Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 1

Supplem ent (Basic and Technical Data)

Table of Contents
■ Operating Conditions ......................................... 3
■ Selection Table of Bearings ................................ 4
■ Friction Characteristics ..................................... 5
■ Installation ........................................................ 6
■ Calculations of Punching Force ........................... 7
■ Steel Materials .................................................. 8
■ Non-ferrous Materials ......................................... 9
■ Quenching / Surface Treatment and
Hardness Tests ................................................. 10
■ Conversion Table of Hardness ............................ 11
■ Surface Roughness ........................................... 13
■ General Dimensional Tolerance of Cutting ........... 15
■ Tolerances of Commonly Used Hole Fits ............. 16
■ Tolerances of Commonly Used Shaft Fits ............. 17
■ Oilless Bearings ............................................... 18
■ Areas of Plane Figures ....................................... 23
■ Volumes, Surface Area,
Centers of Gravity of Solids ............................... 24
■ SI Units ............................................................ 26
■ Table of Unit Conversion Factors ........................ 32
■ Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screw ...................... 33
■ Compression and
Extension Coil Spring Design Data ..................... 34
■ Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion ........... 36
■ Average Specific Gravity ................................... 36

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 2

Operating Conditions

■ Note
- ( ) Static allowable loads (without sliding or very low speed)
- (Sl4): Solid lubricant for underwater or extremely high load application

Properties Allow able Range

Allowable Allowable PV Allowable

Lubrication Allowable Pressure
Velocity value Temperature
status (kgf/cm )
Products (m/min) (kgf/cm ㆍ m/min) (℃ )

300 (1,000) 30 1,000 ＋300

No
Lubrication
500(SL4) (1,000) 15 1,000 ＋ 80
#500SP
Periodic
300 (1,000) 60 2,000 ＋150
Lubrication

No
150(500) 50 600 ＋400
Lubrication
#500B
Periodic
150 100 1,000 ＋150
Lubrication

No
50(750) 50 500 ＋400
Lubrication
#500F
Periodic
80 100 1,000 ＋150
Lubrication

No
#100 200 70 1,500 ＋ 80
Lubrication

No
#200A+Gr 200 25 1,000 ＋ 80
Lubrication

Periodic
#200A 200 100 1,500 ＋120
Lubrication

#200B Underwater 150 1,000 3,000 ＋ 60

No
LB Series 500(2,800) 30 1,080(2,160) ＋270
Lubrication

Periodic
LX Series 500(1,400) 70 1,080(2,760) ＋110
Lubrication

Periodic
LI Series 350(1,000) 120 2,500 ＋150
Lubrication

Periodic
LD Series 300 150 2,000 ＋150
Lubrication

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 3

Selection Table of Bearings

●: Excellent , ○: Good , △: Possible, ×: Not Good

Products DDU01 DBX01

#500SP #200 #100 LI & LD
Applications (LB) (LX)

High Load ○ ○ ● △ × ○
Impact/Oscillating Load ○ ○ ○ ● × ○
Rotational Motion ● ● ● ● ● ●
Reciprocating Motion ● ○ ● ● ● ●
Angular Rocking Motion ● ○ ● ● ○ ●
Operating Low Speed ● ● ● ● ● ○
Medium Speed △ ● △ ○ ○ ●
Conditions
High Speed × ○ × ○ △ ○
(Water)
High/Load Temperature ○ × ● × × ×
Chemical Resistance ○ × ● ○ × △
Underwater(marine) △ × ○ ● ○ △
Harsh Environments × × ○ ○ × ×
Automobiles ● ○ △ △ ● ○
Home Appliances ○ ○ × × ● △
Agricultural Machinery ● ○ △ ○ ○ ●
Office Equipments ● ○ × × ● ○
Transportation Machinery ● ○ ● ● × ○
Construction Machinery ● ○ ● ● × ○
Machine Tools ○ ○ ○ ○ △ ○
Vessels ○ △ ● ● × ○
Water Gates/Generators △ △ ● ○ × △
Steel Mills ○ ○ ● × × △
Machinery Press Dies(Stamping Tools) ○ △ ● × × △
Textile Machinery ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○
Printing/Packaging Machinery ● ● ○ △ ○ ●
Injection Molding Machinery ● ○ ● △ △ ○
Tire Manufacturing ● ○ ● ○ × ○
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Machinery ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○
Bridges/Structures × × ● ○ × ×
Chemical Machinery ○ × ● ● × ×
Paper Mills ○ ○ ● ● × ○
Reduction/Transmission △ ● ○ △ × ○
Waste-water Treatments/Water
Pumps
× × ○ ● × ×
With Lubrications ○ ● ● ● ○ ●
Price ● ○ △ ○ ● ○
Miscellaneous Dimension Stability ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○
Standard Size ● ● ● △ △ ●
Light Weight/Compact Design ● ● ○ ○ ● ●

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 4

Friction Characteristics

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 5

Installation

■ Bearing Retention
Please use following methods when retaining bushings within a housing.

■ Press Fit
-A screw or hydraulic press is used for press fitting.
-Press fitting is accomplished by using a jig, which is perpendicular to the center of bushing.
-Insert-end of housing ID is chamfered to 15˚ ~20˚.

15 ~20
˚
-0.1 ~ -0.2

Force

O.D (H7)
O.D
I.D
I.D

3.2

(Jig-Mandrel) (Bushing) (Housing) (Press Fitting)

■ Conversion Table of Units

Indication Conversion

Length 1mm = 0.03937inch, 1inch = 25.4mm

Mass 1kg = 2.2046lb 1lb = 0.4536kg

1N = 1.0197 × 10 -1 kgf 1Kgf = 9.8N

Force
1N = 0.2248lbf, 1lbf = 4.448N

1N/mm 2 = 1Mpa = 1.0197 × 10kgf/cm 2 = 10bar

Pressure 1kgf/cm 2 = 9.8 × 10 -2 N/mm 2
1N/mm 2 = 145psi

1m/sec = 60m/min, 1m/min = 0.01667m/sec

Velocity
1m/sec = 196.85f/min, 1f/min = 0.00508m/sec

-1 -1
Revolutions per Minute 1S = 60RPM 1RPM = 0.01667S

-1 -1
Frequency 1S = 60CPM 1CPM = 0.01667S

180° π
Angle 1rad = π 1° = rad
180
9 5
Temperature ℉ = ℃＋ 32 ℃ = ( ℉－ 32)
5 9

■SI Units : Consistent unit recommended and adopted in the general meeting of weights and measures.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 6

Calculations of Punching Force

ℓ×t×τ <Meaning of Symbols >

P= P : Punching Force (KN)
1000
ℓ : Punching profile length (mm)
t : Material Thickness (mm)

τ: Shearing Strength of Material (N/mm2)

■ Shearing and Tensile Strength of Various Materials

Shearing Strength (N/mm ) Tensile Strength (N/mm )

Material
Soft Hard Soft Hard
Lead 20 ~ 30 - 25 ~ 40 -
Tin 30 ~ 40 - 40 ~ 50 -
Aluminum 70 ~ 110 130 ~ 160 80 ~ 120 170 ~ 220
Zinc 120 200 150 250
Copper 180 ~ 220 250 ~ 300 220 ~ 280 300 ~ 400
Brass 220 ~ 300 350 ~ 400 280 ~ 350 400 ~ 600
Bronze 320 ~ 400 400 ~ 600 400 ~ 500 500 ~ 750
Nickel Silver 280 ~ 360 450 ~ 600 350 ~ 450 550 ~ 700
Silver 190 - 260 -
Hot-Rolled Soft Steel
260 over 280 over
Plates, Sheets, Strips
Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel
260 over 280 over
Plates, Sheets, Strips
Steel Plates for
330 ~ 420 410 ~ 520
structural use (SS400)
Steel (0.1% C) 250 320 320 400
Steel (0.2% C) 320 400 400 500
Steel (0.3% C) 360 480 450 600
Steel (0.4% C) 450 560 560 720
Steel (0.6% C) 560 720 720 900
Steel (0.8% C) 720 900 900 1100
Steel (1.0% C) 800 1050 1000 1300
Stainless Steel 520 560 650 ~ 700 -
Nickel Steel 250 - 440 ~ 500 570 ~ 630

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 7

Steel Materials

Korea Industrial Standards Tensile

Elongation Hardness
Strength JIS AISI ㆍ ASTM DIN
(%) (HB)
Name(No.) Code (N/mm )

Rolled Steels for

General Structural SS400 400~510 17~24 - SS400 ASTM 45~65 St44-2, -3
Use (KS D 3503)

Carbon Steels
Bars for General
SPS400 400 over 23 over - STK400 - St44-2
Structural Use
(KS D 3566)
Carbon Steels
Bars for Machine
STKM11A 290 over 30 over - STKM11A ASTM 1008 St34-2
Structural Use
(KS D 3517)
SM20C 400 over 28 over 116~174 S20C AISI 1020 CK22
Carbon Steels for
Machine Structural
Use (KS D 3752) SM45C 570 over 20 over 167~229 S45C AISI 1045 CK45

Nickel-Chromium SNC415 780 over 17 over - SNC415 - -

Steels
(KS D 3708) SNC418 980 over 12 over - SNC418 - -

Chromium-Molybde SCM420 830 over 14 over 262~352 SCM420 - -

num Steels SCM435 930 over 15 over 269~331 SCM435 AISI 4135 34CrMo4
(KS D 3711)
SCM440 980 over 12 over 285~352 SCM440 AISI 4140 42CrMo4

