Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition: An
overthrow and complete replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.
occur
What Abuse
needs to happen?
of some kind must occur Discontent amongst the populous or people A leader or group of leaders must begin to change his/her thinking and start to educate others The leader gains the support of the people A movement against the status quo begins Finally, the people revolt, protest, and/or rebel.
Revolution
Definition:
views of how the world worked Based new scientific discoveries on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs. Major Developments: Heliocentric Theory of Universe Creation of Scientific Method: New discoveries in astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and chemistry
-to give intellectual or spiritual light to; instruct; impart knowledge to -Intellectual movement stressing reason, thought, problem-solving
Enlightenment
Enlightenment
Definition:
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.
about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
How could you apply this to society? What
Idea: kings rule justified by divine right or God. Idea: governments power comes from the consent of governed.
New
Important Thomas
People:
Hobbes- The Social Contract John Locke- Natural Rights Baron de Montesquieu- Separation of Powers
the absence of intolerance or prejudice in ones thinking. Nature- natural laws dominated economics, politics and physics. Happiness- people who lived by the natural laws would be happy. Progress- belief that society and humankind could be perfected. Liberty- believed society could be set free.
Enlightenment
Many
male philosophes ignored women or took a traditional view toward women. issue: Womens education.
Key
Should
women be educated? What should womans education consist of? Wollstonecraft- argued that women should be educated, like men, to become virtuous and useful to society. also hosted Salons or meetings for discussing ideas. writers challenge many accepted ideas about
Mary
Women
Impact of Enlightenment
Enlightenment
ideas appeal to thinkers and artists across Europe. helped spread Enlightenment thinking. spread to the increasingly literate middle class. monarchs attempt reforms.
Salons
Ideas
Enlightened
usually cause concern within a country? France, home of the funny moustache
One
of the most advanced European Countries One of the largest populations Prosperous in trade and culture (widely imitated) Center of Enlightenment
(Why But,
General
Policies: The King Can Veto ANYTHING The Nobles and Clergy can reject anything that dampers on their privileges 1 Vote Per Estate Each group cancome up with a proposal
Each
estate can send delegates to talk to one another, but the king does not confer with anyone Must have a majority (2/3) vote in order to pass
Issues
Taxes
are uneven or too high from region to region. The government is spending money it doesnt have and is no longer getting loans from outside lenders.
Feudal
policies (benefitting Nobles, hurting Peasants) are still in place The price of bread fluctuates dangerous from high to low There was a bad harvest, dangerously lowering grain supplies and increasing prices The 3rd Estate lacks equitable representation.
American Revolution, Rousseau and Voltaire start to inspire the French (specifically the Third Estate) to demand equality, liberty, and democracy Realizing they are everything Economy Starts Tanking:
Heavy
Droughts
and hail storms cause severe shortage of grain Extravagant spending and enormous debt of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Borrowed $$$ to help Americans in war
against GB
Bankers
Plan of Action?
Tax
Rumors outlaws
spread:
being hired by nobles to terrorize peasants Nobles are hording grain British were inciting riots
Turns
into panic and peasants then terrorize the nobles Refuse to pay taxes, tithes, riot, attack nobles
very luxuriously Mainly detached from French reality Let them eat cake
They
They
Paris
join assembly out of fear, dissolve privileges of nobles and clergy ending the Old Regime Adopt the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Based
church is made an entity of the state, sell lands to pay off French debt
reforms begin opposing assemblys
Peasants
in 1791, the new constitution limits monarchy (reluctantly agreed to by King Louis)
New
legislative body, Legislative Assembly, create laws and declare war King is executive branch
Redesigned
the provinces, reformed laws, abolished old courts, ended church interference it seemed to complete the revolution. Old problems remain concerning food shortages and debt, the L.A. is split into three groups
Radicals
on the left side of the hall wanted complete changes Moderates sat in the center, wanted
some changes (compromise) Conservatives sat on the right and upheld a limited monarchy and wanted a few changes in Government Two other groups outside of the assembly exert influence:
Emigres (nobles who fled and want to
restore the Old Regime) Sans-culottes (peasants who wanted tons of change)
Constitutional
(1791) Ends Special Privilege for Nobility Feudalism is abolished Declaration of the Rights of Man Church is placed under state control Louis tries and fails to escape, tried with treason
Jacobins
Middle-class
lawyers and
intellectuals Use pamphleteers and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause Called for heads to roll
Had
Wanted
to wipe away any trace of nobility and monarchy (home and abroad)
countries grew scared of what was happening in France and worried it would happen to them Prussia and Austria attacks, wants Louis put back into control
Eventually
join in The National Convention orders a draft gaining 800,000 troops Manage to defeat enemies, securing France to continue having problems
The
National Convention dissolves the monarchy and deposes the king, making him an average citizen and prisoner
tried under leadership of Jacobins and executed
Eventually
(1792-1794)
Fears
over Declare war on Tyranny Create National Convention (new legislative body) Monarchy is Abolished King is Executed Committee of Public Safety is created, lead by Robespierre (thousands are executed)
Phases Continued
The The
to build a republic of virtue Change calendar (12 months, 30 days, new names, no sundays) Closed churches Governs France as a dictator as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety= The Reign of Terror
Uses terror to create virtue? Protect Revolution from its Enemies 40,000 people are killed as enemies of the
Revolution Most were peasants of the urban poor or middle class Convention gets tired of Robespierre, sends him to the guillotine New government is created, and creates order