NASA

Reference
Publication
1104
May

1983

Perfect Bell Nozzle

Parametric
and
Optimization
Curves

J. L. Tuttle
and D. H. Blount

{NASA-F2-1
I0_)
EA_AMF_IC
AND
32 p HC AC3/MF

PFPFFC_
BI_I[
OPTI_7_TIC_
AOI

$C77I_
CEF_. _

(N,_S_)
CSC[
21H
H II_,0

25lh _r

1958-1983

NASA
Reference
Publication
1104
1983

Perfect Bell Nozzle

Parametric
and
Optimization
Curves

J. L. Tuttle
and D. H Blount
George
C. Marshall
Space
Flight
Center
Marshall
Space
Flight
Center,
Alabama

NASA
National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration
Scientific
and Technical
Information
Branch

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION
NOZZLE

.................................................................

DESIGN

NOZZLE

............................................................

DATA
...........

NOZZLE

OPTIMIZATION

CONCLUSIONS

.....................................................

.............

..................................................................

REFERENCES

26

..................................................................

pJ_CEDING

PAGE BLANK

iii

NOT

FILMED

|
V'

LIST OF I LLUSTRATIONS

Figure
A.

Title
Illustration

of optimum

nozzles

for given constraints

1.

Perfect

2.

L/D t versus A D ( 10 < A D < 180)

3.

L/D t versus A D (100 <_ A D < 2000)

4.

L/Dt versus A D (1000

5.

As/A t versusA

6.

As/A t versus A D ( 1O0 < A D < 3000)

7.

As/At

8.

THETA

9.

Ae/A t versus Pe/Pc ( 10 < A D < 80)

nozzle

shapes

................................

........................................................

D (10<A

v_rsus AD (1000

Page

..............................................
.............................................

< AD < 6100)

D<150)

..........................................

.............................................
...........................................

< AD < 6100)

..........................................

versus Ac/A t ........................................................

.............................................

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

10.

Ae/A t versus Pe/Pc (80 < A D < 6 i 00) ...........................................

16

11.

ETA nversusA

17

12.

ETAn versus AD (100 < AD < 1480) ............................................

18

13.

ETA n versus A D ( 1000 < A D < 6100) ...........................................

19

14.

A D versus

20

15.

L/D t versus Ae/A t for maximum

16.

A D versus Ae/A t for minimum

17.

L/D t versus Ae/A t for minimum

18.

A D versus Ae/A t for minimum

19.

L/D t versus Ae/A t for minimum

D(IO<A

D<

180)

Ae/A t for maximum

.............................................

ETA n ...........................................
E'FA n ..........................................

21

As/A t nozzles ......................................

22

As/A t nozzles .....................................

L/D t nozzles .......................................
L/D t nozzles

iv

.....................................

23
24
25

DEFINITION

AD

Ratio

of design

Ae/A t,e

Ratio

of exit area to throat

As/A t

Ratio

of contour

Y/R t

Ratio

of radial distance

L/R t

Ratio

of axial distance

L/D t

OF SYMBOLS

exit area to throat

surface

area

area

area to throat
from

area

centerline

to throat

radius

from throat

to throat

radius

Ratio of axial distance

from throat

to throat

diameter

Pe/Pc

Ratio

to chamber

ETA n

Nozzle

Gas specific

Cfg

Two-dimensional

thrust

coefficient

without

Cfn

Two-dimensional

thrust

coefficient

with friction

Cfi

One-dimensional

THETA

Angle

of exit pressure

(total)

pressure

efficiency
heat

between

ratio,

gamma

isentropic
contour

thrust

friction

coefficient

and centerline

(deg)

"!

REFERENCE

PERFECT

BELL NOZZLE

PUBLICATION

PARAMETRIC

A,

PTIMIZATION

CURVES

INTRODUCTION

Parametric
nozzle
of rocket engines.

studies

performance
data for bell nozzles are often required in tile analysis and trade
In order to get accurate comparisons,
it is very important
to have a consistent

set of data which covers the entire range of area ratios and nozzle lengths allowable.
Although
these
data are available (in fragmented
form) over a fairly wide range of area ratios, new high perfornlance/
high pressure space engine applications
require these data at area ratios well above those considered
in
the past. This document
presents design data for untruncated
nozzle expansion
area ratios from 10 to
6100 for a specific heat ratio, (_,) of 1.2 and includes curves which permit the optimization
of nozzles
for maximum thrust coefficient
within a given length, surface area or area ratio.

