Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8
SI LVERFISH grow l arger but do not change
in appearance or struct ure.
young adul t
I NSECT DEVELOPMENT An i nsect pest can be con
trol l ed most easi l y at a speci fc stage of i ts l ife history,
someti mes not t he one in whi ch i t does its greatest dam
age. Destroyi ng t he i nsect' s eggs i s oft en t he most
efective control measure. But to do this you must know
where and when t he femal e l ays her eggs. Hence l ife
hi stori es are emphasi zed in thi s book.
Nymphs are young i nsects t hat, as soon as they
hat ch, resembl e mi ni ature adul ts. I f t he adul t has wi ngs,
wi ng buds soon appear on t he nymph ' s thorax. These
grow each ti me t he nymph s heds, or mol ts, and by t he
t i me t he i nsect i s mature, t he wi ngs are ful ly devel oped.
Nymphs are acti ve. They commonly l ive i n t he same
pl ace and have the same feedi ng habits as t he adul ts.
True bugs, grasshoppers, cockroaches, and l i ce are
among t he i nsects that have a nymph stage. These
change ( metamorphose) gradual l y t hrough t hree de
vel opment al stages-egg, nymph, and adul t . Thi s type
of metamor phosi s i s cal l ed si mpl e. Pri mitive i nsects,
such as si l verfsh and spri ngt ai l s, al so devel op by a
si mpl e metamorphosi s, but there are al most no changes
i n t hei r structure as t hey grow, onl y an i ncrease i n si ze.
Nymphs of some aquati c i nsects are cal l ed nai ads; t hey
difer consi derabl y from adul ts i n appearance and
habi ts but change from nai ads di rectl y i nt o adul ts.
egg
CHI NCH BUGS have t hree stages, Nymphs
resembl e adults, but J ack wi ngs.
nymphs
JAPANESE BEETLES devel op t hrough four
di sti nct stages, each di feri ng i n appear
This i s compl ete metamorphosis.
adul t
More kinds of insects devel op through a compl ete
metamorphosis. The insect changes in appearance and
habits from one stage t o the next t hrough four disti nct
stages-egg, l arva, pupa, and adul t . The egg hatches
into a l arva, an active, feeding stage. The mat ure l arva
forms a pupa; a resting, or nonfeedi ng, stage from
which the insect emerges as an adul t. Caterpil l ars are
the crawl i ng l arvae of butterfies and moths. They have
chewing mouthparts. Some are maj or pests of pl ants
and stored products. The adul ts have sucking, or nectar
feedi ng, mouthparts and never do damage. Maggots
are the l arvae of fies; grubs, the l arvae of beetl es.
9
1 0
CONTROLLI NG I NS ECTS
Insects become pests when they damage crops, dest roy
products, transmit diseases, are annoying, or in other
ways confict with man' s needs or interests. In man' s
continuous battl e agai nst insect pests t hrough the cen
turies, no insect species has ever been eradicated,
t hough some have been reduced in number, at l east
temporari l y. At the same ti me, other pest species have
actual l y become more abundant and are now a greater
probl em because man has provided increasingl y favor
abl e conditions for them. The modern one-crop system
of agricul ture often suppl ies food for an insect pest in
l arge quantity over many square mi l es. As new crop
pl ants were introduced from other countries, their insect
pests often came with them, but not the predatory
species that kept the pests under control in their home
l and. Some varieties of crops are more suscepti bl e to
pests than were the ori ginal wi l d pl ants, which over t he
years devel oped a degree of resistance to insect attack.
NATURAL CONTROLS ordinari l y keep insect popul a
tions i n bal ance. Weather factors, such as temperat ure
and rainfal l , l imi t the di stribution of an insect species,
as do such geographi c barriers as l arge bodies of water,
deserts, or mountai n ranges .
Toads, l izards, frogs, mol es, and shrews are among
the many animal s that feed mainl y on insects. Some
birds may eat t hei r own wei ght i n insects every day.
Predatory insects usual l y feed on whatever insects are
avail abl e. Larvae of parasi ti c i nsects devel op in the
eggs, young, or adul ts of other insects. Vi rus, fungus,
and bacteri al diseases al so hel p hol d insect popul ations
in check. Man has often upset these natural bal ances.