Carbon Tool STC1 - - 217 under SK1 ASTM W1-13 -

Steels STC3 - - 212 under SK3 ASTM W1-10 C105W1
(K S D 3751) STC5 - - 207 under SK5 ASTM W1-8 C80W1
SKH3 - 269 under SKH3 ASTM T4 S18-1-2-5
High-Speed Tool SKH10 - - 285 under SKH10 ASTM T15 S12-1-4-5
Steels
(KS D 3522) SKH55 - - 277 under SKH55 - S6-5-2-5
SKH59 - - 277 under SKH59 ASTM M42 S2-10-1-8
STS2 - - 217 under SKS2 - 105WCr6
Alloy Tool Steels
STD11 - - 255 under SKD11 ASTM BD2 -
(KS D 3753)
STD6 - - 299 under SKD6 ASTM H11 X38CrMoV51
SPS3 1226 over 9 over 341~401 SUP3 AISI 1075 -
Spring Steels
SPS7 1230 over 9 over 363~429 SUP7 AISI 9260 -
(KS D 3071)
SPS9 1230 over 9 over 363~429 SUP9 - 55Cr3
High Carbon STB2 - - 217 under SUJ2 ASTM 52100 100Cr6
Chromium Steels
(KS D 3525) STB3 - - 217 under SUJ3 - -
Carbon Steel
Castings SC450 450 over 19 over - SC450 ASTM 65-35 GS-45
(KS D 4101)
GC200 200 over - 223 under FC200 ASTM Class35 -
Gray Iron Castings
(KS D 4301) GC250 250 over - 241 under FC250 ASTM Class40 -

Spheroidal GCD450 450 over 10 over 143~217 FCD450 ASTM 65-45-12 GGG-45
Graphite Iron
Castings
(KS D 4302) GCD600 600 over 3 over 192~269 FCD600 ASTM 80-55-06 GGG-60

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 8

Nonferrous Metal Materials
● ( ) : Old Codes

Korea Industrial Standards Tensile Related to Foreign Standards

Elongation Hardness
Strength
(%) (HB)
Name(No.) Code (N/mm ) JIS UNS(ASTM) DIN
CAC202
195 over 20 over - CAC202 C85400 CuZn33Pb
Brass Castings (YBsC2)
(KS D 6024) CAC203
245 over 20 over - CAC203 C85700 CuZn37Pb
(YBsC3)
CAC301
430 over 20 over 90 over CAC301 C86500 CuZn35Al1
(HBsC1)
CAC302
High Strength 490 over 18 over 100 over CAC302 C86400 CuZn34Al1
(HBsC2)
Brass Castings
CAC303
(KS D 6024) 635 over 15 over 165 over CAC303 C86200 CuZn25Al5
(HBsC3)
CAC304
755 over 12 over 200 over CAC304 C86300 CuZn25Al5
(HBsC4)
CAC401
165 over 15 over - CAC401 C84400 -
(BC1)
CAC402
245 over 20 over - CAC402 C90300 -
(BC2)
Bronze
CAC403
Castings 245 over 15 over - CAC403 C90500 CuSn10Zn
(BC3)
(KS D 6024)
CAC406
195 over 15 over - CAC406 C83600 CuSn5ZnPb
(BC6)
CAC407
215 over 18 over - CAC407 C92200 -
(BC7)
CAC502A
195 over 5 over 60 over CAC502A - CuSn10
Phosphor (PBC2)
Bronze CAC502B
295 over 5 over 80 over CAC502B C90700 CuSn12
Castings (PBC2B)
(KS D 6024) CAC503B
265 over 3 over 90 over CAC503B C91000 CuSn12
(PBC3B)
CAC602
195 over 10 over 65 over CAC602 - CuPb5Sn
(LBC2)
Lead CAC603
175 over 7 over 60 over CAC603 C93700 CuPb10Sn
Bronze (LBC3)
Castings CAC604
165 over 5 over 55 over CAC604 C93800 CuPb15Sn
(KS D 6024) (LBC4)
CAC605
145 over 5 over 45 over CAC605 - CuPb20Sn
(LBC5)
CAC701
440 over 25 over 80 over CAC701 C95200 CuAl10Fe
(AIBC1)
Aluminium CAC702
490 over 20 over 120 over CAC702 C95400 CuAl9Ni
Bronze (AIBC2)
Castings CAC703
590 over 15 over 150 over CAC703 C95800 CuAl10Ni
(KS D 6024) (AIBC3)
CAC704
590 over 15 over 160 over CAC704 C95700 -
(AIBC4)
CAC801
345 over 25 over - CAC801 C87400 -
(SzBC1)
Silicon Bronze
CAC802
Castings 440 over 12 over - CAC802 C87500 CuZn15Si4
(SZBC2)
(KS D 6024)
CAC803
390 over 20 over - CAC803 - -
(SzBC3)

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 9

■ Heat Treatment for Steels

Vickers Quenching
Applicable Typical
Type Hardness Depth Strain Remarks
Material Material
(HV) (mm)
STB2
Varies High Carbon * Not recommended ded
SKH55
Quenching Max.750 Full Depth according Steels
STC4
for long or precision
to material (C＞0.45%) parts
SM45C
* Quenching depth and
Carburizing Low Carbon area specified on
Standard:0.5 SCM415 drawings
and Max.750
Max.:2
Moderate Steel
SNCM220
Quenching (C＜0.3%) * Applicable to precision
parts
* Quenching depth and
Medium area specified on
High drawings
Carbon
Frequency Max.500 1~2 High
Steel
SM45C
* Expensive in small
Quenching (0.3%＜0.5%) volume
* Good Strain resistance
* Applicable to precision
parts
Nitralloy * Obtains highest hardness
Nitriding 900~1000 0.1~0.2 Low
Steel
SACM645 of all quenching
techniques
* Applicable to spindles
for radial bearings
* Low temperature
annealing
Bluing - - - Wire Rods SWP-B * Removes internal stress
in forming to enhance
elasticity

■ Hardness Tests and Applicable Parts

Test Applicable Heat

Principles Characteristics
Method Treated Parts
* A known load applied through a harden * Applicable to uneven
steel ball will make permanent * Annealed Parts materials due to large
Brinell indentation in the metal. The Brinell indentation
Hardness hardness number is found as a number * Normalized Parts
equal to the applied load divided by the * Not applicable to small
spherical surface area of indentation or thin specimens
* Quenched-Tempered * Hardness number is
Parts obtained very quickly
* The Rockwell hardness tester will
measure hardness by determining the
* Carburized/Nitrided * Suitable for intermediate
Rockwell depth of penetration of penetrator, a
Surfaces test to actual products
Hardness steel ball or a diamond spheroconical
penetrator, into specimen under certain
* Thin Sheets, such as * Be cautious because
fixed condition of test
Copper, Brass, various types of tests are
Bronze, etc. available
* Similar in principle to the Brinell
* Parts with High * Applicable to small and
hardness test. The standard Vickers
Frequency quenching thin specimens
penetrator is a square-based diamond
Vickers
pyramid with 136. The Vickers hardness
Hardness * Harden layer depth in * Applicable to all materials
number equals the applied load in
carburized/nitrided because of diamond
kilograms divided by the area of
parts penetrators
pyramidal impression

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 10

Conversion Table of Hardness

■ Conversion table for approximate values for steel according to

Rockwell hardness 'C' scale ①

Brinell Hardness (HB) Rockwell Hardness

Load: 3000kgf, 10mm Tensile
Rockwell Ball ③ Rockwell
Strength
C-Scale C-Scale
Vickers A-Scale D-Scale Shore (Approximate
Hardness B-Scale Hardness
Hardness 60-kgf Load 100-kgf Load Hardness value) Mpa
(HRC) Tungsten 100-kgf (HRC)
(HV) Standard Diamond Diamond (HS) (kgf/mm2)
Carbide Load 1.6mm
③ Ball Conical Conical ③
Ball (1/16 inch) ②
Penetrator Penetrator
Ball (HRB)
(HRA) (HRD)
68 940 - - 85.6 - 76.9 97 - 68
67 900 - - 85.0 - 76.1 95 - 67
66 865 - - 84.5 - 75.4 92 - 66
65 832 - (739) 83.9 - 74.5 91 - 65
64 800 - (722) 83.4 - 73.8 88 - 64
63 772 - (705) 82.8 - 73.0 87 - 63
62 746 - (688) 82.3 - 72.2 85 - 62
61 720 - (670) 81.8 - 71.5 83 - 61
60 697 - (654) 81.2 - 70.7 81 - 60
59 674 - (634) 80.7 - 69.9 80 - 59
58 653 - 615 80.1 - 69.2 78 - 58
57 633 - 595 79.6 - 68.5 76 - 57
56 613 - 577 79.0 - 67.7 75 - 56
55 595 - 560 78.5 - 66.9 74 2075 (212) 55
54 577 - 543 78.0 - 66.1 72 2015 (205) 54
53 560 - 525 77.4 - 65.4 71 1950 (199) 53
52 544 (500) 512 76.8 - 64.6 69 1880 (192) 52
51 528 (487) 496 76.3 - 63.8 68 1820 (186) 51
50 513 (475) 481 75.9 - 63.1 67 1760 (179) 50
49 498 (464) 469 75.2 - 62.1 66 1695 (173) 49
48 484 451 455 74.7 - 61.4 64 1635 (167) 48
47 471 442 443 74.1 - 60.8 63 1580 (161) 47
46 458 432 432 73.6 - 60.0 62 1530 (156) 46
45 446 421 421 73.1 - 59.2 60 1480 (151) 45
44 434 409 409 72.5 - 58.5 58 1435 (146) 44
43 423 400 400 72.0 - 57.7 57 1385 (141) 43
42 412 390 390 71.5 - 56.9 56 1340 (136) 42
41 402 381 381 70.9 - 56.2 55 1295 (132) 41
40 392 371 371 70.4 - 55.4 54 1250 (127) 40
39 382 362 362 69.9 - 54.6 52 1215 (124) 39

