Contents

Q1:-WHAT IS A DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION SYSTEM? ................................................................. 2 How will a DCV impact the occupants' living/working environment?.......................................................... 2 Q2- Explain recirculation and 100% exhaust requirement for different areas of hospitals? ....................... 3 Q6. What are the TYPES OF INSULATION AVAILABLE IN PAKISTAN FOR ROOF INSULATION n THEIR PROPERTIES? ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Q7. What are d clean ro0m standards and classifications? .......................................................................... 5 Q.8: How VAV System saves energy in HVAC design? ................................................................................ 10 Q.9 HOW SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING CAN B USED ABSORTION CHILLERS? ............................................... 10 Q.10 HOW BLDG MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HELP US TO SAVE ENERGY? ..................................................... 13 Q3: Draw a diagram for AHU showing use of heat recovery wheel? ......................................................... 15 Q11: Compare the effect of south and west glass on cooling load? .......................................................... 19 Q4: How use of building Energy Code in building envelope can save energy? ........................................... 21 What are energy codes? ................................................................................................................. 21 Q5: What pressure, Temperature, and Sound Measuring devices are used in HVAC? .............................. 22

Q1:-WHAT IS A DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION SYSTEM?

Demand-controlled ventilation is a control strategy that adjusts the amount of outside air based on the number of occupants and the ventilation demands that those occupants create. This strategy is used to both control energy costs as well as assure sufficient ventilation.

What DCV systems are available?

Some of the options include: 1. CO2-based sensors,whch measure d buildup of CO2 4m d occupants presnt 2. Occupancy sensors, which use infrared light and sound to detect occupants 3. Real-time data such as turnstiles, ticket sales, registrations, scheduled events, to count occupants or know with high reliability when they are occupying a space.

How will a DCV impact the occupants' living/working environment?

The occupants should perceive little or no difference in their environment. A properly designed, installed, and maintained HVAC system will have appropriate fresh air and temperature control. The (DCV) system will reduce outside air intake at times when it is not needed. When people enter a room, the system will increase ventilation. This should happen without any noticeable change or buildup of contaminants.

Energy Efficiency:
1. The DCV system offers an obvious advantage compared to conventional Constant Air Volume flow (CAV) systems. Due to decreased average airflow rates, less energy is needed for fan operation and for heating and cooling of the supply air.

2. A DCV system based on air-quality control adapts the airflow rate to the actual pollution load, which often is proportional to the occupancy .The bigger the variation between the minimum and peak loads, the more energy savings can be expected with a DCV system.

Q2- Explain recirculation and 100% exhaust requirement for different areas of hospitals?
An operating theatre is provided with preconditioned air by a central air handling unit (AHU). Nowadays, most hospital ventilation systems operate with a mixture of fresh and recirculation air. Air recirculation is permitted in most hospital areas, including operating rooms (ORs) and intensive-care units (ICUs).3 General areas (GAs) often have recirculation rates typical of commercial office buildings, with about 15- to 25-percent outside air (OA). There are no specific requirements for filtration of recirculated air in GAs. Air-contaminant control often is accomplished with high rates of room air exchange using filtered 100percent outside air. Typically, ORs have an air-change rate (ACH) of 12 to 25, 1. with 12 ACH typically representing 100-percent OA and 2. 25 ACH typically representing 5 ACH of OA and 20 ACH of recirculated air. Patient and intensive-care rooms typically have an ACH of 4 to 6, with 2 ACH of OA.4 The American Institute of Architects2 recommends 15 ACH for ORs, which appears to be the norm in the United States.

Q6. What are the TYPES OF INSULATION AVAILABLE IN PAKISTAN FOR ROOF INSULATION n THEIR PROPERTIES?
1. ACRYLIC COATING (MEMBRANE)
Locally manufactured Acrylic coating (Membrane) by FAST TOP SEALER. It is 100% electrometric, premium grade, architectural finishing coating. It has been specifically created for the use where atmospheric condition in which no effects of Salts, Acids, Oil, Heavy rains, and Ultra Violet Rays resistance up to 85% by mixing of various chemicals and to achieve magnetic field. It is Fire Resistance Class A non-toxic lead and asbestos free. It also reduced the high inside building temperature by reflecting the radiant heat waves.