Because i nsect-eati ng bi rds tend to eat the most avai l abl e i nsects,
they are especi al l y hel pful i n control l i ng pests i n outbreaks.
TACHI NI D FLY
Braconi d wasps l ay eggs
i n aphi ds or other i nsects.
Larvae devel op i nsi de.
ARMYWORM
The Tachi ni d Fly lays its eggs
on t he Armywor m. Fl y l arvae
eat ond soon ki l l t he worm.
These t i ny rove beetl es
feed on maggots. The
l arvae al so burrow i nto pupae.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL is the purposeful use of
nat ural predators, parasites, or diseases to kil l or reduce
the popul ation of a pest species. This method has been
efective principal l y in combating insect pests introduced
from foreign countries without their nat ural enemies .
Bi ol ogical control s are not usual l y practical for home
gardens or simil ar smal l areas. They are used most
s uccessful l y in orchards and groves or where l arge-scal e
crop pl anti ngs are repeated year after year on the
same l and. Usual l y the control species is at frst bred
artifcial l y so that it can be introduced in l arge numbers.
More t han two dozen cases of efective l arge-scal e con
trol of i nsect pests have been achieved by this method .
Damage to ci trus by the Cottony-cushion Scal e in
Cal ifornia was virtual l y el i minated by the introduction,
of Vedal ia, an Australian l ady beetl e. Later, grove
Parasi ti c Bracani d Wasp i ntro
duced from Engl and. Wasp l arvae
feed i nsi de I mported Cabbage-
3.0 i n.
wor m and ki l l it.
Japanese Beetl e i s ki l l ed by
Bacillus papillae, which causes
mi l ky di sease. The Hornworm
0.8 i n.
succumbs to b. thuringiensis.
owners began to spray t hei r trees to ki l l aphi ds. At the
same t i me they ki l l ed the Vedal i a beetl es, causi ng an
outbreak of Cottony-cushi on Scal e agai n. The u s e of
bacteri a causi ng mi l ky disease that ki lls gr ubs of t he
Japanese Beetl e i s another exampl e of successful bi o
l ogi cal control . Gambusi as and other top-feedi ng mi n
nows are efective i n t he control of mosquito l arvae.
I nteresti ngl y, t he Chrysol i na Beetl e was i ntroduced to
western Uni ted States from Austral i a to hal t t he spread
of t he Kl amath weed.
l
Bi ol ogi cal control s do not el i mi nate a pest speci es
compl etel y. They only reduce the popul ati on and thus
keep the damage l ow. But bi ol ogi cal control s are usual l y
self-generati ng, so a control speci es, once establ i shed,
conti nues to reproduce and t o remai n efective.
1 3
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CONTROLS are the
si mpl est, most obvi ous, and at t i mes most efective: wit
ness the ol d-fashi oned fy swatter. Pests of stored prod
ucts are commonl y destroyed by heat or col d. Few can
survive l ong i n a temperature of 1 20 degrees F. or
hi gher. Col d ei ther ki l l s or stops activity. Drai ning of
standi ng water to el i minate breeding pl aces is a stan
dard mosquito control method, whi l e many pl ant pests
are ki l l ed by fooding. Li ghts are used to attract some
ki nds of pests, whi ch may then be el ectrocuted on
charged screens. Pests that col lect i n l arge numbers
may be l ured to baits or caught in ditches. The gardener
who pi cks Japanese Beetl es of his roses by hand uses
an efecti ve method for smal l areas.
CULTURAL CONTROL is an inexpensive method of
checking or preventing damage by insect pests by com
bi ning mechani cal or physi cal control s wi t h a knowl edge
of the pest ' s l ife history. Crop rotati on prevents the
bui l d- up of a pest popul ati on that feeds on one ki nd
of pl ant. Burying stal ks, weeds, and other resi dues after
harvest destroys eggs, pupae, or hi bernating l arvae and
adul ts. Si mi l arly, earl y or l ate pl owing may destroy a
parti cul ar l ife stage of a pest. Pl anting and harvest i ng
Gol den Regent, a
resistant vari ety
of sweet cor n.
can someti mes be ti med to escape
periods of egg l aying or of pest
abundance. Varieties of pl ants re
sistant to parti cul ar pests can be
pl anted. Heal thy, vi gorousl y grow
ing pl ants can wi thstand insect at
tacks better t han t hose that ore
weak or diseased. Li kewi se, ani
mal s in good heal th are not as
greatl y disturbed by pests.