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 11

Conversion Table of Hardness

Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness

(HB) Load: 3000kgf,
Rockwell 10mm Ball ③ Tensile Strength Rockwell
C-Scale (Approximate C-Scale
Vickers A-Scale Shore
Hardness D-Scale value) Hardness
Hardness 60-kgf B-Scale Hardness 2
(HRC) 100-kgf Load Mpa (kgf/mm ) (HRC)
(HV) Tungsten Load 100-kgf Load (HS)
Standard Diamond
③ Carbide Diamond 1.6mm (1/16 ② ③
Ball Conical
Ball Conical inch) Ball
Penetrator
Penetrator (HRB)
(HRD)
(HRA)
38 372 353 353 69.4 - 53.8 51 1180 (120) 38
37 363 344 344 68.9 - 53.1 50 1160 (118) 37
36 354 336 336 68.4 (109.0) 52.3 49 1115 (114) 36
35 345 327 327 67.9 (108.5) 51.5 48 1080 (110) 35
34 336 319 319 67.4 (108.0) 50.8 47 1055 (108) 34
33 327 311 311 66.8 (107.5) 50.0 46 1025 (105) 33
32 318 301 301 66.3 (107.0) 49.2 44 1000 (102) 32
31 310 294 294 65.8 (106.0) 48.4 43 980 (100) 31
30 302 286 286 65.3 (105.5) 47.7 42 950 (97) 30
29 294 279 279 64.7 (104.5) 47.0 41 930 (95) 29
28 286 271 271 64.3 (104.0) 46.1 41 910 (93) 28
27 279 264 264 63.8 (103.0) 45.2 40 880 (90) 27
26 272 258 258 63.3 (102.5) 44.6 38 860 (88) 26
25 266 253 253 62.8 (101.5) 43.8 38 840 (86) 25
24 260 247 247 62.4 (101.0) 43.1 37 825 (84) 24
23 254 243 243 62.0 100.0 42.1 36 805 (82) 23
22 248 237 237 61.5 99.0 41.6 35 785 (80) 22
21 243 231 231 61.0 98.5 40.9 35 770 (79) 21
20 238 226 226 60.5 97.8 40.1 34 760 (77) 20
(18) 230 219 219 - 96.7 - 33 730 (75) (18)
(16) 222 212 212 - 95.5 - 32 705 (72) (16)
(14) 213 203 203 - 93.9 - 31 675 (69) (14)
(12) 204 194 194 - 92.3 - 29 650 (66) (12)
(10) 196 187 187 - 90.7 - 28 620 (63) (10)
(8) 188 179 179 - 89.5 - 27 600 (61) (8)
(6) 180 171 171 - 87.1 - 26 580 (59) (6)
(4) 173 165 165 - 85.5 - 25 550 (56) (4)
(2) 166 158 158 - 83.5 - 24 530 (54) (2)
(0) 160 152 152 - 81.7 - 24 515 (53) (0)

Note) ① The values in correspond to Table 1 of ASTM E 140

(Adjusted by SAE, ASM, and ASTM in collaboration)
② The values and units in parentheses have been converted from psi based on conversion tables of
JIS Z 8413 and Z 8438
③ The Values in parentheses are beyond the normal range and are given for reference only

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 12

Surface Roughness

■ Typical methods for measuring surface roughness

m
Rmax
Rp

Rv

Rmax=Rp+Rv

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 13

Surface Roughness

■ Reference : Relationship between arithmetical mean roughness(Ra)

and conventional symbols

Ten-point
Max.
Arithmetical mean roughness mean
height
(Ra) roughness Standard
(Rmax)
(Rz) length of Triangular
Rmaxㆍ Rz indication
Preferred Cut-off Indication of (mm)
Preferred number
number value π surface texture on
series
series C(mm) drawings

0.012a 0.08 0.05s 0.05z

0.08
0.025a 0.1s 0.1z
0.25
0.05 a 0.012 ~ 0.2 0.2s 0.2z
0.25
0.1 a 0.4s 0.4z

0.2 a 0.8s 0.8z

0.4 a 0.8 1.6s 1.6z

0.8
0.8 a 0.4 ~ 1.6 3.2s 3.2z

1.6 a 6.3s 6.3z

3.2 a 2.5s 12.5z

0.25 3.2 ~ 6.3
6.3 a 25s 25z 2.5

12.5 a 50s 50z

12.5 ~ 25
25 a 8 100s 100z
8
50 a 200s 200z
50 ~ 100 ~
100 a - 400s 400z -

■ The interdependence for 3 classes is not strictly enforced.

■ The evaluation lengths of Ra, Rmax and Rz : Five times the cut-off value and standard length
respectively.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 14

General Dimensional Tolerance of Cutting

1. General dimensional tolerance of cutting (excluding chamfered parts)

Length dimensional tolerance
unit : mm

Degree Standard Dimension

0.5(') Over 3 Over 6 Over 30 Over 120 Over 400 Over 1000 Over 2000
to to to to to to to to
Symbol Explanation
3 incl. 6 incl. 30 incl. 120 incl. 400 incl. 1000 incl. 2000 incl. 4000 incl.
Tolerance

f Fine ± 0.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.1 ± 0.15 ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 -

m Medium ± 0.1 ± 0.1 ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.8 ± 1.2 ± 2

c Coarse ± 0.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.8 ± 1.2 ± 2 ± 3 ± 4

■ Note (') : Tolerance for standard dimensions of less than 0.5mm shall be specified individually.

2. Length dimensional tolerance in chamfered parts

(corner roundness or chamfer dimension)
unit : mm

Degree Standard Dimension

0.5(') to 3 incl. Over 3 to 6 incl. Over 6

Symbol Explanation
Tolerance

f Fine
± 0.2 ± 0.5 ± 1
m Medium

c Coarse ± 0.4 ± 1 ± 2

■ Note (') : Tolerance for standard dimensions of less than 0.5mm shall be specified individually.

3. Tolerance of angle dimension

unit : mm

Degree Shorter Side of Corner

Over 10 to Over 50 to Over 120 to
10 or less Over 400
Symbol Explanation 50 incl. 120 incl. 400 incl.
Tolerance

f Fine
± 1° ± 30' ± 20' ± 10' ± 5'
m Medium

c Coarse ± 1 ° 30' ± 1° ± 30' ± 15' ± 10'

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 15

Tolerances of Commonly Used Hole Fits

■ Tolerances of holes to be used in commonly used fits

Unit : ㎛

Basic Over ― 3 6 10 14 18 24 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450
Size
Step or
3 6 10 14 18 24 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
(mm) less
B10 +180 +188 +208
+140 +140 +150
+220
+150
+244
+160
+270 +280 +310 +320 +360 +380 +420 +440 +470 +525 +565 +605 +690 +750 +830 +910 +1010 +1090
+170 +180 +190 +200 +220 +240 +260 +280 +310 +340 +380 +420 +480 +540 +600 +680 +760 +840
+85 +100 +116 +138 +162 +182 +192 +214 +224 +257 +267 +300 +310 +330 +355 +375 +395 +430 +460 +500 +540 +595 +635
C9 +60 +70 +80 +95 +110 +120 +130 +140 +150 +170 +180 +200 +210 +230 +240 +260 +280 +300 +330 +360 +400 +440 +480

C10 +100 +118 +138

+60 +70 +80
+165
+95
+194
+110
+220 +230 +260 +270 +310 +320 +360 +370 +390 +425 +445 +465 +510 +540 +590 +630 +690
+120 +130 +140 +150 +170 +180 +200 +210 +230 +240 +260 +280 +300 +330 +360 +400 +440
+730
+480
+34 +48 +62 +77 +98 +119 +146 +174 +208 +242 +271 +299 +327
D8 +20 +30 +40 +50 +65 +80 +100 +120 +145 +170 +190 +210 +230
+45 +60 +763 +93 +117 +142 +174 +207 +245 +285 +320 +350 +385
D9 +20 +30 +40 +50 +65 +80 +100 +120 +145 +170 +190 +210 +230

