DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS BASIC ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENTIATION d n du u = nu n 1 dx dx d (Cu ) = C du dx dx d du dv uv= dx dx dx d dv du uv = u +v dx dx dx du dv v u d u dx dx = dx v v2 d C C dv = dx v v2 dx d v 1 dv = dx C C dx du d u = dx dx 2 u 1 1 d n 1 n 1 du u = u dx n dx LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION d (log a u ) = 1 log a e du dx u dx 1 du d (ln u ) = dx u dx EXPONENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

d u du C = C u lnC dx dx

( )

TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION d (sin u ) = cos u du dx dx d (cos u ) = sin u du dx dx d du 2 (tan u ) = sec u dx dx d 2 (cot u ) = csc u du dx dx d (sec u ) = sec u tan u du dx dx d (csc u ) = csc u cot du dx dx INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION d du 1 sin 1 u = 2 dx dx 1 u d 1 du cos1 u = 2 dx dx 1 u

d 1 du csc 1 u = 2 dx u u 1 dx HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION d (sinh u ) = cosh u du dx dx d du (cosh u ) = sinh u dx dx d 2 (tanh u ) = sec h u du dx dx d du 2 (coth u ) = csch u dx dx d (sec hu ) = sec hu tanh u du dx dx d du (csc hu ) = csc hu coth u dx dx
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIATION d 1 du sinh1 u = 2 dx u + 1 dx

d 1 du csc h 1u = 2 dx dx u 1+ u INTEGRATION FORMULAS BASIC INTEGRATION

dx = x + C

af (x )dx = a f ( x )dx ; a = constant 1 f (x )dx = af (x )dx a [ f (x ) g (x )]dx = f (x )dx g (x )d x

GENERAL POWER FORMULA

( )

INTEGRANDS YIELDING TO NATURAL LOGARITHMS du = ln u + C u EXPONENTIAL INTEGRATION

x dx = n + 1 + C ; n -1,n = constant
n

x n +1

d u du e = eu dx dx

( )

d 1 du tan 1 u = dx 1 + u 2 dx d 1 du cot 1 u = dx 1 + u 2 dx d 1 du sec1 u = 2 dx u u 1 dx

( ( (

) )

d 1 du cosh1 u = 2 dx u 1 dx d 1 du tanh1 u = ;1 > u2 dx 1 u 2 dx d 1 du coth1 u = 2 ; u 2 > 1 dx u 1 dx d 1 du 1 sec h u = 2 dx dx u 1 u

( ( (

) ) )

au +C eu du = eu + C au du = ln a where: e = 0.718 = constant a = constant other than e DEFINITE INTEGRALS

a f (x)dx = f (x)]a = f (b) f (a)

b

a f (x )dx = b f (x)dx

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx

a a c

f (x )dx = f (y )dy
a a

where: a = lower limit b = upper limit

BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRATION

cos udu = sin u + C 2 sec udu = tan u + C 2 csc udu = cot u + C

sin udu = cos u + C

IF BOTH ARE ODD, TRANSFORM LOWER POWER CASE 3: n = EVEN

n2

CASE 2:

sec =udu or csc udu n EVEN

n n

du u a
2 2

1 u sec 1 + C a a

sin n u = (sin 2 u )
transform

sec u = sec
n

n2

u (sec u ) u (csc u )
2 2

BASIC HYPERBOLIC INTEGRATION

transform

csc u = csc
n2
2

n2

cos u = (cos u)

transform

1 Use sin2 u = (1 cos2u ) or CASE 3: tan m u sec n udu or 2 csc u cot udu = csc u + C 1 cos2 u = (1 + cos 2u ) cot m u csc n udu tan udu = ln cos u + C 2 n IS EVEN; CASE 4: sin mu cos n udu SIMILAR TO CASE 2 tan udu = ln sec u + C m & n ARE EVEN, TRANSFORM BOTH CASE 4: tan m u sec n udu or SAME AS CASE 3 cot udu = ln sin u + C CASE 5: cot m u cscn udu sec udu = ln sec u + tan u + C sin cos = 1 [sin( + ) + sin( )] m = ODD 2 tanm u secn udu = csc udu = ln csc u cot u + C cos cos = 1 [cos( + ) + cos( )] 2 tanm1 u secn1 u(tanu secudu) TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC 1 transform sin sin = [cos( + ) cos( )] FUNCTIONS 2 cotm u cscn udu = SINE/COSINE CASE 1: n = ODD TANGENT/COTANGENT/SECANT/COSECANT cotm1 u cscn 1 u(cot u cscudu) n n 1 CASE 1: tan n udu or cotn udu transform sin u = sin u (sin u )

sec u tan udu = sec u + C

transform

where: sec u = 1 + tan u csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u

sinh udu = cosh u + C cosh udu = sinh u + C 2 sec h udu = tanh u + C

csch udu = cothu + C

2

sec hu tanh udu = sec hu + C

csc hu coth udu = csc hu + C

INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS du u = sinh 1 + C 2 2 a u +a du 1 u = cosh +C a u 2 a2

a2 u 2 = tanh a + C ,|u|<a du 1 u u a = a coth a + C , u >a

1 2 2
2

du

1 u

cos u

cos u = cos

n 1

u (cos u )

tan u = tan

n2

u (tan 2 u )
transform

Use sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1 CASE 2: sin m u cos n udu ONE EXPONENT IS ODD; SIMILAR TO CASE 1

sin u

cot n u = cot n 2 u (cot 2 u )

where: tan u = sec u 1 cot2 u = csc2 u 1

transform

INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS du u = sin1 + C a a2 u 2 du 1 u = tan1 + C a a2 + u 2 a

du a u
2 2

1 u sec h 1 + C a a

du a +u
2 2

1 u csc h1 + C a a

WALLIS FORMULA

sinm u cosn u =

[(m 1)(m 3)(m 5)...m = 2or1][(n 1)(n 3)(n 5)...n = 2or1] (m + n)(m + n 2)(m + n 4)...m + n = 2or1

where: = ; if both m & n are even 2 = 1 ; if otherwise TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION INTEGRATION BY PARTS sin u = cos u =

