Cause and Effect: The French Revolution Lets do this in short order.

What was the Directory? Was it successful? Why or why not? Describe the end of the Radical phase of the Revolution. What was it like? Do you think the French Revolution was successful? Why or why not? (think of the objective of the Revolution)

BIG Questions, and to be answered SHORTLY

1. Was Napoleon making

reforms for the betterment of France, or so he could consolidate control? Or were both necessary? 2. Was Napoleon a result of the French Revolution, or the solution to it? 3. What would be Napoleons greatest downfall, inspired Nationalism or his own ambitions?

Soon, a hero will rise.

A man of strength, determination, aspirations, intellect, courage, bravery, and fortitude

Napoleon: Son of the

Revolution or Enlightened Despot?

(Or, 10 easy steps for short people to rule the world)

Napoleon: Proclamation to the French Nation, 1799

Frenchmen,

you will no doubt recognize in my conduct the zeal of a soldier of liberty and of a devoted citizen of the Republic. Liberal, beneficent, and traditional ideas have returned to their rightful place through the dispersal of the odious and despicable factions which sought to overawe the Councils.

 What

is Napoleon saying to the French people?

A Short Background on Napoleon

Born in 1769, in Corsica Son of petty noble Trained at Military school 1793, defeated British forces in Toulon 1796, he is given command of French Army of Italy Italian Campaigns:
Talent

demonstrated in defeating Austrians Taste of Glory In Italy I realized I was a superior being and conceived the ambition of performing great things, which hitherto had filled my thoughts only as a fantastic dream.

 Butdoesnt

do well in Egypt (but its kept a secret, dont tell anyone!)

Napoleons Coup dEtat (not a short order)

In October 1799, Napoleon arrives back in France amidst a conspiracy against a lame fiveman Directory. Napoleon becomes a military dictator through a coup detat (blow to the state) and is welcomed by the peopleespecially the Bourgeoisie. A new constitution states that Napoleon and 2 others would serve as Consuls in a 3 power

triumvirate (eventually takes title of First Consul) Voted in and keeps some reforms of the French Rev Through war and diplomacy, Britain, Austria, and Russia make peace with France 1802: Napoleon makes himself consul for life with right to choose his successor
Sells

Begins making a few changes.

Louisiana Purchase to the US (land to the west of the Mississippi) to fund his focus on Europe and pwn the British

Shortly thereafter, on Dec 2, 1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor

of the French to prevent difficulty in succession

Napoleon the Leader

Typical man of the 18th century, a rationalist, a philosophe who placed his trust in reason, in knowledge and in methodical effort. Love of action and a boundless ambition; authority and order Death is nothingbut to live defeated and without glory is to die every day. Wanted to be both statesman and tyrant
Can

you be both?

Had to consolidate Revolution and bind together the different social classes of the French Peoples Institutes reforms on:
Government,

Legal Reform: The Napoleonic Code

social classes, religion, legal, education, economy, military, law Ultimate purpose?

Inspired by Justinian Code A Fresh Start Finally set a unified code of laws for France Built on principles of liberty and equality Made laws clear and accessible; ended disputes

over judgment/creation of laws

Legal Reform
Equality

Divided law into persons, property, acquisition of property, and civil procedure

before the law Careers open to talent Freedom of religion Protection of private property Abolition of serfdom Secularization of the state

Both adopted by and forced onto countries in and out of the French Empire

Strengthening Franceby weakening France

Power to censor media Women lost rights Slavery restored to colonies of the Caribbean Napoleon was the only one above the law
If

there are problems with a government that is too strong, there are many more with a government that is too weak. Things dont work unless you break the law every day.

Government Reform
Army

Strong centralized government

of officials- civilian servants and bureaucrats in every village, town and city. rational administration Provided taxes and soldiers Influenced public opinion:
Propaganda

 Secret

agents, arbitrary arrests, executions Oaths of allegiance by printers and newspapers Believed political liberty threatened the efficiency of the State. Governed in peoples interest.

Social Reform

Napoleon welcomed back emigrs (but have to take an oath of loyalty) Recognized lands that peasants bought from the Church Bourgeoisie liked that he promoted officials based on merit (not just family background) Valued order and authority over individual rights (Women lost rights, men were in full

authority)

Religious Reform

Believed that religion was the cement which held society together.
also promoted national unity and prevented class warkept people meek and mild.

Religion

Made efforts to centralize the Church- wanted to reconcile the Church and State.

Negotiated

an agreement with the Pope: Concordat of 1801: recognized Catholicism as the favored religion of France- not national religion Church under State control, but bishops could appoint parish priests without government interference

 Jews,

Protestants, and Catholics had freedom of religion

Education Reform

Favored system of public education Established the University of France- giant board of education to run public schools. Women excluded from education (lost rights gained in Revolution) Two roles of public education:
Provides

capable officials necessary to administer and enforce laws Indoctrinated young Frenchmen to obedience and authority.

Economic Reform

Designed to serve the needs of the bourgeoisie. Used tariffs (taxes on imports) and loans Built or repaired roads, bridges and canals Established Bank of France to manage nations finances Kept careers open to men of talent Kept bread at low prices
Sans-Culottes

were able to buy

Stimulated the employment of artisans Did not restore ancient feudal rights.

bread!!!