D10 +60
+20
+78
+30
+98
+40
+120
+50
+149
+65
+180
+80
+220
+100
+260
+120
+305
+145
+355
+170
+400
+190
+440
+210
+480
+230
+24 +32 +40 +50 +61 +75 +90 +107 +125 +146 +162 +182 +198
E7 +14 +20 +25 +32 +40 +50 +60 +72 +85 +100 +110 +125 +135
+28 +38 +47 +59 +73 +89 +106 +126 +148 +172 +191 +214 +232
E8 +14 +20 +25 +32 +40 +50 +60 +72 +85 +100 +110 +125 +135
+39 +50 +61 +75 +92 +112 +134 +159 +185 +215 +240 +265 +290
E9 +14 +20 +25 +32 +40 +50 +60 +72 +85 +100 +110 +125 +135
+12 +18 +22 +27 +33 +41 +49 +58 +68 +79 +88 +98 +108
F6 +6 +10 +13 +16 +20 +25 +30 +36 +43 +50 +56 +62 +68
+16 +22 +28 +34 +41 +50 +60 +71 +83 +96 +108 +119 +131
F7 +6 +10 +13 +16 +20 +25 +30 +36 +43 +50 +56 +62 +68
+20 +28 +35 +43 +53 +64 +76 +90 +106 +122 +137 +151 +165
F8 +6 +10 +13 +16 +20 +25 +30 +36 +43 +50 +56 +62 +68
+8 +12 +14 +17 +20 +25 +29 +34 +39 +44 +49 +54 +60
G6 +2 +4 +5 +6 +7 +9 +10 +12 +14 +15 +17 +18 +20
+12 +16 +20 +24 +28 +34 +40 +47 +54 +61 +69 +75 +83
To leranc e Zo ne Cla ss of Ho le

G7 +2 +4 +5 +6 +7 +9 +10 +12 +14 +15 +17 +18 +20

+6 +8 +9 +11 +13 +16 +19 +22 +25 +29 +32 +36 +40
H6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+10 +12 +15 +18 +21 +25 +30 +35 +40 +46 +52 +57 +63
H7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+14 +18 +22 +27 +33 +39 +46 +54 +63 +72 +81 +89 +97
H8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+25 +30 +36 +43 +52 +62 +74 +87 +100 +115 +130 +140 +155
H9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H10 +40
0
+48
0
+58
0
+70
0
+84
0
+100
0
+120
0
+140
0
+160
0
+185
0
+210
0
+230
0
+250
0
JS6 ±3 ±4 ±4.5 ±5.5 ±6.5 ±8 ±9.5 ±11 ±12.5 ±14.5 ±16 ±18 ±20
JS7 ±5 ±6 ±7 ±9 ±10 ±12 ±15 ±17 ±20 ±23 ±26 ±28 ±31
0 +2 +2 +2 +2 +3 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +7 +8
K6 -6 -6 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15 -18 -21 -24 -27 -29 -32
0 +3 +5 +6 +6 +7 +9 +10 +12 +13 +16 +17 +18
K7 -10 -9 -10 -12 -15 -18 -21 -25 -28 -33 -36 -40 -45
-2 -1 -3 -4 -4 -4 -5 -6 -8 -8 -9 -10 -10
M6 -8 -9 -12 -15 -17 -20 -24 -28 -33 -37 -41 -46 -50
-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M7 -12 -12 -15 -18 -21 -25 -30 -35 -40 -46 -52 -57 -63
-4 -5 -7 -9 -11 -12 -14 -16 -20 -22 -25 -26 -27
N6 -10 -13 -16 -20 -24 -28 -33 -38 -45 -51 -57 -62 -67
-4 -4 -4 -5 -7 -8 -9 -10 -12 -14 -14 -16 -17
N7 -14 -16 -19 -23 -28 -33 -39 -45 -52 -60 -66 -73 -80
-6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -21 -26 -30 -36 -41 -47 -51 -55
P6 -12 -17 -21 -26 -31 -37 -45 -52 -61 -70 -79 -87 -95
-6 -8 -9 -11 -14 -17 -21 -24 -28 -33 -36 -41 -45
P7 -16 -20 -24 -29 -35 -42 -51 -59 -68 -79 -88 -98 -108
-10 -11 -13 -16 -20 -25 -30 -32 -38 -41 -48 -50 -53 -60 -63 -67 -74 -78 -87 -93 -103 -109
R7 -20 -23 -28 -34 -41 -50 -60 -62 -73 -76 -88 -90 -93 -106 -109 -113 -126 -130 -144 -150 -166 -172
-14 -15 -17 -21 -27 -34 -42 -48 -58 -66 -77 -85 -93 -105 -113 -123
S7 -24 -27 -32 -39 -48 -59 -72 -78 -93 -101 -117 -125 -133 -151 -159 -169
― ― ―

T7 ― ― ― ― ― -33 -39 -45 -55 -64 -78 -91 -107 -119 -131 ― ― ― ―
-54 -64 -70 -85 -94 -113 -126 -147 -159 -171
-18 -19 -22 -26 -33 -40 -51 -61 -76 -91 -111 -131
U7 -28 -31 -37 -44 -54 -61 -76 -86 -106 -121 -146 -166
― ― ― ― ―

-20 -24 -28 -33 -38 -46 -56

X7 -30 -36 -43 -51 -56 -67 -77
― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 16

Tolerances of Commonly Used Shaft Fits

■ Tolerances of Shafts to be used in commonly used fits

Unit : ㎛

Basic Over ― 3 6 10 14 18 24 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450
Size
Step
(mm) or 3 6 10 14 18 24 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
less

-140 -140 -150 -150 -160 -170 -180 -190 -200 -220 -240 -260-280 -310 -340-380 -420 -480 -540 -600 -680 -760 -840
b9
-165 -170 -186 -193 -212 232 -242 -264 -274 -307 -327 -360-380 -410 -455-459 -535 -610 -670 -740 -820 -915 -995
-60 -70 -80 -95 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -170 -180 -200-210 -230 -240-260 -280 -300 -330 -360 -400 -440 -480
c9
-85 -100 -116 -138 -162 -182 -192 -214 -224 -257 -267 -300-310 -330 -355-375 -395 -430 -460 -500 -540 -595 -635
-20 -30 -40 -50 -65 -80 -100 -120 -145 -170 -190 -210 -230
d8
-34 -48 -62 -77 -98 -119 -146 -174 -208 -242 -271 -299 -327
-20 -30 -40 -50 -65 -80 -100 -120 -145 -170 -190 -210 -230
d9
-45 -60 -76 -93 -117 -142 -174 -207 -245 -285 -320 -350 -385
-14 -20 -25 -32 -40 -50 -60 -72 -85 -100 -110 -125 -135
e7
-24 -32 -40 -50 -61 -75 -90 -107 -125 -146 -162 -182 -198
-14 -20 -25 -32 -40 -50 -60 -72 -85 -100 -110 -125 -135
e8
-28 -38 -47 -59 -73 -89 -106 -126 -148 -172 -191 -214 -232
-14 -20 -25 -32 -40 -50 -60 -72 -85 -100 -110 -125 -135
e9
-39 -50 -61 -75 -92 -112 -134 -159 -185 -215 -240 -265 -290
-6 -10 -13 -16 -20 -25 -30 -36 -43 -50 -56 -62 -68
f6
-12 -18 -22 -27 -33 -41 -49 -58 -68 -79 -88 -98 -108
-6 -10 -13 -16 -20 -25 -30 -36 -43 -50 -56 -62 -68
f7
-16 -22 -28 -34 -41 -50 -60 -71 -83 -96 -108 -119 -131
-6 -10 -13 -16 -20 -25 -30 -36 -43 -50 -56 -62 -68
f8
-20 -28 -35 -43 -53 -64 -76 -90 -106 -122 -137 -151 -165
-2 -4 -5 -6 -7 -9 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -18 -20
g5
-6 -9 -11 -14 -16 -20 -23 -27 -32 -35 -40 -43 -47
-2 -4 -5 -6 -7 -9 -10 -12 -14 -15 -17 -18 -20
g6
-8 -12 -14 -17 -20 -25 -29 -34 -39 -44 -49 -54 -60
To leranc e Zo ne Cla ss of Ho le