2.

HEAT INSULATION THERMO TILES FOR BUILDINGS

Specially designed light weight low thermal conductivity concrete material and shaped in hi finish tiles for top roof light weight,Thermo tiles available in diferent textured design and plane surface hi finish for top roof and walls and in various sizes and thikness . thermo tiles available with temperature limits -40*C to 220*C . avalabe 1 inch thick to 2.5 inch

3. MARBLE TILE WITH PLASTIC CASING

A new system has been introduced in which a plastic casing is designed in a way that a marble tile placed over it stays one inch above the ground. This one inch air barrier is actually the insulation where as the marble tile is there to block the sunlight and human traffic possible over it. Before installing this system, it is advisable to apply rubberized water proof membrane coating to eliminate any chances of roof leakage. Each Plastic Casing is a (foot x foot) in size and the casing can be cut according to desired size to fit area smaller then a foot. Thus the system can be used for flooring of roofs.

4. DIAMOND JUMBOLON BOARDS

SALIENT FEATURES o o o o o o o Produced first time in Pakistan. Thoroughly closed-cell structure. Long term high insulation efficiency. Excellent compressive strength. Uniform density distribution. Resistance to aging. Resistance to rotting.

o o

Good dimensional stability. High resistance to thermal cycle

5. SPRAY POLY URETHANE ROOF INSULATION

GTS spray POLY URETHANE is best roof insulation product in Pakistan.The use of POLY URETHANE reduces the conduction of heat through roof and considerably reduces the temperature.Gts supply this type of insulation for almost all types of roof.As the weight of the foam is 110 grams per sq.ft it imposes practically no structural stress.It is suitable for New RCC roofs Old RCC roofs Industrial double tee roofs Industrial inverted beam roofs Industrial shell roofs Corrugated steel roofs

6.

Fibreglass Batts roof insulation

Fibreglass Batts are another widely used roof insulation product. Fibreglass offers another effective barrier to heat transfer, due to the natural trapped air spaces within the material. This means that air will not move out of these spaces and thus helps in preventing heat loss. Another benefit of fibreglass is its non-corrosive nature. Fibreglass has no effect on the corrosion of steel or aluminium and can be applied directly on sheet metal

Q7. What are d clean ro0m standards and classifications?

CLEAN ROOM CLASSIFICATIONS Class limits (maximum allowable particles)

ISO per cubic meter)

FED STD 0.1 m 209E per cubic foot 1 10 1000 / 35 10,000 / 350 100,000 / 3,500 1,000,000 / 35,000 350,000

0.3 m

0.5 m

5.0 m

CLASS 3 CLASS 4

102 / 3 1020 / 30 10,200 / 300 102,000 / N/A N/A

35 / 1 352 / 10 3520 / 100 35,200 / 1,000 352,000 / 10,000 3,520,000 / 100,000 0

CLASS 5

100

CLASS 6

1,000

CLASS 7

10,000

70

CLASS 8

100,000

3,500,00

N/A

700

ISO standard requires results to be shown in cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 35.314 cubic feet)

class 1

540 to 600+ air changes per hour (98%+ ceiling coverage) ULPA filters (99.9995% on .12 microns) Gel/Flush grid ceiling systems with raised floors are required Outside/makeup air to be prefiltered with a HEPA filter

Class 10

540 to 600 air changes per hour (85-90% ceiling coverage) 99.999% on 0.3 microns, with a raised floors 90%+ coverage with low wall returns Gasketed grids with negative plenums acceptable HEPA filters on makeup air

Class 100

400 to 480 air changes per hour (60-80% ceiling coverage) 99.99% HEPA filters Raised floor assures optimal performance. Low wall returns work when they are no further than 12' from the center of the room Gasketed ceiling grid