NOZZLE

DESIGN

The computer
code documented
in Reference
1 was used to perform the calculations
for this
The nozzle contours are constructed
using tile "method
of characteristics"
which is detailed in

report.

many texts such as Reference

2 and are of the wind tunnel or "perfect"
nozzle type. These perfect
bell nozzles are two-dimensional
axisymmetric
(i.e., all properties
can be specified by two dimensions:
axial distance downstream
from the throat and radial distance from the centerline).
They have the
imposed constraint
that the flow field velocity vectors at the nozzle exit (untruncated
design area ratio,
A D) be of uniform magnitude
and parallel to the centerline.
Three thrust coefficients
are calculated
by
tile code
integrating
pressure

for vacuum

external

the momentum
on the nozzle

conditions.

and pressure

They are the gross thrust

force

wall; the net thrust

across the throat

coefficient,

by friction and subtracting

it from the gross
by evaluating
the one-dimensional
isentropic

A nozzle

factor

efficiency

ETA n , is defined

as Cfn/Cfi

Cfg, which

and then adding

Cfn, which

force (drag) caused

Cfi, which is found

coefficient,
is found

is found

tile thrust

by calculating

by

due to
the wall shear

thrust; and the ideal thrust coefficient,

flow equations
at the given area ratio.

and is used to convert

ideal thrust

coefficients

(and thereby one-dimensional

isentropic
specific impulse) to the actual two-dimensional
axisymmetric
case with friction.
Since the wall friction is only applied to find the net thrust coefficient
after the
frictionless
nozzle contour
has been determined,
it does not affect the contour or surface area.
A description
of the input required by the nozzle design code is shown in Table I. The actual
input values used to generate the data for the curves are shown in Table 2. Slight changes in the number
of points on the centerline
and exit radius were necessary to successfully
execute the code for different
ranges

of the design

ones with a radius

area ratio,
downstream

A D.

A corner

of the throat

expansion

was chosen

for any given area ratio.

since it yields
Although

shorter

the friction

nozzles
factor

than
would

depend on wall smoothness

and the Reynolds
number which is a function of combustion
product
density,
nozzle size, and the viscosity of the combustion
products,
a value of 0.003 Fanning (0.012 DarcyWeisbach) was chosen as representative.
Large, high pressure nozzles would have a little lower and small,
low pressure nozzles a little higher friction factor.

|
NOZZLE

DATA

The nozzle contours produced

by the design procedures
above are shown in Figure 1 where the
radial distance from the centerline,
Y, and the distance downstream
from the throat, L, are normalized
by the throat

radius,

R t.

The

untruncated

design area ratio,

A D, represents

the area ratio

where

uniform,

parallel flow has been achieved for that contour.

Since these nozzles are very long and derive very little
thrust from the nearly parallel walls near their exit, the nozzles are nearly always truncated
to a smaller
area ratio as discussed

later.

The contours

for AD'S of 600 and larger

are of course

not shown

to

completion
in this figure and the somewhat
erratic values are the results of convergence
tolerance as the
code iterated to obtain the desired input values.
It should be noted that only the A D need be specified
to define

a nozzle

to be specified
different

contour

and only two of the three

to fully define

contours,

area normalized
of the nozzle
it.

a truncated

lines of constant
to throat

contours

nozzle.

net thrust

variables

To enable

coefficient,

area, As/A t, are superimposed.

and performance

comparison

Y/R t (which
a comparison

Cfn, (which
Although

of the performance

includes

Figure

it is sometimes

is x/7-), L/R t and A D need

friction)

of the

and wall surface

1 gives a good

visualization

to accurately

read data

difficult

from

Figures 2 through 8 give improved resolution

and interpreting
capability.
Figures 9 and 10
present the internal wall pressure normalized
by chamber pressure (i.e., total pressure since the calculations are for isentropic
flow).
This is the pressure that is integrated
along the wall to find the wall thrust
contribution.

The

important

nozzle

efficiency,

Cfn/Cfi,

which

was discussed

above in the nozzle

design

section is presented
in Figures 11 through
13. Note that the efficiency
has a maximum value for each
area ratio.
Since the one-dimensional,
frictionless,
ideal thTust coefficient
is constant for a given area
ratio,

there

is an A D contour

a set of nozzles exists

in the next section.

which

which

produces

produce

a maximum

a maximum

NOZZLE

An Optimization
maximum

thrust

area, or length.
in Figure
tangent

A.