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h5
-4 -5 -6 -8 -9 -11 -13 -15 -18 -20 -23 -25 -27
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h6
-6 -8 -9 -11 -13 -16 -19 -22 -25 -29 -32 -36 -40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h7
-10 -12 -15 -18 -21 -25 -30 -35 -40 -46 -52 -57 -63
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h8
-14 -18 -22 -27 -33 -39 -46 -54 -63 -72 -81 -89 -97
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
h9
-25 -30 -36 -43 -52 -62 -74 -87 -100 -115 -130 -140 -155
js5 ±2 ±2.5 ±3 ±4 ±4.5 ±5.5 ±6.5 ±7.5 ±9 ±10 ±11.5 ±12.5 ±13.5
js6 ±3 ±4 ±4.5 ±5.5 ±6.5 ±8 ±9.5 ±11 ±12.5 ±14.5 ±16 ±18 ±20
js7 ±5 ±6 ±7 ±9 ±10 ±12 ±15 ±17 ±20 ±23 ±26 ±28 ±31
+4 +6 +7 +9 +11 +13 +15 +18 +21 +24 +27 +29 +32
k5
0 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +4 +4 +4 +5
+6 +9 +10 +12 +15 +18 +21 +25 +28 +33 +36 +40 +45
k6
0 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +4 +4 +4 +5
+6 +9 +12 +15 +17 +20 +24 +28 +33 +37 +43 +46 +50
m5
+2 +4 +6 +7 +8 +9 +11 +13 +15 +17 +20 +21 +23
+8 +12 +15 +18 +21 +25 +30 +35 +40 +46 +52 +57 +63
m6
+2 +4 +6 +7 +8 +9 +11 +13 +15 +17 +20 +21 +23
+8 +13 +16 +20 +24 +28 +33 +38
n5 ― ― ― ― ―
+4 +8 +10 +12 +15 +17 +20 +23
+10 +16 +19 +23 +28 +33 +39 +45 +52 +60 +66 +73 +80
n6
+4 +8 +10 +12 +15 +17 +20 +23 +27 +31 +34 +37 +40
+12 +20 +24 +29 +35 +42 +51 +59 +68 +79 +88 +98 +108
p6
+6 +12 +15 +18 +22 +26 +32 +37 +43 +50 +56 +62 968
+16 +23 +28 +34 +41 +50 +60 +62 +73 +76 +88 +90 +93 +106 +109 +113 +126 +130 +144 +150 +166 +172
r6
+10 +15 +19 +23 +28 +34 +41 +43 +51 +54 +63 +65 +68 +77 +80 +84 +94 +98 +108 +114 +126 +132
+20 +27 +32 +39 +48 +59 +72 +78 +93 +101 +117 +125 +133 +151 +159 +169
s6 ― ― ―
+14 +19 +23 +28 +35 +43 +53 +59 +71 +79 +92 +100 +108 +122 +130 +140
t6 ― ― ― ― ― +54 +64 +70 +85 +94 +113 +126 +147 +159 +171 ― ― ― ―
+41 +48 +60 +66 +75 +91 +104 +122 +134 +146
+24 +31 +37 +44 +54 +61 +76 +86 +106 +121 +146 +166
u6 ― ― ― ― ―
+18 +23 +28 +33 +41 +48 +60 +70 +87 +102 +124 +144
+26 +36 +43 +51 +56 +67 +77
x6 ― ― ― ― ― ― ― ―
+20 +28 +34 +40 +45 +54 +64

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 17

Oilless Bearings

■ The general concept and description of Bearing.

Concept.
All elements that transfer the power under the condition of rotation, linear motion,
thrust load, or angular pitching motion using it's own sliding or rolling character
with ball, roller or self lubricating character regardless it's shape and material.

Description.
-Rolling bearing
It has more merits in velocity and load capacity under the general condition.

1. Ball bearing (Under high speed condition by using it's point contact working)
2. Roller bearing (Under high load condition by using it's line contact working)

● Spherical Roller ( ) ● Tapered Roller ( )

● Cylindrical Roller ( ) ● Needle Roller ( )

3. Thrust Bearings (for Thrust Motion)

● Ball Thrust ● Tapered Roller Thrust

-Sliding B earing
Operation proceed under contact onto Shaft or Sliding surface directly, small
gap is required when it is working.
It is more ideal than Ball & Roller bearing for a light and small shape, vibration
and impact.

1. Oilless bearings (Using without oiling)

2. Simple oiling type sliding bearing (Oil or grease will be needed)

■ What is an oilless bearing

A bearing which can improve productivity and enable the saving cost and time by using in condition
of high & low temperature, corrosion environment, alien sub stance,
impactive load, or by using in where oiling is not easy or useless. There are various kind of shape
or material for oilless bearing such as various metal, wooden material, plastic and ceramic.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 18

Oilless Bearings

■ Advantage & Disadvantage of Oilless bearing and Oiling method.

General lubricating of oilless bearing

● Dry lubrication = Using solid lubricant

EX) DDU01 dry bearing (PTFE + lead compound lubricant)

LuBo #500SP (natural graphite + PTFE lubricant)

* Solid lubricant : Powder or solid type lubricant that is supposed to be used in harsh
environments such as high & low temperature, corrosion environment
and where can not use oil or grease. Generally it is made with natural
graphite, Mo S 2 , PTFE, Pb.

● Liquid lubricant (lubricating with oil or water)

EX) - Sintered metal bearing (Oiling into sintered metal)

- LuBo #200B (Water lubricating by performing water film when it is using
in the water.

■ Advantage & Disadvantage of each lubricating method

Dry lub ricating Liquid lub ricating

(Using solid lubricant) (Using oil or w ater)

- Possible to being used in high &
low temperature.
- Possible to being used in corrosion
environment
Advantage - High load and low speed condition
where oiling is useless, linear
motion, angular pitching motion,
impactive load, and ideal in
discontinuous motion.
- Light or medium load and high
speed
* Liquid lubricating prevent
friction between metal to metal
by forming oil film with
continuously rotating by
centrifugal force in the
clearance of shaft and housing.

- Regular oiling is required

- Not supposed to be used in high
speed when it is using in oilless
condition.
* Using it in high speed condition
Disadvantage may occur melting or shorten life
cycle of bearing because solid
lubricant has higher friction
coefficient than liquid lubricant.
- Can not be used in high & low
temperature.
- Can not be used in corrosion
environment.
- Not proper to be used in high
load & low speed as oil film is
hard to be formed, impactive
load, angular pitching motion,
discontinuous motion.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 19

Oilless Bearings

■ Bearing life and wear amount

The life of bearing is basically dependent on the acceptable amount of wear, which is mainly
affected by friction conditions. Friction is influenced by load and velocity, foreign particles,
condition of mating material, operational temperature, different modes of operation, type of
lubricant used, etc. Therefore, it may not be possible to accurately estimate the life of bearing
without sufficient application data. However, the wear amount may be estimated by the following
method:

W : Wear amount (mm)

V : Velocity (m/min)
W=K.P.V.T P : Surface pressure (kgf/cm ² )
T : Running time (hr)
K : Coefficient of specific wear amount (mm / kgf/cm²ㆍ m/minㆍhr)

● Table (Experimental K value under different lubricating)

Lubrication condition K value

No lubricant (Dry) 1X10 -3~-5
Boundary lubrication under low speed (LuBo #500, DDU01 Dry Bearing) 1X10 -5~-7
Periodic lubrication (DX) 1X10 -6~-8
Continuous lubrication under water application (#200B, Miscellaneous) 1X10 -8~-10

■ PV value
The PV value is a very important reference for selecting bearings and it can be obtained simply
2
by multiply P to V, where P is bearing surface pressure per unit area (Kgf/Cm , Estimation of
bearing surface pressure per unit area will be obtained by multiply inner diameter to length),
V is velocity per unit time.

● Rotary Motion

Pmax Bushing Thrust Washer

P V (m/min) = V m/min =

PV-Value Limit
P (kgf/cm²) = P kgf/cm²=

PV kgf/cm²ㆍm/min =
PV (kgf/cm²ㆍ m/min) =

V max

W : Radial Load[kgf] D : Outside-Dia.[mm]

L : Length[mm] N : RPM d : Inside-Dia.[mm]

The allowable PV value is listed in the catalog. Please note that PV value can vary depending on its
working condition temperature or lubrication. PV value of thrust washer & wear plate must not
exceed 1/2 of bushing PV value.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 20

Oilless Bearings

■ Frictional heat
The frictional heat(Q) generated per unit time and unit area is as follows:

J : Heat equivalent of work (≒427kgf-m/kcal)

μㆍ P ㆍ V μ: Coefficient of friction
Q= (kcal/min)
J P : Pressure in kilograms per square centimeter (kgf/cm²)
V : Velocity in meter per minute (m/min)
Since velocity is the main factor which limits bearing performance, the friction heat is mainly affected
by velocity rather than pressure. Therefore, for similar PV values, additional lubrication should be
considered for a higher velocity application to prevent damage to the bearing or the mating shaft.

■ Mating Shaft
Shaft
Type Shaft Material Hardness Roughness
General structural metal with
General use S35C and higher strength Rockwell "C 35" and
above(higher strength material is
High Temperature Stainless steel or Chrome plating 3~12 ㎛
recommended when foreign
Corrosive particles are present)
Chrome plating
Environment

* For applications above 100 C, the mating shaft dimensions should be reduced to account for the t hermal
expansion of the material.

Thermal expansion=
Thermal expansion coefficient( α)×diameter(d)×(application temperature-ambient temperature)
-5
F or example) low carbon steel α :1.12×10 /℃
* 2, 3 Chrome plating is ideal for sea water and liquid medicine
* Nitrification of the mating shaft effectively reduces friction for high load and low speed applications.

■ Additional Lubrication
Additional lubrication with grease or oil reduces frictional heat and wear. Also it increases the bearing
life and performance by reducing the amount of worn particles, preventing foreign particle interference
(sealing effect), and reducing the noise as well as anti-rust effect of the shaft operation. Oil lubrication
applied at the inner surface of a bearing in the installation stage, though no lubrication is required,
reduces, the drastic wear th at occurs during initial operation.

Low load, High speed Low Viscosity 8~17cst (30 ) Spindle Oil, Miscellaneous

Medium load, Medium speed Medium Viscosity 7~15cst (98.9 ) Motor Oil, Turbine Oil, Miscellaneous

High Load, Low speed High Viscosity 100~1,000cst (37 ) Gear Oil, Cylinder Oil , Miscellaneous

* Grease containing MoS 2 that is highly recommended for the better life time and performance because
this is very effective under high load, excessive wear, and high frictional heat condition.