Class 1,000

120 to 150 air changes per hour (40-50% ceiling coverage) 99.99% HEPA filter Gasketed ceiling grid Raised floor delivers best performance, but low wall returns are very common

Class 10,000

45 to 60 air changes per hour (10-20% ceiling coverage) 99.97% or 99.99% HEPAs Low wall or ceiling returns acceptable in most applications

Class 100,000

20 to 30 air changes per hour (5% ceiling coverage) HEPA filters or 95% HEPAs (95%+ ASHRAE box filters) located downstream of the HVAC unit Heat load may require more air changes

ISO STANDARD FOR CLEANROOM:

Because of the large number of cleanroom standards produced by individual countries it is very desirable that one world-wide standard of cleanroom classification is produced. numbers (N) ISO 1 ISO 2 ISO 3 ISO 4 ISO 5 ISO 6 ISO 7 ISO 8 ISO 9 Maximum concentration limits (particles/m^3 of air) for particles equal to and larger than the considered sizes shown below 0.1m m 0.2m m 0.3m m 0.5m m 1m m 5.0m m 10 100 1 000 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 2 24 237 2 370 23 700 237 000 10 102 1 020 10 200 102 000 4 35 352 3 520 35 200 352 000 3 520 000 35 200 000 8 83 832 8 320 83 200 832 000 8 320 000 29 293 2 930 29 300 293 000

The table is derived from the following formula:

where:

Cn represents the maximum permitted concentration ( in particles/m^3 of air ) of airborne particles that are equal to or larger than the considered particle size. Cn is rounded to the nearest whole number. N is the ISO classification number, which shall not exceed the value of 9. Intermediate ISO classification numbers may be specified, with 0.1 the smallest permitted increment of N. D is the considered particle size in m m. is a constant with a dimension of m m.

Q6: What are different stardards and classes of clean room?

Federal Standard 209E defines a cleanroom as a room in which the concentration of airborne particles is controlled to specified limits. British Standard 5295 defines a cleanroom as a room with control of particulate contamination, constructed and used in such a way as to minimize the introduction , generation and retention of particles inside the room and in which the temperature, humidity, air flow patterns, air motion and pressure are controlled. HVAC Design Considerations Temperature and Humidity: Human comfort requirements typically call for temperatures in the range of 72F to 75 F, The human comfort zone is generally in the range of 30% to 70% relative humidity Pressurization Rooms in a clean facility should be maintained at static pressures higher than atmospheric to prevent infiltration by wind. Positive differential pressures should be maintained between the rooms to ensure air flows from the cleanest space to the least clean space. Cleanroom: 30 Pa positive pressure Room air-change rate Air supply to the cleanroom should provide a room air-change rate of > twenty (20) per hour .Air cleanliness will be enhanced by higher airchange rates, e.g. > 30/h - typically, heat load calculations

result in such a rate. When the doors are open, the supply-air volume should maintain an outward flow of air. Filtration Pre-filtered in air handling units HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtered prior to entering cleanroom. Removes 99.99% of particles (typically 0.3um). HUMANS IN CLEANROOMS (The biggest source of contamination)

Q.8: How VAV System saves energy in HVAC design?

An HVAC system has a stable supply-air temperature, and varies the air flow rate to meet the temperature requirements. Compared to constant air volume systems, these systems conserve energy through lower fan speeds during times of lower temperature control demand. Most new commercial buildings have VAV systems. VAVs may be bypass type Pressure dependent.

Pressure dependent type VAVs save energy while both types help in maintaining temperature of the zone that it feeds.

Q.9 HOW SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING CAN B USED ABSORTION CHILLERS?

The absorption chiller, in the most simplistic sense, allows a building to use thermal collectors to power its air-conditioning. The water heated by solar energy in these collectors is used to initiate a thermal dynamic process involving low-pressure chambers that chills water to around 44 degrees Fahrenheit. The chilled water is then brought to a series of copper pipes that efficiently cool air blown through the pipes and into the home. Except for a few pumps, the system is entirely passive, has no moving parts and requires no electrical input.