Process

within

This optimization

to a line of constant

which

to truncate

In other

This is covered

the full nozzle

such as nozzle

by considering

is the point

Y/R t (or area ratio,

for a given area ratio.

where

a given constraint

is best visualized

"a" on the figure,

for a given area ratio.

words,
further

OPTIMIZATION

is used to determine

(i.e., max Cfn)

Point

thrust

thrust

where

area ratio

an enlarged

the net thrust

E), is the optimization

contour

(or diameter),

section

of Figure

coefficient,

representing

to obtain
surface
I shown

Cfn, line is

the exit point

of a

nozzle contour
yielding maximum thrust for a given area ratio or diameter.
This is the optimization
mentioned
in the preceding section and as discussed there is also the point of maxinmm nozzle efficiency
as seen in Figures I 1 through
13. These points have been replotted
on Figures 14 and 15 to enable
nozzles

of this set to be easily

the constant

surface

defined.

Similarly.

area line, As/A t, represents

point

b, tile point

the optimization

at which

of maximum

the Cfn line is tangent

thrust

for a given surface

area. This set is given in Figures 16 and 17. Nozzles of maximum thrust for a given length are represented by point C and curves for this set are shown in Figures 18 and 19. These minimum length
optimized
nozzle will be of a slightly different contour
than the Rao minimum
length nozzles [31
because the Rao nozzles do not have the added constraint
which requires uniform parallel flow at the

to

untruncateddesignarea

ratio. The actual difference in performance

at a given length will be very small
between the two design methods, and the family of perfect bell nozzles has the advantage of including
data for the other optimized
sets of minimum surface area and maximum efficiency
for a given area
ratio as well as any other nozzles up to the untruncated
wind tunnel nozzle.
Point "d" on Figure A
represents

the most

thrust

obtainable

from

any given nozzle

contour,

A D. When the nozzle

contour

extends

beyond this point, wall friction forces become greater than the pressure forces netting a negative thrust
contribt:tion
which decreases the total thrust.
This set of nozzles is not of practical interest, however,
because the set of nozzles represented
by point "a" are both shorter and have smaller diameters
for the
same thrust.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of the optimization

curves

allows selection

of nozzle

contnurs

with certain

desired

charac-

teristics and comparison

of nozzles of one optimum set to others.
Minimum length perfect Bell nozzles
are similar in contour
and performance
to the minimum
length nozzles designed by the Rao optimization
method.

ORIGINAL

PAGE

OF POOR QUALITY

TABLEl.

BELL NOZZLE DESIGN PROGRAM INPUT DESCRIPTION

PERFECT GAS MODEL OPTION
GAMMA = 1.2

Variable
FCON

Default

Value

1.0

Description
FCON = 1.0 for two-dimensional
axisymmetric

flow

FCON = 0.0 for two-dimensional

0.0

Normalized
radius
circular expansion

of circle ( R/R t) for

R = 0.0 for corner

expansion

XNSL

0.0

Number

CYLIlT

0.01

Ratio

of streamlines

of cylinder

to be calculated

radius

to throat

radius

XNI

20.0

Number

of points

on starting

XNE

60.0

Number

of points

on exit Mach line

DLX

0.1 _

line

Maximum distance between adjacent Math

lines along the cylinder normalized
by
throat

plane flow

radius

ATOL

0.0005

Iteration

PITOL2

0.005

Maximum

(AX/Tt)

tolerance

on design area ratio

increment

of tan 0 for corner

circular

expansion
line Mach number

FM

1.005

Starting

CF!

0.003

Incompressible
coefficient
along nozzle contour

DRAG 1

0.011

Thrust

TOLl

0.00001

Iteration

tolerance

for interior

PA

0.0

Ambient

pressurc

ratio (Pa/Pc)

for uniform

or

flow

of skin friction

loss at the throat

point

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REFERENCES

United

Technologies,

Pratt and Whitney

tract No. NAS9-2487,

Rao, G. V. R."

June

26

Group:

Bell Nozzle

Design Program.

NASA Con-

June 30, 1964.

Shapiro, Ascher H." The Dynamics

The Ronald Press Company,
1953.

Aircraft

Exhaust

1958, pp. 377-382.

and Thermodynamics

Nozzle Contour

for Optimum

of Compressible

Thrust.

Fluid Flow.

Jet Propulsion,

New York,

Vol. 28, No. 6,