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 21

Oilless Bearings

■ Oil groove and Lubrication h ole design

- Oil g roove : Distribute the oil grooves around the maximum load point as shown below.
The length of an oil groove is approximately 80% of the bearing length. The radius (R and r) and
height (H) of an oil g roove is selected based on the inner diameter (ID) of the bearing as shown in
the table below. Use a circular oil groove on the inner surface of a housing or the outer surface
of the bearing when oil is supplied from outside of the housing.
(Unit : mm)

I.D. R r H Q'ty
Detail of A 30 under 1.5 1.5 1.2 1~2
30 ~ 50 2.0 2.0 1.8 3
Oil Groove
50 ~ 80 3.0 3.0 2.5 3
R
H A 80 ~ 120 3.5 3.5 3.5 4
r 120 ~ 180 4.0 4.0 5.0 4
180 ~ 250 5.0 5.0 6.0 5
250 ~ 315 6.0 6.0 7.0 6
Lubricating Hole 315 ~ 400 7.0 7.0 8.0 8
400 ~ 500 8.0 8.0 8.0 8

- Lubricating hole : One hole is recommended in an area where the load is not concentrated.
Two holes on each side of the maximum load point are suggested for rotational motion.
Use two holes along the length of each groove for longer bearing.

■ Edge(angle) chamfering I.D. Chamfer

It is ideal to chamfer the oilless bearing as the chart on ø80 under 0.5C
the right. ID/Chamfering level
ø80 ~ 200 1.0C
ø200 ~ 300 1.5C
ø300 over 2.0C

■ The formula of calculating ideal thickness

t = (0.05 ~ 0.07)d＋(2 ~ 5mm)

■ How to insert into the housing C

Per drawing on the right, you can insert the bushing
into housing with a little pressure using a guide bar.
Inside-Dia.
It will be easier to oil after cutting the edge of
Chamfer
OD and ID.

■ Attention
- S haft must be ground. ( 3S )
- P lease follow the tolerance as shown at the
dimension table in case of housing and shaft. Guide Bar
- Please maintain the shaft horizontally to
prevent the shaft from eccentricity.
- Sealing is recommended because of possible Bushing
inflow of foreign objects .
- Hardening is not required, but the life of bearing
will be extended if it is c hrome plated. Housing

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 22

Areas of Plane Figures

Circular Sector Hyperbola

r × α× 3 .1 4 1 6
ℓ= = 0.01745 r α
ℓ 180
D
= 2Ar y A = Area BCD
α 1 xy ab x y
A = r ℓ = 0 .0 0 8 7 2 7 α r 2 A= - ln a ＋ b

b
B 2
2 2
C
r a
5 7 .2 9 6 ℓ
α = r x
57.296 ℓ
r = 2A =
ℓ α

Circular Segment Parabola ℓ =Length of Arc=

p 2x 2x
2 p 1＋ p
ℓ
c = 2 h(2 r－h) 2x 2x

ℓ
＋ ln p ＋ 1＋ p
h
1 y
A = [ r ℓ－c ( r － h ) ]
2 A close approximation when x is small in proportion to y
c c 2＋ 4 h2 2
α r= , ℓ= 0 . 0 1 7 4 5 αr P/2 2 x 2 x 4
r 8h x ℓ = y 1＋ - y
3 y 5
57.296 ℓ
h= r - 1 4 r 2 - c2 , α = 4 2
2 r y2＋
또는 ℓ= 3
x

Circular Ring Parabola

A = Area
A = π ( R2 - r 2 ) = 3 .1 4 1 6 ( R 2 - r 2 ) y 2
A= xy
= 3.1416(R + r ) ( R - r ) 3
D 2 2 (The area is equal to two-third of
= 0 .7 8 5 4 ( D - d )
d

R
r

x a rectangle which has x for base

= 0.7854(D+d)(D-d) and y for its height)

Circular Ring Sector Segment of Parabola

A = Area, α= Angle in Degree D A = Area
F C
απ 2 2 A = BFC
A= (R - r ) G 2
α 360 E = ( Area of parallelogram BCDE)× 3
R B
D 2
= 0 .0 0 8 7 3 α( R - r )
2
If FG is the height of the segment and
d
απ 2 2 measured at right angle to BC, then
= (D - d )
4 ×360 2
A = BFC = BC ×FG
2 2
= 0 .0 0 2 1 8 α (D - d ) 3

Spandrel or Fillet Cycloid

A = Area
ℓ = Length of Cycloid
A = Area 2
ℓ A = 3 πr 2 = 9.454 8 r
πr2
A= r2- = 0 .2 1 5 r 2 d = 2.3562d
2
c r 4 r = ( Area of generating circle )× 3
= 0.1075c 2
ℓ = 8r = 4d

Ellipse
A = Area , P = Perimeter of circumference
A = π a b = 3.1416a b

Approximate formulas for P are:

1. P = 3.1416 2 (α 2＋ b 2 )
α b
(α - b)2
2. P = 3.1416 2 ( α 2 ＋ b2 ) -
2.2

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 23

 V= Volum S= Surface Area As= Lateral Surface Area Ab=Base Area χ= Distance from the base to the center of gravity

Cubic Square Prizm Prizm (Regular Hexagon Base)

1.7321a
G a G h
d
d h
G
χ χ χ

a a a b a
a
2a
V = αbh
V = α3
2 S = 2 (αb＋αh＋ bh) V = 2.59 8 α2 h
S = 6α
2 As = 2h(α＋b) S = 5.196 3α2＋6 αh
As = 4a
h A s = 6 αh
α χ=
χ= 2 h
2 χ =
d= α2＋ b 2 ＋ h 2 2
d= 3 α = 1.7321 α
d= h 2 ＋4 α2

Cone Frustum of Cone

r
ℓ

h h
G
ℓ

h
χ G
G χ
χ R
R

a
Ab a
πh 2
V= ( R ＋ Rr ＋ r 2 )
3
πR2 h Ab h
V= h 2 1 2
V=
3 = πα ＋ πb 3
4 3
As = πR ℓ α = R ＋r
As = πℓ α , 3 3 α2
Ab = = 2.598α2
ℓ= R2＋ h2 2
b= R- r , ℓ= b2＋ h2
h
χ = h h R2＋ 2Rr ＋3 r 2 χ=
4 χ= 4
4 R2 ＋Rr ＋r 2

Sphere Spherical Segment

Regular Polygon
G h
r
d Length of side
χ r a
Number of sides

Area of base
4 πr 3 πh (3 α2 πh 2 (3 r - h)
V= = 4 .1 88 790 20 5r 3 V= ＋h 2 ) =
3 6 3
V = Ab h
πd 3
= = 0.52359877d 3 As = 2 π r h = π ( α2＋ h 2 )
6 S = 2A b ＋ nh α
α2 = h (2r - h) A s = nhα
S = 4πr 2 = πd 2
3 (2 r - h)
2 h
χ= χ =
3 3v 3 d 4 (3 r - h) 2
r= = 0.6 203 51 V=
4π 2

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 24

Cylinder/Hollow Cylinder Portion of Cylinder Frustum of Pyramid

b1
A
D

G
h h
h2
χ
h1 χ
G
r t
Ab R r R A b a

V = πr 2 h = Ash V = πh (R 2- r 2 ) h1＋h2 h
2 V= ( A b＋ A b1＋ A b A b1 )
V = πR 3
S = 2πr (r ＋h) = π ht ( 2R - t) 2
As = πR( h1＋ h2) 3 3 2
AS = 2πr h = πht (2 r ＋t) Ab = α = 2.59 8α2
2
χ = h χ= h D= 4R2＋(h2- h1)2
2 2 h A b＋ 2 A b A b1＋3 A b1
χ =
4 A b＋ A b A b1＋A b1

Frustum of Pyramid with Torus Spherical Sector

retangular base

R R
h
b1
h a1
r G
χ G χ a

r
b

D
a

h 2πr 2 h
V= ( 2 α＋α1)b ＋ (2α ＋α) b 1 V = 2π2 Rr 2 = 19.739 Rr 2 V=
6 3
1 2 2
h αb = π Dd = 2.4674Dd 2 = 2.09 439510 24r 2 h
= ＋( α＋α1) (b ＋b1)＋α1 b1 4
6
S = 4π Rr = 39.478Rr
2 S = πr ( 2h ＋ α)
χ = h αb ＋αb1＋α1b ＋ 3α1b1
2 2 αb ＋αb1＋α1b ＋2 α1b 1 = π2 Dd = 9.8696Dd χ = 3 (2 r - h)
8

Spherical Zone

a
r

πh
V= (3α2＋3b2 ＋h 2 )
6
As = 2πr h
2
2 α2 - b2 - h 2
r = α2＋
2h

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 25

SI Units

■ Overview of the International System of Units (SI Units)

th
'
The International System of Units was established by the 11 Conference ' '
Generale des Poids et
Mesures (CGPM) in 1960. Universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Systeme ' International
'
d'Unites), it is the modern metric system of measurement used throughout the world. It is the
responsibility of the CGPM to ensure that SI is widely disseminated and that it reflects the latest
advances in science and technology.

SI Units are currently divided into three classes, Base Units, Derived Units, and Supplementary
Units, which together form what is called "the coherent system of SI units." The SI also includes
prefixes to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. Also certain units that are not part
of SI units are essential and used so widely that they are accepted by the International Committee
for Weights and Measures (CIPM) for use with SI units.

■ SI Units
Base Units : The SI base units on which the SI is founded are seven base quantities assumed to
be mutually independent. Table 1 gives the names, symbols, and definitions of SI
base units.

