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78 MB / Downloads: 173) Cellulose Paper + Nano-technologyAn Over view of the battery technology that powers our mobile society.INTRODUCTIONBattery Chemistry Electrochemical reaction - a chemical reaction between elements which c reates electrons.Oxidation occurs on the metals (electrodes), which creates the ele ctrons.Electrons are transferred down the pile via the saltwater paper (the electr olyte).A charge is introduced at one pole, which builds as it moves down the pile. R echarge-ability & the memory effectRecharge-ability: basically, when the direction of electron discharge (negative to positive) is reversed, restoring power.The Mem ory Effect: (generally) When a battery is repeatedly recharged before it has dis charged more than half of its power, it will forget its original power capacity.Cad mium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd) Lithium (Ion) Battery DevelopmentIn the 1970s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it unsafe and impractical. Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electro des.The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower energy density than Lithium meta l, but is much safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991. Advantages of Using Li-Ion Batter iesPOWER High energy density means greater power in a smaller package.160% greater than NiMH 220% greater than NiCd HIGHER VOLTAGE a strong current allows it to pow er complex mechanical devices. LONG SHELF-LIFE only 5% discharge loss per month. 10 % for NiMH, 20% for NiCd Disadvantages of Li-IonEXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.DEL ICATE -- battery temp must be monitored from within (which raises the price), an d sealed particularly well.REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries in bulk (which also raises the price). Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous materialUN Manual o f Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3) Environmental Impact of Li-Ion BatteriesRechargeab le batteries are often recyclable.Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and can be extra cted from the battery, neutralized, and used as feedstock for new Li-Ion batteri es. The IntersectionIn terms of weight and size, batteries have become one of the li miting factors in the development of electronic devices. The problem with...lithium batteries is that none of the existing electrode materials alone can deliver al l the required performance characteristics including high capacity, higher opera ting voltage, and long cycle life. Consequently, the other way is to optimize av ailable electrode materials by designing new composite structures on the nanosca le. Nano-Science and-TechnologyThe attempt to manufacture and control objects at the at omic and molecular level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).1 nanometer = 1 billion th of a meter (10-9)1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble : Earth1 sheet of paper = 10 0,000 nanometers Nano + Li-Ion = ?Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applications in the com mercial sector are apparent...lighter, more powerful batteries increase user mobi lity and equipment life.DeWalt 36volt cordless power toolsNanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in the residential sector are not so obvious...Micro-generated energ y storage? Micro-Generated Energy StorageLi-Ion batteries high energy density allow s batteries them to power complex machinery.Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly and hold their charge longer, which provides flexibility to the micro-generator.part icularly helpful for wind and solar generators!Lightness, and power per volume al low for storage and design flexibility. WHAT IS A CARBON NANOTUBE? A carbon nanotub e is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer scale. A nanometer is one billionth of the meter or about one ten-thous andth the thickness of the human hair. The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up chicken wire with a continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh and carbon mol ecules at the apexes of the hexagons. Carbon Nanotubes have many structures, diffe ring in length, thickness, and in the type of helicity and number of layers. Altho ugh they are formed from essentially the same graphite sheet, their electrical c haracteristics differ depending on these variations, acting either as metals or as semiconductors. As a group, Carbon Nanotubes typically have diameters ranging from <1 nm up to 50 nm. Their lengths are typically several microns, but recent advancements have made the nanotubes much longer, and measured in centimeters. . They are among the stiffest and strongest fibers known, and have remarkable elec tronic properties and many other unique characteristics. Carbon Nanotubes can be categorized by their structures: Single-wall Nanotubes (SWNT) Multi-wall Nanotubes (MWNT) Double-wall Nanotubes (DWNT) How Does Nanocyl Produce Carbon Nanotubes? Nano cyl uses the "Catalytic Carbon Vapour Deposition" method for producing Carbon Na notube Technologies. It involves growing nanotubes on substrates, thus enabling u