OR: SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING: Solar air conditioning refers to any air conditioning (cooling) system that uses solar power. WORKING Active solar cooling uses solar thermal collectors to provide thermal energy to drive thermally driven chillers (usually adsorption or absorption chillers) The Sopogy concentrating solar thermal collector, for example, provides solar thermal heat by concentrating the suns energy on a collection tube and heating the recirculated heat transfer fluid within the system. The generated heat is then used in conjunction with absorption chillers to provide a renewable source of industrial cooling. ABSORTION CHILLERS IN SOLAR AIR CONDITIONER:

Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solarthermal-cooling system designs.

The more cycles, the more efficient they are. Efficient absorption chillers require water of at least 190 F (88 C). Common, inexpensive flat-plate solar thermal collectors only produce about 160 F (71 C) water. Typical COP is 0.7 (single effect) and 1.1 In this The molecules of one substance are adsorbed on the internal surface of another substance. (double effect) .

Evaporation and adsorption of a refrigerant (mostly water) produces a useful cooling effect. Expensive, heavy weight, big volume so less used.

Q.10 HOW BLDG MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HELP US TO SAVE ENERGY?

A Building Management System (BMS) is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the buildings mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems. Building management systems are an essential component of green building HVAC concepts. With this system all electro mechanical equipment of the building are controlled and monitored.

Management systems are: building management and control metering; monitoring and targeting

 CCTV and security Fire alarms and more. ENERGY SAVINGS:

For lighting, energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors. Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors.

An effective building management system will help save energy and drive down costs. Individual room control can help save 30% on heating/cooling costs even more if used in combination with automatic window blind control. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO SAVE ENERGY? A BASalso called an energy management systemcontrols energyconsuming equipment in a building to reduce energy use while maintaining a comfortable environment. Some of the most common strategies that BASs employ to cut energy use include:
SchedulingScheduling

turns equipment on or off depending on time of day, day of the week, day type, or other variables such as outdoor air conditions. LockoutsLockouts ensure that equipment doesnt turn on unless it's necessary. For example, a chiller and its associated pumps can be locked out according to calendar date, when the outdoor air falls below a certain temperature, or when building cooling requirements are below a minimum. ResetsWhen equipment operates at greater capacity than necessary to meet building loads, it wastes energy. A BAS can ensure equipment operates at the minimum needed capacity by

automatically resetting operating parameters to match current weather conditions. For example, as the outdoor air temperature decreases, the chilled water temperature can be reset to a higher value. DiagnosticsBuilding operators who use a BAS to monitor information such as temperatures, flows, pressures, and actuator positions may use that data to determine whether equipment is operating incorrectly or inefficiently, and to troubleshoot problems. Some systems also the use the data to automatically provide maintenance bulletins.

Q3: Draw a diagram for AHU showing use of heat recovery wheel?

Heat recovery wheels have the capacity to turn a standard-efficiency airhandling unit (AHU) into a high-efficiency unit, with the consequent energy savings and the reduced carbon emissions that implies. Heat recovery wheels are now the leading component of a trend towards heat recovery. They are particularly effective for handling large air volumes where higher efficiencies are required. Heat recovery wheels can recover about 85% of heat from ventilation air, transferring it to incoming fresh air, which then needs minimal additional heating to reach the required temperature for the building. Given the strict legislative requirements for energy efficiency, and carbon-emission reduction for all heating equipment, it would be surprising if an AHU could now be fully compliant without some form of heat-recovery capacity. Thermal wheels do the job more efficiently than most, and can have a significant positive impact on carbon footprint and fuel costs. When there is a heat recovery wheel in the air handling unit, the leakage flow and the balancing pressure must be considered. The extra pressure and airflow influences the exhaust fan considerably.
Capacity Range: 1000 - 30000 CFM

High efficiency cross flow wheel type / plate type heat recovery can be supplied as an integral part of the unit for energy conservation. Better indoor air quality Corrosion resistant Choice of glass wool, mineral wool, phenolic insulation Choice of chilled water, direct expansion, hot water & steam coils with combination of multiple row deep and options of aluminium fins, anticorrosive aluminium fins & copper fins. Primary or secondary filters of different media with variable efficiencies are also available.