Supplementary Units : Table 2 gives the names, symbols, and definitions of the SI supplementary
units. They are now interpreted as so-called dimensionless derived units.

SI derived Units : The SI derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other
derived units including two supplementary units. Table 3 gives examples of
derived units expressed in terms of SI base units only. Table 4 gives certain SI
derived units expressed in terms of other SI units, which have special names and
symbols. Also example of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of
SI derived units having special names and symbols are given in table 5

SI prefixes : Table 6 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples
of SI units. They allow very large or very small numerical values to be avoided.

Units outside SI units : Table 7 shows examples of units that are not part of SI units but accepted
for use with SI units because they are used so widely.

■ Rules and Style conventions for printing and using SI units and
Values of Quantities
(1) Print in roman (upright) type regardless of the type used in the surrounding text. But symbols for quantities
and variables are printed in italic

(Example: t=3 s (t time, s second))

(2) Print in lower-case letters except when the name of the unit is derived from the name of a person.

(Examples: m (meter), Pa (pascal), s (second), lm (lumen), V (volt), Wb (weber))

(3) Unaltered in the plural.

(Example: 1= 75 cm, but not 1 = 75 cms)

(4) Not followed by a period unless at the end of a sentence.

(5) Symbols for units formed from other units by multiplication are indicated by means of either a half-high
(that is, centered) dot or a space.

(Example: Nㆍm or N m )

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 26

SI Units

(6) In the expression for the value of a quantity, the unit symbol is placed after the numerical value and a
space is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol. The only exceptions to this rule are for the
unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle: ˚ , ' , and," respectively, in which case no space
is left between the numerical value and the unit symbol.

( 7) Digits should be separated into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker towards the left and
right, by the use of a thin, fixed space, not by a comma.

(Examples: 76 483 522, 43 279.168 29 but not 76,483,522, 43,279.168 29)

(8) Symbols for units formed from other units by division are indicated by means of a solidus
(oblique stroke, /), a horizontal line, or negative exponents. (Example : m/s, m
-1
s , or mㆍ s )
However, to avoid ambiguity, the solidus must not be repeated on the same line unless
parentheses are used.
2 -2
(Examples: m/s or, m ㆍ s , but not: m/s/s)

(9) Unit symbols and unit names are not used together.
-1
(Example: C/kg or coulomb per kilogram, but not coulomb/kg, C/kilogram; coulombㆍ kg ,
C per kg, or coulomb/kilogram)

(10) not permissible to use abbreviations for their unit symbols or names
3
(Example: sec (for either s or second), cc (for either cm or cubic centimeter),
mins (for either min or minutes), amps(for either A or amperes))

■ Rules and Style conventions for SI prefixes

(1) Prefix symbols are printed in roman (upright) type regardless of the type used in the surrounding
text, and are attached to unit symbols without a space between the prefix symbol and the unit
symbol. This last rule also applies to prefixes attached to unit names.

(Examples: mL(milliliter), pm(picometer), THz(terahertz))

(2) Prefixes are normally printed in lowercase letters except for prefix symbols Y(yotta), Z (zetta),

E(exa), P(peta), T(tera), G(giga), and M(mega)

(3) Compound prefix symbols, that is, prefix symbols formed by the juxtaposition of two or more
prefix symbols, are not permitted. This rule also applies to compound prefixes.

(Example: nm (nanometer), but not m μ m (millimicrometer))

(4) Prefix symbols cannot stand-alone and thus cannot be attached to the number 1, the symbol for
the unit one.

(Example: the number density of Pb atoms is 5 x 106/m 3, but not the number density of Pb
3
atoms is 5 M/m )

(5) It is often recommended that, for ease of understanding, prefix symbols should be chosen in such
a way that numerical values are between 0.1 and 1000
7 6
(Examples: 3.3 x 10 Hz, may be written as 33 x 10 Hz = 33 Mhz)

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 27

SI Units

Table 1. SI base units

SI base units
Base Quantity
Name Symbol Definition

The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum

Length Meter m
during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the

Mass Kilogram kg
international prototype of the kilogram.

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the

Time Second s radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two

straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular
Electric Current Ampere A cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce
between these conductors a force equal to
7
2 × 10 newton per meter of length.

Thermodynamic The Kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.

Kelvin K
Temperature 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which

contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
Amount of kilogram of carbon 12
Mole mol
Substance 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be
specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other
particles, or specified groups of such particles.

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a

source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency
Luminous Intensity Candela cd 12
540 × 10 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 watt per steradian.

Table 2. SI supplementary units

SI supplementary units
Quantity
Name Symbol Definition

The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut
Plane Angle Radian rad
off an the circumference an arc equal in the length to the radius

The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center
of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to
Solid Angle Steradian sr
that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the
sphere

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 28

SI Units

Table 3. Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units

SI derived units
Derived Quantity
Name Symbol
2
Area square meter m
3
Volume cubic meter m
Speed, Velocity meter per second m/s
2
Acceleration meter per second squared m/s
-1
Wave Number reciprocal meter m
3
Mass Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m
3
Specific Volume cubic meter per kilogram m /kg
2
Electric Current Density ampere per square meter A/m
Magnetic Field Strength ampere per meter A/m
Molar Mass kilogram per mole kg/mol
Amount-of-substance 3
mole per cubic meter mol/m
concentration
2
Luminance candela per square meter cd/m

Table 4. SI derived units with special names and symbols

SI derived units

Derived Quantity Expression in

Special Expression in terms
Special Name terms of other SI
Symbol of SI base units
units
-1
Frequency hertz Hz - s
-2
Force newton N - m· kg· s
-1 -2
Pressure, Stress pascal Pa N/m 2
m · kg· s
2 -2
Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat joule J N· m m · kg· s
2 -3
Power, Radiant Flux watt W J/s m · kg· s
Electric Charge, Quantity of
coulomb C - s· A
Electricity
Electric Potential Difference, 2 -3 -1
volt V W/A m · kg· s · A
Electromotive Force
-2 -1 4 2
Capacitance farad F C/V m · kg · s · A
2 -3 -2
Electric Resistance ohm Ω V/A m · kg· s · A
-2 -1 3 2
Electric Conductance siemens S A/V m · kg · s · A
2 -2 -1
Magnetic Flux weber Wb V· s m · kg· s · A
-2 -1
Magnetic Flux Density tesla T Wb/m2 kg· s · A
2 -2 -2
Inductance henry H Wb/A m · kg· s · A
Celsius Temperature degree Celsius °C - K
2 -2
Luminous Flux lumen lm cd· sr m · m · cd = cd
2 -4 -2
Illuminance lux lx lm/m2 m · m · cd = m · cd

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 29

SI Units

Table 5. SI derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having
special names and symbols

SI derived units
Derived Quantity
Name Symbol

Dynamic Viscosity pascal second Pa· s

Moment of Force newton meter N· m

Surface Tension newton per meter N/m

Angular Velocity radian per second rad/s

2
Angular Acceleration radian per second squared rad/s
2
Heat Flux Density, Irradiance watt per square meter W/m

Heat Capacity, Entropy joule per kelvin J/K

Specific Heat Capacity, Specific Entropy joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg· K)

Specific Energy joule per kilogram J/kg

Thermal Conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m· K)

3
Energy Density joule per cubic meter J/m

Electric Field Strength volt per meter V/m

3
Electric Charge Density coulomb per cubic meter C/m
2
Electric Flux Density coulomb per square meter C/m

Permittivity farad per meter F/m

Permeability henry per meter H/m

Molar Energy joule per mole J/mol

Molar Entropy, Molar Feat Capacity joule per mole kelvin J/(mol· K)

Molar Entropy, Molar Heat Capacity coulomb per kilogram C/kg

Absorbed Dose Rate gray per second Gy/s

Radiant Intensity watt per steradian W/sr

2
Radiance watt per square meter steradian W/(m · sr)

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 30

SI Units

Table 6. SI prefixes

SI prefixes SI prefixes
Factor Factor
Name Symbol Name Symbol
24 3 8 -1
10 = (10 ) yotta Y 10 deci d
3 7 -2
1021 = (10 ) zetta Z 10 centi c
3 6 -3 3 -1
1018 = (10 ) exa E 10 = (10 ) milli m
3 5 -6 3 -2
1015 = (10 ) peta P 10 = (10 ) micro µ
3 4 -9 3 -3
1012 = (10 ) tera T 10 = (10 ) nano n
3 3 -12 3 -4
109 = (10 ) giga G 10 = (10 ) pico p
3 2 -15 3 -5
106 = (10 ) mega M 10 = (10 ) femto f
3 1 -18 3 -6
103 = (10 ) kilo k 10 = (10 ) atto a
2 -21 3 -7
10 hecto h 10 = (10 ) zepto z
1 -24 3 -8
10 deka da 10 = (10 ) yocto y

Table 7. Units accepted for use with SI units

Name Symbol Value in SI units

Hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s

Day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s

Degree (Angle) ˚ 1° = (/180) rad

Minute (Angle) ' 1'= (1/60)° = (/10 800) rad

Second (Angle) " 1"= (1/60) = (/648 000) rad

3 -3 3
Liter L 1 L = 1 dm = 10 m
3
Metric Ton t 1 t = 10 kg
-19
Electron Volt eV 1 eV = 1.602 18 x 10 J, approximately
-27
Unified Atomic Mass Unit u 1 u = 1.660 54 x 10 kg, approximately