Military Reform- The

Redrawn Grand Empire

Wanted to create a Grand Empire of Europe for France. Between 1805-1807: defeated Austria, Prussia and Russia. art of war: stressed rapid offensive attacks with surprise and speed at great risk Provided incorrect and inaccurate info to opponents, launched second offensives, and dense screens of cavalry Wanted to surprise and demoralize his enemies 1810: Napoleon dominated most of Europe: Belgium, territories of Germany, Holland, Italy, Westphalia and Spain,

and Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and Denmark. Dissolves Holy Roman Empire

Napoleon Dominated Europe

Built great empire but didnt control Britain, Ottoman Empire, Russia, & Sweden In empire, 3 categories of domination: 1) lands annexed directly to France, 2) lands independent in name but controlled by Napoleon, & 3) lands loosely attached to Napoleons empire Stayed like this for 5 years, 1807-1812

Napoleon Short Changes Himself

Napoleon desired to extend the French Empire and secure it for his heir Divorced and remarried Marie Louise (Austrian) to produce a child, Napoleon II 3 costly mistakes: The Continental System, The Peninsular War, and The Invasion of Russia... Will lead to Napoleons downfall!

Napoleons Continental System

Outside of Europe:

Organized

civil servants, opened

careers to talent, equalized taxes, abolished serfdom, permitted free religion, abolished guilds, build roads and canals, unified systems of measurements and weights, and promoted secular education. ALL FOR THE BENEFIT OF FRANCE.
Continental

System: barred all countries under French control from trading/communicating with England.
Why? Smuggling,

piracy and trade with the New World, helped thwart this policy. Intended to destroy Great Britains commercial and industrial economy (doesnt really do much) Ends up causing prices to soar along with resentment towards France Napoleons control is being resented by rising nationalistic feelings

The Peninsular War

Wants to control Portugal, sets up invasion through Spain Spanish outraged, sparks feelings of nationalism For 6 years, guerrillas (groups of peasant fighters) attack French troops in Spain Britain also provides aide to Spain Napoleon loses 300,000 men Elsewhere in Europe people gaining more nationalistic feelings, tired of Napoleon

Invasion of Russia
Breakdown in alliance b/w France & Russia b/c of

Continental System Napoleon leads 600,000 men into Russia in June, 1812 Russian troops retreat, practice scorched-earth policy When French troops reach Moscow its burned to the ground Retreat back to France (cant remain through winter), tired & starved, attacked along the way Only 10,000 men return in December, 1812 Napoleon lost to General Winter, General Famine

Napoleons Short Decline

Loss of Battle of Trafalgar

(Naval Battle VS. British Navy)

Cements

British naval superiority Prevents invasion of UK by Napoleon Triggers Continental System

Faced problems with Spain, Germany and Russia

Peninsular

War, loses troops and

resources Russian Campaign (disaster, goes from 400-600,000 troops to 10,000, also loses reputation) Russian campaign ended in 1812

United countries Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia quickly take advantage of Napoleons weakness and quickly invade france
March 1814, Napoleon abdicates as Emperor and banished to island of Elba.

By

Bourbon Monarch returned to throne (Louis XVIII)

unhappy with him, spurs feelings of loyalty to Napoleon

People

The Hundred Days

Louis XVIII is weak and unpopular in France News reaches Napoleon, returns to France in 1815 and is welcomed Battle of Waterloo, France defeated by Britain & Prussia Napoleon shipped to St. Helena, wrote memoirs died in 1821

Lasting Legacy

Wanted to free Europe from tyranny, oppression, and despotism. ALSO: repression of liberty, general subversion of republicanism, and the oppression of conquered peoples. Machiavellis perfect prince By spreading revolutionary ideas and institutions, he made it impossible for the restoration of the anciene regime. Help create a new Germany through abolition of Holy Roman Empire. Helped double the size of the United States Changed the map of Europe (before and after Reign)

After Napoleon there was no turning back: Feudalism was dead, society was secularized, the modern nation state replaced the dynastic state, and the bourgeoisie became the new class of privilege and status, and nationalism was on the rise.

BIG Questions, and to be answered SHORTLY

1. Was Napoleon making reforms for the betterment of France, or so he could consolidate control? Or were both necessary? 2. Was Napoleon a result of the French Revolution, or the solution to it?

3. What would be Napoleons greatest downfall, inspired Nationalism or his own ambitions?

The Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna- series of meetings to decide what should happen to Europe, 1814-1815 Five great powers- Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, & France Most influential was Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria. Had 3 goals: contain France, restore balance of power in Europe, & restore loyal families to their thrones

Containment of France

Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Republic form Kingdom of Netherlands 39 German states form German Confederation, controlled by Austria Switzerland independent Kingdom of Sardinia strengthened WEAK COUNTRIES AROUND FRANCE MADE STRONGER Poland split between Russia & Prussia

Europe 1817 Balance of Power

Dont weaken France too much, might rebel

France remains major, but diminished power No country could easily overthrow another

Legitimacy

Royal families restored to power Congress of Vienna a triumph! All countries agreed to come to each others aid Lasted for 40 years Holy Alliance Russia, Austria, & Prussia Concert of Europe- other alliances created by Metternich Most governments conservative, constitutional monarchs and absolute

Beyond Vienna

monarchs Cant undo time Enlightenment ideas still out there New political ideas and feelings of nationalism set in motion