Applications

Commercial Space : Office Buildings, Theaters, Auditoriums

Institutional Space : Schools, Universities, Libraries, Temples Industrial Manufacturing : Automotive, Chemical, Petrochemical.

Diagram adobe reader wali file send ki ha. Us ma front page k bad jo image ata ma ne bhtttttttttttttttttttttt search ki bt is se better koi nai. Ye 3d ha tm log 2d ma bna dena.. ye wahad ha jx ma AHU show ora with heat recovery wheel. Ok. itni tuff b nai ha.
As shown in the diagram below, a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) consists of two separate airhandling systems one collects and exhausts stale indoor air; the other draws in outdoor air and distributes it throughout the home.

Heat Recovery At the core of an HRV is the heat transfer module. Both the exhaust and outdoor air streams pass through the module, and the heat from the exhaust air is used to pre-heat the outdoor air stream. Only the heat is transferred; the two air streams remain physically separate. Typically, an HRV is able to recover 70 to 80 percent of the heat from the exhaust air and transfer it to the incoming air. This dramatically reduces the energy needed to heat outdoor air to a comfortable temperature. Air Exchange The HRV system installed in an R-2000 home can change all the air in the house over a three-hour period. Most HRVs are also equipped with automatic humidity sensors that increase the ventilation rate when needed for instance, when you use the shower. Exhaust air is normally collected from the kitchen and bathroom areas, where most moisture and odours are created.

As shown in the diagram below, a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) consists of two separate airhandling systems one collects and exhausts stale indoor air; the other draws in outdoor air and distributes it throughout the home.

Heat Recovery

At the core of an HRV is the heat transfer module. Both the exhaust and outdoor air streams pass through the module, and the heat from the exhaust air is used to pre-heat the outdoor air stream. Only the heat is transferred; the two air streams remain physically separate. Typically, an HRV is able to recover 70 to 80 percent of the heat from the exhaust air and transfer it to the incoming air. This dramatically reduces the energy needed to heat outdoor air to a comfortable temperature. Air Exchange The HRV system installed in an R-2000 home can change all the air in the house over a three-hour period. Most HRVs are also equipped with automatic humidity sensors that increase the ventilation rate when needed for instance, when you use the shower. Exhaust air is normally collected from the kitchen and bathroom areas, where most moisture and odours are created.

Q11: Compare the effect of south and west glass on cooling load?
In south facades, the total translucent surface area and the orientation influence the increease of the cooling loads of the air conditioning system. In west facades, for the same area of windows, a greater increase of cooling load is observed. A decrease in the cooling load, in a warm-humid climate, is a result of using

windows or curtain walls with spectrally selective glass of low solar gain. Nevertheless, traditional solutions, such as external shading, balconies and vegetation in windows, have a significant effect in reducing cooling energy; for they are the most energy efficient and economic design strategies.
Lets take a typical building block and discuss effects of building orientation on cooling load.

The effect of building orientation, or the direction of transparent glass surfaces, has been shown in Table2. The cooling load will be minimum when all the transparent surfaces are kept facing SOUTH. Load for other building orientations have, therefore been compared with this minimum load. Percent increase in each case has also been shown in this table. It is observed that the west facing glass surfaces result into maximum cooling load, which is 26.43 % higher than the minimum.

Table 2: Effects of building orientation on cooling load

Orientation with respect to sun 1. N-E facing glasses 2. East facing glasses 3. S-E facing glasses Gross cooling load, CL (kW) % Increase with minimum (CLCL2)x100/CL2) 15.20 6.292 14.30 0.00 15.24 6.57

4. South facing glasses 5. S-W facing glasses 6. West facing glasses 7. N-W facing glasses

15.24 16.56 18.08 16.95

6.57 15.80 26.43 18.53

East and west window orientations and horizontal orientation (skylights) all result in more undesired heat gain in the summer than winter. East and west sun glare is also more difficult to control for occupant comfort because of low sun angles in early morning and late afternoon.
Q4: How use of building Energy Code in building envelope can save energy?