INSECTICI DES are poisons used to kil l insect pests .
Their great advantage is speed. Biol ogical control
methods, whil e safer and l onger l asting, may require
several seasons to become efective.
More t han 350 mil l ion pounds of insecticides are
sol d annual l y i n the United States . Their use increases
agricul t ural yiel ds by an average of about 25 percent
and in many cases prevents compl ete crop l osses. I n
secticides are highl y important, too, in t he control of
pests that are annoying or are disease carriers .
Most insecticides are dangerous to people and other
ani mal s as wel l as to pests . Read and fol l ow careful l y
t he instruction on l abel s. Consul t a county agent or an
entomol ogist or empl oy t he services of a professional
pest-control operator.
APPLI CATI ONS of i nsecti ci des are rarel y made ful l
strengt h . Dusts ar e dry mi xtures of from 0. 1 percent t o
25 percent of t he poi son mi xed wi th fne part i cl es of an
i nactive materi a l, s uch as tal c. Wettable powders are
dusts t hat form a suspensi on i n water for sprayi ng; the
powder may consi st of from 1 0 to 95 percent i nsecti ci de.
Emulsifable concentrates, t he most common formul ati on
for appl yi ng i nsecti ci des, consi st of oi l or a si mi l ar or
gani c sol vent contai ni ng t he i nsecti ci de and an emul
si fer t hat ai ds t he mi xi ng of t he dropl ets of oi l and
i nsect i ci de i n water. The components may separate on
standi ng but can be remi xed by s haki ng. Special sol
vents, such as kerosene, pi ne oi l , and ot her l i qui ds of
organi c compounds, are used wi th t he water-i nsol ubl e
organi c i nsecticides. Most sol vents are t oxi c to pl ants,
are i nfammabl e, and may damage wal l paper, t i l e, and
other materi al s. For al l appl i cati ons, fol l ow pri nted di
recti ons wi t h care.
Aerosol Bomb
SPRAYERS use a pump to bui l d
up ai r pressure t hat forces t he
l i qui d i nsecti ci de f r om the noz
zl e. The si ze of t he nozzl e open
i ng creates ei t her a fogl i ke mi st
or a steady stream.
DUSTERS are powered by hand
or by motor and us e ei t her a
fan or compressed oi r to force
out t he dust i n a cl oud.
AEROSOL BOMBS, t he most
common househol d appl icators,
consi st of an i nsecti ci de di s
sol ved i n a l i quefed gas under
hi gh pres sure. A fne mi s t i s pro
duced when these are al l owed
to escape from a s mal l openi ng.
Aerosol s ore conveni ent but are
rel ati vel y expensi ve.
Bean beetl es and t hei r l arvae
( p. 76) feed an t he undersi de of
leaves. They can be reached wi th
i nsecti ci de dusts.
STOMACH POISONS are used pr i nci pal l y to ki l l i nsects
wi th chewi ng mouth parts. They may be sprayed or
dusted di rectl y on the i nsect ' s food or may be mi xed
wi th bai ts to attract t he pests. To be useful a stomach
poi son must ki l l fai r l y qui ckl y, as t he pest i s al ready
doi ng damage when i t ta kes i n t he i nsecti ci de. Too
heavy an appl i cati on of these chemi cal s may ki l l t he
pl ants . The resi dues are poi sonous to man and domes
ti c ani mal s . Contact i nsecti ci des ( p. 1 8 ) act as stomach
poi sons if eaten. Arseni c compounds ar e t he most com
mon i norgani c stomach poi sons. Paris green ( cal ci um
acetoarseni te) was t he frst chemi cal i nsecti ci de used
successful l y on a l arge scal e. Lead arsenate, white
arsenic ( arseni ous oxi de) , sodium arsenate, and calcium
arsenate are other arseni c stomach poi sons. Fl uori ne
compounds t hat act as stomach poi sons are sodium fuo
silicate, sodium fuoride, and sodium fuoaluminate
( cryol i te) . Thallium sulfate, hi ghl y poi sonous, is mi xed
wi t h food to make ant bai ts. Do not store any i nsecti ci de
where chi l dren can r each i t. Make certai n t he con
t ai ners are properl y l abel ed and mar ked POI SON.
