant professor in Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, India.
Broadband Wireless Communication and Remote Sensing are the area of
specializations.
Prof.(Dr.) Rabindranath Bera: Born in 1958 at Kolaghat , West Bengal, INDIA.
Received his B. Tech, M. Tech & Ph.D degree from the Institute of Radiophysics &
Electronics, The University of Calcutta, in the year 1982,1985 & 1997 respectively.
Currently working as Professor and Head of the Department, Electronics &
Communication Engineering. Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim. . His major
research Interests in the area of Digital Radar, RCS Imaging, Wireless 4G
Communication, Radiometric remote sensing. He has published large number of
papers in different national and international Conference and journals.
February Issue Page 19 of 84 ISSN 2229 5216