What are energy codes?

Energy codes are a subset of a broader collection of written legal requirements known as building codes, which govern the design and construction of residential and commercial structures. Building codes protect individuals from substandard living and working conditions by setting minimum standards for acceptable practice. Energy codes address increasing the energy efficiency of building systems. Code Benefits: The benefits of adopting and implementing building energy codes affect our world on the individual, societal and global levels, and their long-term policy implicationson issues ranging from sustainable growth and climate protection to global health and energy securityare significant and widespread. The primary function of energy codes, of course, is to reduce building energy consumption, which reduces global greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from the burning of fossil fuels. However, it also lessens national peak energy demand and dependency on imported energy sources, which increases utility system reliability and national energy security, respectively. Moreover, energy codes create a more comfortable living and working environment through improved indoor air quality, and they help occupants save money by reducing energy bills, which stimulates the economy. Todays energy, economic, and environmental challengescombined with the fact that buildings consume nearly 40% of the nations energymake energy codes a central part of a sustainable future. ENERGY CODES not only save money, but also help to reduce needless consumption of energy to heat, cool, light, ventilate and provide hot water for newly built residential and commercial buildings constructed without adequate energy efficiency features Examples of Building Energy Codes:

*2006 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) *ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA5 Standard 90.1-2004 in Pakistan ENERCON [Govt. of Pakistan] has demonstrated a potential of 30% savings in the building sector, through its pilot projects. The potential savings can be realized through energy efficient building designs and by retrofitting/modifying the existing buildings Areas Covered in Building Envelope: Building sector is a major consumer of energy resources, with its lighting, heating and air-conditioning loads (especially in extreme climatic zones of the country) Some important considerations with respect to the building envelope are: Sealing: All openings, joints, and seams in the building envelope must be sealed with one of the following according to Building Energy Codes: Caulk Gasket Tape Moisture vapor-permeable wrapping material Fenestration selection is often strongly influenced by energy codes U-Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient may be specified in codes Energy codes provide criteria for the size and efficiency of HVAC systems and equipment. Energy codes provide minimum criteria for the size of HVAC systems and equipment, taking into consideration the energy demands of the building space. Building energy codes provide minimum criteria to provide effective lighting control. Motor and transformer efficiency is also covered in this area. Energy codes provide criteria for such issues as insulating circulating hot water systems, service water heating equipment performance efficiencies in commercial applications, heat traps, controls and pool heaters.

Q5: What pressure, Temperature, and Sound Measuring devices are used in HVAC?
Pressure:

Pressure-indicating devices are most important in the refrigeration field. It is necessary to know the pressures in certain parts of a system to locate trouble spots.
Manometers

Taking pressure measurements in HVAC systems has been a standard method of checking system performance in mechanically ventilated buildings for many years. Manometers are instruments used to measure low pressures, such as duct static pressures and differential pressures, across filters or

between rooms. When connected to a pitot tube, velocity pressures can be measured in ducts and then converted to velocity or volume units of measured
Inclined Gauge Manometer Digital Micromanometer Digital Auto-Zeroing Micromanometer Digital Hydronic Manometers

Temperature:

Thermo-Hygrometers: Temperature and Relative Humidity

Air temperature readings taken periodically in different areas of the building provide an indication of uniformity and consistency of the air temperature. Uneven temperature distribution may indicate problems with the zone controls, reheat coils, or some other mechanical failure. Thermo-hygrometers, thermo-anemometers or glass and alcohol thermometers are commonly used to obtain temperature readings. For monitoring temperature over a period of time when investigating complaints that occur on an intermittent basis, a thermo-hygrometer is the best choice. The information logged to memory can then be downloaded for analysis.

bimetallic thermocouple probe is typically used to measure the stack temperature. Measurements of
the stack gas temperature and the combustion air temperature are required to establish the heat loss from the exhaust gases and determine combustion efficiency.

From book: Pg-421-423, 433

dnuoS Device:
sound level meter page 283 from book. =)