I NSECTI CI DES 1 7
CONTACT I NSECTI CI DES are sprayed or dusted di
rectl y on pests or are spread where pests wi l l pi ck t hem
up. They are especi al l y useful i n control l i ng i nsects wi th
pi erci ng- sucki ng mout hparts. Al l contact poi sons act as
stomach poi sons ( p. 1 7) if eaten. Most of t hem are al so
poi sonous to peopl e and ani mal s and t hus are a seri ous
hazard if not used as di rected. I n excess amount s many
contact i nsectici des are poi sonous t o pl ants. Some ar e
us ed as fumi gants. Al ways r ead the l abel before even
openi ng the i nsecti ci de contai ner . When i n doubt
obout how to use an i nsecti ci de safel y and most efec
tivel y, ask the advice of your deal er or of a county or
agri cul tural agent .
Most of t he many thousands of tradenamed i nsec
ti ci de for mul ati ons bel ong i n the contact- i nsecti ci de
group. These are di vi ded i nto the fol l owi ng groups
inorganics, natural organics or plant poisons, synthetics,
and oils. Each of these groups is descri bed separatel y
on the fol l owi ng pages. Most of the contact i nsecti ci des
now used have appeared since t he Worl d War I I de
vel opment of DDT, the frst wi del y used syntheti c or
gani c i nsecti ci de.
INORGANI C CONTACT INSEC
TICI DES
,
consi st i ng mai nl y of
sulfur dusts, mi xt ures of lime
and sulfur, or sulfur compounds,
were t he frst contact poi sons
used on a l arge scal e and sti l l
ran k among t h e most i mportant.
Sulfur dust i s one of the mai n
chemi cal control s f or mi tes, for
the crawl i ng stages of scal es,
and for some ki nds of caterpi l
l ars. Fi nel y ground sul fur i s us
abl e as a wettabl e powder for
spray appl i cati ons. Lime-sulfur
solution is a l i qui d, sol ubl e i n
1 8 I NSECTI CI DES
water. L i me- sul fur i s al so dehy
drated and sold in concentrated
powder form. I t i s used to con
trol pl ant pests such as scal es
and al so as a di p for cattl e,
sheep, and other l ivestock. Bor
deaux mixture is a combi nati on
of copper s ul fate and l i me i n
water. I n addi ti on to t hei r use
as i nsecti ci des, sul fur and sul
fur compounds are val ued as
fungi ci des. I n hot weather, heavy
appl i cati ons of s ul f ur wi l l burn
fol i age and frui t and so must be
appl i ed spari ngl y.
NATURAL ORGANI CS were
t he earl i est compounds used i n
ki l l i ng i nsect pests. Wi th t he ex
cepti on of ni coti ne, hi ghl y toxi c
to man and other mammal s, they
are t he l east dangerous of t he
i nsecti ci des to use on food pl ants
or in t he house.
Nicotine i s obtai ned from t he
waste l eaves of tobacco pl ants
and wast e tobacco product s. I t
i s used pr i nci pal l y as nicotine
sulfate, wi t h a 40- percent ni co
t i ne content. The 40- percent con
centrate i s ordi nari l y di l uted in
800 to 1 ,000 parts of wafer
(about one teaspoon to a gal l on)
and i s appl i ed as a spray to ki l l
aphi ds or other soft-bodi ed i n
sects. Ni coti ne sul fate i s used
al so as a stack di p for control
of mi tes, t i cks, and lice. Fi nel y
ground tobacco stems and l eaves
are used as a dust or burned as
a f umi gant . Ni cot i ne may be
added to aerosol formul ati ons.
Pyrethrum comes from t he
fowers of several speci es of chry
sant hemums. It is produced com
merci al l y from a speci es grown
i n East Afri ca. Fast-acti ng pyre
t hri ns ore the "'knockdown "
agents i n most househol d sprays,
with sl ower-acti ng DDT or other
syntheti cs ocl uol l y ki l l i ng the i n
sect. Allethrin, produced syn
theti cal l y, i s much t he same os
pyret hrum i n act i on.
Rotenone i s obtai ned from t he
dri ed and ground roots of t he
Sout h Ameri can cube and from
t he roots of two speci es of der
ri s t hat grow in t he East I ndi es.