2z 1+ z2 1 z2 1+ z
2

VOLUME RING METHOD

V =

S= ri = inner radius

udv = uv vdu
INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION CASE 1: a 2 u 2 u = a sin du = a cosd CASE 2: a 2 + u 2 u = a tan du = a sec2 d CASE 3: u 2 a 2 u = a sec du = a sec tand RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION

a ( ro
b

ri 2 ) h ; ro = outer radius

1+

dx dy ; x = g(x) dy

OTHER INTEGRATION FORMULAS

VOLUME SHELL METHOD

+C

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS DOUBLE INTEGRALS

u 2 a 2 = 2a ln u + a a2 u 2 =
b

du

ua

V = 2

arht

; t = thickness
b

du

1 a+u ln +C 2a a u

CENTROID OF AREAS C ( x , y ) x = My ; My =

APPLICATIONS AREA UNDER A CURVE

A = LW ; L = length, W = width

a A b Mx y= ; Mx = yc dA a A
xc dA
x = Myz ; Myz =
b

2 nd assume y = constant 1st b y2

a x

b x2
1

1st

f (x , y )dx dy

note: the centroid lies on axis of symmetry CENTROID OF VOLUMES C ( x , y , z )

a y
b x2
1

f (x , y )dy dx
2 nd

assume x = constant

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

AREAS BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION

1 x= z

dx =

dz z
2

A= A=

( yh yl )dx
a b

; yh = upper y yl = lower y
r

INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS OF SIN & COS

a (xr xl )dy ; x = x on the right

xl = x on the left

1 z = tan x 2
du =

a V b Mxz y= ; Mxz = yc dV a V z=0

xc dV
S=

a x dxdy b y a y dydx
2 1

VOLUME DISK METHOD

2

note: the centroid always lies on the axis of rotation LENGTH OF AN ARC S

2 dz 1+ z

V =

a r h ; r = radius, h = height
2

1+

dy dx ; y = f(x) dx

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM If a y = x then log a x = y ;

log a 1 = 0 log a a = 1 log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y x log a = log a x log a y y log a y x = x log a y 1 log a y x log a a x = x log a
x

e x e x e x + e x e x + e x coth x = x x e e 2 sec hx = x x e +e 2 csc hx = x x e e BASIC HYPERBOLIC FORMULAS tanh x =

cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1 cosh x + sinh x = e x cosh x sinh x = e x sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x coth 2 x = csc h2 x + 1 tanh 2 x + sec h2 x = 1 sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES

1 sin 1 sec = cos 1 cot = tan csc =

tan( x y ) =

tan x tan y 1 + tan x tan y

y=

TANGENT AND COTANGENT sin tan = cos cos cot = sin PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 1 + tan 2 = sec 2 1 + cot 2 = csc 2 COFUNCTION IDENTITIES sin(90 ) = cos csc ( 90 ) = sec
sec ( 90 ) = csc cos ( 90 ) = sin cot ( 90 ) = tan SUM & DIFFERENCE FORMULAS
sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y sin( x y ) = sin x cos y cos x sin y cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y sin x sin y cos( x y ) = cos x sin y + sin x sin y tan x + tan y tan( x + y ) = 1 tan x tan y

a =x EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

log a x

a0 = 1 a x+ y = a x a y ax ay (a x )r = a rx a x y = a log a x = x a x = e x ln a e
ln x

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2 2 tan tan 2 = 1 tan 2 POWER REDUCING FORMULAS 1 cos 2 sin 2 = 2 1 + cos 2 2 cos = 2 1 cos 2 2 tan = 1 + cos 2 HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
sin

= =

1 cos 2

cos tan tan cot cot

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS EXPRESSED AS LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

sinh 1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 cosh
1 2

=x

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x =

e x e x 2 e x + e x cosh x = 2

1 1 + x sec h 1 x = ln 1 1 1 tanh 1 x = ln x x 2 1 x 1 1 1 x +1 1 coth 1 x = ln csc h x = ln x x 2 + 1 2 x 1

( x = ln ( x

) x 1)

1 + cos 2 1 cos = sin sin = 1 + cos sin = 1 cos 1 + cos = sin

SINE LAW

a b c = = sin A sin B sin C

COSINE LAW a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C LAW OF TANGENTS 1 tan ( A B) a b 2 = a + b tan 1 ( A + B ) 2 PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAS
1 [cos( x y ) cos( x + y )] 2 1 cos x sin y = [ cos( x + y ) + cos( x y ) ] 2 1 sin x cos y = [sin( x + y) + sin( x y ) ] 2 1 cos x sin y = [sin( x + y) sin( x y ) ] 2 sin 2 x sin x cos x = 2 sin x sin y =

MOLLWEICLES EQUATION 1 sin ( A B) ab 2 = 1 C cos C 2 1 cos ( A B) a+b 2 = 1 C sin C 2

SUM TO PRODUCT FORMULAS

x+ y x y sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos 2 2 x+ y x y sin x sin y = 2 cos sin 2 2 x+ y x y cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos 2 2 x+ y x y cos x cos y = 2sin sin 2 2