niform, large-scale production of the highest-quality carbon nanotubes worldwide . This proven industrial process is well known for its reliability and scalabilit y. What are the Properties of a Carbon Nanotube? The intrinsic mechanical and trans port properties of Carbon Nanotubes make them the ultimate carbon fibers. The fol lowing tables compare these properties to other engineering materials. Mechanica l properties of engineering fibers are: Transport properties of conductive materia ls are:EXAMPLE: Let us take an example how the ionic liquid is used as an electroly te for the paper batteries. As the ionic liquid does not contain any water, there will be nothing to evaporate and the use of ionic liquid in making paper batteri es makes the battery to withstand at extreme temperatures. Let us see how the sulp huric acid acts as an electrolyte by studying its properties. Sulphuric acid or su lfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. Its histo rical name is vitriol. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It has many a pplications and is a basic substance in the chemical industry.Polarity and conduc tivity of H2SO4: H2SO4 is a very polar liquid, having a dielectric constant of aro und 100. It has a high electrical conductivity caused by dissociation through prot onating itself, a process known as autopyrolysis.Physical properties:Chemical prop erties:Reaction with water: The hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exoth ermic. One should always add the acid to the water rather than the water to the a cid. Because the reaction is in an equilibrium that favors the rapid protonation of water, addition of acid to the water ensures that the acid is the limiting r eagent. This reaction is best thought of as the formation of hydronium ions: H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4 HSO4 + H2O H3O+ + SO42 Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is t modynamically favorable, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent. Concentr ated sulfuric acid reacts with sodium chloride, and gives hydrogen chloride gas and sodium bisulfate: NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl Dilute H2SO4 attacks iron, aluminiu m, zinc, manganese, magnesium and nickel, but reactions with tin and copper requ ire the acid to be hot and concentrated. Lead and tungsten, however, are resistan t to sulfuric acid. The reaction with iron shown below is typical for most of the se metals, but the reaction with tin produces sulfur dioxide rather than hydroge n. Fe (s) + H2SO4 (aq) H2 (g) + FeSO4 (aq) Sn (s) + 2 H2SO4 (aq) SnSO4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) + SO2 (g) These reactions may be taken as typical: the hot concentrated acid g enerally acts as an oxidizing agent whereas the dilute acid acts a typical acid. Hence hot concentrated acid reacts with tin, zinc and copper to produce the salt , water and sulfur dioxide, whereas the dilute acid reacts with metals high in t he reactivity series to produce a salt and hydrogen. Concentrated sulfuric acid h as a very strong affinity for water. It is sometimes used as a drying agent and can be used to dehydrate (chemically remove water from) many compounds, e.g., ca rbohydrates. When the concentrated acid mixes with water, large amounts of heat a re released. Dilute sulfuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte; it is h ighly ionized, much of the heat released in dilution coming from hydration of th e hydrogen ions. The dilute acid has most of the properties of common strong acid s. It turns blue litmus red. It reacts with many metals (e.g., with zinc), releas ing hydrogen gas, H2, and forming the sulfate of the metal. It reacts with most h ydroxides and oxides, with some carbonates and sulfides, and with some salts. Si nce it is dibasic (i.e., it has two replaceable hydrogen atoms in each molecule) . The Fe3+ produced can be precipitated as the hydroxide or hydrous oxide: Fe3+ (aq) + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3 H+Summary: In case of the lead-acid batteries, the RAYON s erves as an electrolyte. But the rayon is made with sulphuric acid. It contains 33% of H2SO4 and with specific gravity 1.25, and is commonly called battery acid . As the sulphuric acid is a strong acid and a good electrolyte, it acts a one of the electrolytes in the manufacture of the paper batteries. Due to its better pro perties that is physical and chemical properties and the reactions with water an d with other reagents, keeping all this in consideration, the sulphuric acid is used as one of electrolytes of the paper battery. Thus in case of other ionic liqu id also, we must consider all these properties, to make it use for the purpose o f making paper batteries uses Applications CONCLUSION Finally, an interesting idea...Ba ckground:battery research results in annual capacity gains of approximately 6%Moor es Law: The number of transistors on a computer microchip will double every two y ears. (40 years of proof!)Idea: If battery technology had developed at the same r
ate, a heavy duty car battery would be the size of a penny.Reference: http://semi narprojects.com/Thread-paper-battery-full-report?page=9#ixzz1omP62Faf