As prepared for an i nsecti ci de,
Tobacco pl ant, source of
hi ghl y toxic ni coti ne
rotenone i s rel at i vel y nontoxi c t o
humans, but as an i nsecti ci de i t
acts both as a stomach and as a
contact poi son. Anot her use of
rotenone by bi ol ogi sts is as a
poi son to el i mi nate trash fsh i n
l akes an d ponds.
Ot her botani cal s, or nat ural
organi c cont act i nsecti ci des, i n
el ude ryania, produced f r om t he
pul veri zed stems and roofs of a
South Ameri can pl ant . Ryani a i s
l ess toxi c to mammal s t han ro
tenone and so i s recommended
for food pl ants where resi dues
mi ght be a probl em. Sabadilla,
whi ch al so has low toxi ci ty, is
mode by gr i ndi ng t he seeds of a
l i l y-fami l y pl ant of Venezuel a.
I NSECTI CI DES 1 9
SYNTHETI C ORGANI C CON
TACT INSECTI CI DES ar e t he
mast i mportant group of c hem i
cal s used today i n the control of
i nsect pests. There are two
groupo: chl ori nated hydrocarbons
and organo-phosphates.
CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS
DDT i s t he l eader i n t he chl o
r i nat ed hydrocarbon gr oup.
Though frst synthesi zed i n 1 874,
DDT was not recogn i zed as an
i nsecti ci de unt i l Worl d War I I ,
when i ts i ni t i al l arge-scal e use
hal ted a typhus epi demi c spread
by l i ce in I tal y. I t was l ater val u
abl e duri ng the war years i n the
control of fi es and mosquitoes
and came i nto wi despread use
in t he control of agri cul t ural and
househol d pests after t he war.
DDT i s hi ghly efective in ki l l i ng
many ki nds of i nsects but i s
rel ati vel y nont oxi c to aphi ds,
spi der mites, and some other
speci es. Some cockroaches, fi es,
and other i nsects have devel
oped resi stance to DDT. When
an i nsect comes i n contact wi th
DDT, it frst appears to l ose con
trol of i ts vol untary acti ons; l ater
i t becomes paral yzed. Death
comes sl owl y, somet i mes several
days l ater. DDT has a rather low
toxi ci ty Ia man and other verte
brates but may be stored i n the
fatty ti ssues of the body and
cause death months l ater when
the fat reserves are ut i l i zed.
DDT i s appl ied as a dust,
wettabl e powder, water emul
si on, or i n an oi l base. Verte
brates absorb the oi l -base DDT
most rapi dl y. DDT i s i nsol ubl e
i n water. I ts resi dues may re-
20 I NSECTI CI DES
mai n efective outdoors for many
months or even years, i ndoors
for even l onger. Methoxychlor,
rel ated to DDT, is efective
agai nst t he Mexi can Bean Beet l e
and works more rapi dl y i n ki l l i ng
t he House Fl y. TDf ( or DOD), al so
a rel ati ve of DDT, i s commonl y
used i n mosquito control be
cause i t i s l ess toxi c t han DDT to
vertebrates. TOE is al so l ess poi
sonous to i nsects, however.
Benzene hexachloride (BHC),
al so i n the chl ori nated- hydro
carbon group, was di scovered
as a usef ul i nsect i ci de about t he
same t i me as DDT. BHC ki l l s
faster t han DDT and i s commonl y
used in t he control of crop pests.
I t has a di sti nct i ve musty odor
and someti mes taints food. BHC
i s usual l y used as a dust or a
wettabl e powder. Lindane is BHC
t hat di fers onl y i n t he arrange
ment of i ts atoms, but as i t l acks
the obj ecti onabl e heavy odor, i t
is used more commonl y i n
houses. Though i t s resi dual l i fe
i s shorter than DDT' s, l i ndane
is about twice as toxi c to many
i nsects and apparentl y i s not
stored i n t he body t i ssues. Toxa
phene, i nsol ubl e i n water but
sol ubl e i n many organi c sol
vents, i s an excel l ent i nsect ki l l er
but i s al so poi sonous I a verte
brates. Toxaphene is one of the
most common i nsecti ci des for
control l i ng pests of cotton.
Chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin,
endrin, and heptachlor form an
other group of
Cl uster fl y, 33
Eur. El m Scal e, 1 45
Horse Fl i es, 38, 56
C
Cockroaches, 28-29
Eye Gnat, 33
House Centi pede, 36
w
Codl i ng Mot h, 1 20
Eye-spotted Bud Mot h,
House Cri cket, 34
.
Col o. Potato Beet l e, 74, 1 2 1
House Fl y, 3 2 , 39
m
l
75
Face fl y, 56
Househol d Pests, 24-37
Col umbi ne Borer, 93
House Mosqu i to, 41
Col um. leaf Mi ner, 92
Fal l Armyworm, 1 1 0, 1 1 1
House Spi ders, 37
Conenoses, 44
Fal l Cankerwor m, 1 2 1
House Spri ngtai l , 3 5
Confused Fl our Beetl e,
Fern Scal e, 87
Human Fl ea, 50
1 47
Fi el d Wi reworm, 63
Humpback Beet l e, 1 53
;
Corn Earworm, 1 09
Fi re Ant, 25
Cornfel d Ant, 25, 1 00
Fi rebrat, 34
I mbri cated Snout
Corn Fl ea Beetl e, 1 04
Fl atheaded Borer, 1 27
Beetl e, 1 26
Corn Root Aphi d, 88, 1 00
Fl ea Beet l es, 62, 1 04
I mp. Cabbageworm, 1 3,
m
Corn Root Webworm, 1 1 5
fl eas, 50-51
80
Cotton Aphi d, 1 1
Fl our Beet l es, 1 47
I mp. Currontwor m, 1 31
Fol l i cl e Mites, 55
Cotton leafworm, 1 08
forest Tent Caterpi l l . ,
I ndi an- meal Mot h, 1 49
Cottony- cushi on Scal e,
1 43
I nsect i ci des, 1 5-23
m
1 2, 1 35
Fowl Ti ck, 49
aerosol s, 1 6
Cottony Mapl e Scal e, 1 45
Frui t Fl ies, 33, 1 30
al dri n, 20
Cowpea Weevi l , 1 50
Frui t-tree leaf Rol l er,
al l ethri n, 1 9
Crab louse, 43 1 24
appl i cati ons, 1 6
Crane Fl y, 35 fru itworms, 1 24
benzene hexach l ori de,
20
Crazy Ant, 25
Ful l er Rose Beet l e, 97
Bordeaux mi xtu re, 1 8
Cri ckets, 34, 1 37
Furni ture Beetl e, 3
carbon bi s ul fde, 22
Croton Bugs, 29
Gambusi as, ) 3 chl ordane, 20
Cucu mber Beetles, 77
Garden Webworm, 82 chl ori nated hydro-
Cul tu ral Control s, 1 4 German Cockroach, 28, 29 carbons, 20
1 58
I nsecti ci des ( cont . )
contact i nsecti cides,
1 8
creosote, 23
DlD, 20
DDT, 20
DDVP, 2 1
demeton, 2 1
di azi non, 21
di capthon, 2 1
di chl oropropane, 22
di chl oropropene, 22
di el dr i n, 20
di ethyl tol uami de, 23
di methyl pht hal ate, 23
dusters, 1 6
endri n, 20
ethyl hexanedi ol , 23
fumi gants, 22
heptachl or, 20
hormones, 23
hydrogen cyan i de, 22
i norgani cs, 1 8
l ead arsenate, 1 7
l i mesu l fur, 1 8
l i ndane, 20
mal at hi on, 2 1
methoxychl or, 20
methyl bromi de, 22
moth bal l s, 22, 23
naphthal ene, 22
natural organi cs, 1 9
ni coti ne, 1 9
ni coti ne s ul fate, 1 9
nontoxi cs, 23
oi l s, 22
organo phosphates, 21
paradi ch l orobenzene,
22
parat hi on, 2 1
Pari s green, 1 7
pyret hr um, 1 9
repel l ents, 2 3
ron nel , 21
rotenone, 1 9
ryani a, 1 9
sabadi l l a, 1 9
sodi um arsenate, 1 7
sodi um fuori de, 1 7
sodi um fuos i l i cate, 1 7
sprayers, 1 6
steri l ants, 23
stomach poi sons, 1 7
s ul fur, 1 8
syntheti cs, 20-2 1
TOE, 20
TEPP, 2 1
thal l i u m s ul fate, 1 7
toxaphene, 20
whi te arseni c, 1 7
I nsects, genera I
benefci al , 4
I nsects (cont . )
cl assi fcati on, 6-7
control s, 1 0-23
damage, 4
devel opment, 8-9
I sabel l a Moth, 83
I tch Mi te, 45, 54
Jamai ca Tortoise Beet l e,
73
Japanese Beet l e, 9, 1 3,
1 4, 1 29
Jumpi ng Spiders, 37
June 8ug, 65
Ki ssi ng Bug, 44
lace Bugs, 72, 90
larder Beet l e, 3 1
larger Grai n Borer, 1 49
larkspur leaf Mi ner, 92
leaf Bugs, 1 01
leafcutter Bee, 94
leaf Cutters, 94
leafhoppers, 6B, 69
leaf Mi ners, 92
leaf Rol l ers, 93, 1 24
legume Bug, 1 01
lesser Bul b Fl y, 91
lesser Cl over leaf
Weevi l , 1 07
lesser Cornstal k Borer,
1 1 4
lesser Grai n Borer, 1 49
lesser Peach Tree Borer,
1 22
li ce, 43, 52
li l ac Borer, 93
li t t l e House Fl y, 33
locust Borer, 1 40
lone Star Ti ck, 46
long.toi led Meal ybug,
87, 1 35
Maggots, 84, 1 1 6, 1 1 7,
1 30
Mai ze Bi l l bug, 1 05
Mal ari a Mosqu i to, 41
Marg i ned Bl ister Beetl e,
75
Masked Hunter, 44
May Beetl e, 65
Meadow Spi tt l ebug, 1 01
Meal worms, 1 47
Meal ybugs, 86, 87, 1 33-
1 35
Medi i . Fl our Moth, 1 49
Medi t, Frui t F l y, 1 30
Mel on Aphi d, 67
Mel onworm, 81
Mexi can 'eon Beetl e, 76
Mexi can Bed Bu g, 44
Mexi can Frui t Fl y, 1 30
Mexi can Meal ybug, 87
Mezi um Spider Beet l e,
1 53
Mi dges, 91
Mi grat. Grasshopper, 99
Mi l l i pedes, 36
Mi tes, 54-55, 85, 90,
1 38
Mol e Cri cket, 61
Morn i ng gl ory l eaf Cut.
tor, 94
Mosqu i toes, 40-4 1
Moth Fl y, 33
Mud-dau ber, 47
Narci ssus Bu l b Fl y, 91
Natural control s, 1 0
N. Corn Rootworm, 1 03
Nose Bot Fl y, 56, 57
No See Ums, 39
Oakworms, 1 44
Obl i que-banded leaf
Rol l er, 93
Odorous House Ant, 24
On i on Maggot, 84
Oni on Thrips, 72
Orangestri ped Oak
worm, 1 44
Ori ental Beet l e, 1 04
Ori ental Cockroach, 29
Ori ental Fr ui t Mot h, 1 23
Ori ental Rat Fl ea, 50
Oystershel l Scal e, 1 45
Poe. Coast Wi rewor m, 63
Poe. Spi der Mi te, 1 38
Pal e-stri ped Fl ea Beet l e,
62
Pal e West . Cutworm, 64
Paper-nest Wasp, 47
Pea Aphi d, 67
Peach Bark Beet l e, 1 28
Peach Tree Borer, 1 22
Peach Twi g Borer, 1 23
Pear leaf Bl i ster Mi te,
1 38
Pear-sl ug, 1 3 1
Pea Weevi l , 1 50
Pecan Casebearer, 1 44
Pepper Weevi l , 78
Pharaoh Ant, 24
Pi ckl eworm, 81
Pi l l bugs, 36
Pi ne Needl e Scal e, 1 45
Pi nk Bol l worm, 1 08
Pl ai ns fal se Wi reworm,
1 04
Pl ant Bugs, 1 0 1
Pl ant li ce, 66-67, 1 3 1
Pl aster Bagworm, 3 1
P l u m Curcu l i o, 1 25
Popl ar Borer, 1 40
Potato fl ea Beet l e, 62
1 59
"
Potato leafhopper, 69 Smal l er Eur. El m Bark Tent Cater pi l l ars, 1 43
Potato Tuberworm, 82 Beet l e, 1 39 Termi tes, 26-27
Poul try Li ce, 52 Snai l s, 85 Texas Leaf- cutter Ant,
Psoci ds, 35 Snowy Tree Cri cket, 1 37 94
Purpl e Scal e, 22, 1 33 Soft Scal e, 87 Thi ef Ant, 24, 1 1 9
Puss Caterpi l l ar, 47 S. Corn Rootwor m, 77, Thri ps, 72, 89
Red-banded leaf Rol l er,
1 03 Throat Bot Fl y, 56, 57
S. Cornstal k
.
Borer, 1 1 4 Ti cks, 46, 48
93
S. Garden Leafhopper, Tobacco Hornworm, 1 3,
Red Fl our Beetl e, 1 47
69 1 5, 1 1 3
.
Red-l egged Grasshopper,
S. Green Sti nk Bug, 70 Tobacco Moth, 1 51
99
S. lyctus Beetl e, 35 Tomato Hornworm, 82,
Red-legged Ham Beetl e,
S. Pi ne Beetl e, 1 41 1 1 3
1 51
Sowbugs, 36 Tomato Russet Mi te, 85
Ri ce Weevi l , 1 46
Spi der Beetl es, 1 53 Toothed Fl ea Beet l e,
Rocky Mountai n Tick, 46
Spi ders, 37 1 04
Rootworms, 1 03
Spi nach Fl ea Beetl e, 62 Tortoi se Beet l es, 73
Rose Choler, 96
Spi nach leaf Mi ner, 84 Tree Cri ckets, 1 37
Rose Curcu l i o, 97
Spi rea Aphi d, 1 32 Treehoppers, 89
" Rose Leaf Beet l e, 96
Spi ttl ebugs, 1 0 1 Tussock Moth, 1 43 u
Rose Midge, 91
Spot. Bl i ster Beet l e, 75 Two-spotted Spi der Mi te,
z
Rose Scal e, 2 1
Spot. Cucumber Beet l e, 85
,
.
Rose- sl ugs, 95
77 Two-striped Grasshopper,
0
Rosy Appl e Aphi d, 1 32
Spotted Cutworm, 64 99
.
Roundheaded Appl e Tree
Spotted Garden Sl ug, 85
" Borer, 1 27
Spri ng Cankerworm, 1 21
Vari egated Cutworm, 64
.
Rove Beetl e, 1 1
Vedal ia, 1 2, 1 35
Spri ngtai l , 35
Vegetabl e Weevi l , 78
ug, 1 5, 41
Sl ugs, 85 71 Yel l ow Meal worm, 1 47
1 60
H K
I NSECT PESTS
A GOLDEN NATURE GUI DE
GEORGE S. FI CHTER recei ved h i s trai ni ng i n
entomol ogy at North Carol i na State Col l ege,
Ral ei gh and taught zool ogy at Mi ami Uni versi ty
i n Oxford, Ohi o. He was edi t or of a nat i onal
sports magazi ne, has wri tten art i cl es for many
magazi nes, and i s author of more than a dozen
books on natu ral hi story subj ects.
HERBERT S. ZI M, Ph. D. , Sc. D. , an or i gi nator
and former edi tor of the Gol den Gu i de Seri es,
was al so an author for many years. Author of
some ni nety books and edi tor of about as many,
he i s now Adj unct Professor at the Uni versi ty of
Mi ami and Educati onal Consul tant to the Ameri
can Fr i ends Servi ce Commi ttee and other or
gani zati ons. He works on educati onal , popul a
ti on and envi ronmental probl ems.
NI CHOLAS STREKALOVSKY studi ed art i n
Engl and. After wor ki ng for the Bri t i sh Museum,
he went t o Egypt where he di d i l l u strat i ons of
natu ral hi story and medi cal subj ects for the gov
ernment. Hi s fi rst work i n the Uni ted States was
for the Agassi z Museum at Harvard Un i versi ty.
I NSECT PESTS i s the f i rst book he has done for
Gol den Press.
T H E G O L D E N N A T U R E G U I D E S
are an introduction to the world of nature, a guide
to the most common, most easily seen, and most in
teresting aspects of the world around us. Each guide
combines the authority of eminent scientists and ex
perts in science education. These 160 page hooks
overfow with accurate full color illustrations and
concise, double-checked information which makes
identifcation and understanding the subject easy
and enjoyable.