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 31

Table of Unit Conversion Factors

■ Table of Conversion Factors to SI Units

Pa bar kgf/cm ² atm mmH 2 O mmHg or Torr
-5 -5 -6 -1 -3
1 1X10 1.019 72X10 9.869 23X10 1.019 72X10 7.500 62X10
5 -1 4 2
1X10 1 1.019 72 9.869 23X10 1.019 72X10 7.500 62X10
4 -1 -1 4 2
Pressure 9.806 65X10 9.806 65X10 1 9.678 41X10 1.000 0X10 7.355 59X10
5 4 2
1.013 25X10 1.013 25 1.033 23 1 1.033 23X10 7.600 00X10
-5 -4 -5 -2
9.806 65 9.806 65X10 1.000 0X10 9.678 41X10 1 7.355 59X10
2 -3 -3 -3
1.333 22X10 1.333 22X10 1.359 51X10 1.315 79X10 1.359 51X10 1

Note) 1Pa=1N/m 2

N dyn kgf Paㆍ s cP P

3
1 1X10
5
1.019 72X10
-1
1 1X10 1X10
Force Viscosity -3 -2
1X10
-5
1 1.019 72X10
-6
1X10 1 1X10
-1 2
9.806 65 9.806 65X10
5
1 1X10 1X10 1

Note) 1P=1dyn ㆍs/cm2=1g/cmㆍ s

1Pa ㆍ s=1N ㆍ s/m 2 1cP=1mPa ㆍ s

Pa MPa or N/mm ² kgf/mm ² kgf/cm ²

-6 -7 -5
1 1X10 1.019 7 2 X 1 0 1.019 7 2 X 1 0
6 -1
Stress 1X10 1 1.019 7 2 X 1 0 1.019 7 2 X 1 0
6 2
9.806 6 5 X 1 0 9.806 65 1 1X10
4 -2 -2
9.806 6 5 X 1 0 9.806 6 5 X 1 0 1X10 1

J kW ㆍ h kgf ㆍ m kcal
-7 -1 -4
Work, 1 2.777 78X10 1.019 72X10 2.388 89X10
Energy, 3.600X10 1 5 2
3.670 98X10 8.600 0X10
Quantity
-6 -3
of Heat 9.806 65 2.724 07X10 1 2.342 70X10
-3 2
4.186 05X10 1.162 79X10 4.268 58X10 1

Note) 1J = 1W ㆍ s 1 W ㆍ h = 3600W ㆍ s 1cal = 4.18605J

W/(mㆍ K) kcal */(mㆍ hㆍ℃ ) ㆍ K)

W/ (m ² ㆍ h ㆍ℃ )
kcal */ (m²
Thermal -1 Thermal -1
1 8.600 0 X1 0 1 8.600 0X10
Conductivity Conductivity
1.162 79 1 1.162 79 1

kW kgf ㆍ m/s PS m²/s cSt St

Power, 1 -1
1.359 62X 1 0
-3 1 1X10
6
1X10
4
1.019 7 2 X 1 0 Kinematic
Heat -3
1 -2 Viscosity 1X10
-6
1 1X10
-2
Flow 9.806 6 5 X 1 0 1.333 3 3 X 1 0
Rate 7.3 5 5 X 1 0
- 1
7.5 X 1 0 1 1X10
-4
1X10 2 1

Note ) 1W = 1J/s PS : French Horsepower Note) 1St = 1cm ² /S

1PS = 0.7355kW

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 32

Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screw

■ Nominal Length ( ℓ )
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal
Size Length Size Length Size Length Size Length Size Length

M1.6 2.5~16 M5 8~50 (M14) 25~140 M24 40~200 (M39) 65~300

M2 3~20 M6 10~60 M16 25~160 (M27) 45~300 M42 65~300
M2.5 4~25 M8 12~80 (M18) 30~180 M30 45~300 (M45) 80~300
M3 5~30 M10 16~100 M20 30~200 (M33) 55~300 M48 80~300
M4 6~40 M12 20~120 (M22) 40~200 M36 55~300 (M52) 90~300

Notes 1) The size shown in ( ) is non-preferred

2) Standard nominal length 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45
50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140,
150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300

■ Dimensions of counter-boring and bolt hole for hexagon socket head

cap screws
Bolt Nominal
Size (d) d₁ d' D D' H H' H"

M3 3 3.4 5.5 6 3 2.7 3.3

M4 4 4.5 7 8 4 3.6 4.4
M5 5 5.5 8.5 9.5 5 4.6 5.4
M6 6 6.6 10 11 6 5.5 6.5
M8 8 9 13 14 8 7.4 8.6
M10 10 11 16 17.5 10 9.2 10.8
D' D'

M12 12 14 18 20 12 11 13 D D

M14 14 16 21 23 14 12.8 15.2

H"
H'
H

H
M16 16 18 24 26 16 14.5 17.5
M18 18 20 27 29 18 16.5 19.5 d1 d1
M20 20 22 30 32 20 18.5 21.5 d' d'
M22 22 24 33 35 22 20.5 23.5
M24 24 26 36 39 24 22.5 25.5
M27 27 30 40 43 27 25 29
M30 30 33 45 48 30 28 32
M33 33 36 50 54 33 31 35
M36 36 39 54 58 36 34 38
M39 39 42 58 62 39 37 41
M42 42 45 63 67 42 39 44
M45 45 48 68 72 45 42 47
M48 48 52 72 76 48 45 50
M52 52 56 78 82 52 49 54

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 33

1. Symbols used in designing springs

Symbol Meaning Unit Symbol Meaning Unit

d Diameter of wire mm P Load acting on spring N(kgf)
D₁ Inside diameter of coil mm δ Deflection of spring mm
D₂ Outside diameter of coil mm κ Spring constant N/mm(kgf/mm)
τo Tensional Stress 2
N/mm (kgf/mm )
2
D1＋D2
D Mean diameter of coil: mm 2 2
2 τ Corrected torsional stress N/mm (kgf/mm )
τi Torsional stress due to initial 2 2
Nt Total number of turns - N/mm (kgf/mm )
tension
Na Number of active turns - χ Stress correction factor -
Nf Number of inactive turns - ∫ Natural frequency Hz
Nㆍmm
Hs Solid Height mm u Energy stored in spring
(kgfㆍmm)
3 3
P Pitch mm r Weight per unit volume of wire N/mm (kgf/mm )
Pi Initial Tension N (kgf) W Weight of Spring (Active Coils) N(kgf)
2
D g* Gravitational acceleration mm/s
C= Spring Index -
d 2
* Gravitational acceleration is round off as 9800mm/s in
2
N/mm 2 designing springs though prescribed as 9.80665 m/s in
G Modulus of elasticity in torsion the regulation of measure.
(kgf/mm2)

2. Basic formulas used in designing springs

For compression springs and extension springs without initial tension For extension springs with initial tension (P>Pi)
α
8N D P 3
8Na D (P-Pⅰ)
3

δ= δ=
Gd⁴ Gd⁴
P Gd⁴ P-Pⅰ Gd⁴
κ= = κ= =
δ 8N αD³ δ 8N α D³
8DP 8DP
τ =
0 τ =
π d³ 0
πd ³
Gdδ Gdδ
τ= τ= ＋τⅰ
0
π NαD² 0
π NαD²
τ= κ τ 0 τ = κτ 0

d = 8DP = 8 κ DP 8DP = 8 κ DP
3

πτ
3
d = 3 3
0 πτ πτ 0 πτ

Gd ⁴ δ Gd ⁴ δ
Nα= Nα=
8 D³ P 8 D ³ (P-Pⅰ)
Pδ (P ＋ Pⅰ)δ
U = U =
2 2

■ Modulus of rigidity G

G G G
Material Material Material
N/mm 2 (kgf/mm2 ) N/mm2 (kgf/mm2 ) N/mm2 (kgf/mm 2)
Spring Brass
Spring Steel 78X10 3 (8X10 3 ) SUS 302 39X10 3 (4X10 3 )
Wire
Hard Drawn Phosphor
78X10 3(8X10 3 ) SUS 304 69X10 3 (7X10 3 ) 42X10 3 (4.3X10 3)
Steel Wire Stainless Bronze Wire
Steel Wire Beryllium-
Music Wire 78X10 3 (8X10 3) SUS 316 44X10 3 (4.5X10 3)
Copper Wire
Oil-Tempered
78X10 3(8X10 3) SUS 631 J 1 74X10 3 (7.5X10 3 )
Wire

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 34

■ Number of Active Turns
The number of active turns in designing springs should be chosen as equal to the number of free coils.
For compression springs, N=N t ( x 1+ x 2), x1 and x 2 indicate each number of coils of both ends. When only
the tip of the coil touches the next free coil, x 1= x 2 =1. therefore, N a=Nt 2
When only the tip of the coil does not touch the next free coil and the length of end turn part is 3/4 length,
x 1= x 2 =0.75.
1.6
therefore, N a=N t - 1.5

Stress correction factor ( χ )

For extension springs, N a=N t 1.5

1.4
■ Stress correction factor (χ)
Stress correction factor which corrects for both 1.3
curvature and direct shear is given by following
formula or graph at the right 1.2

χ= (4c-1)/(4c-4) + 0.615/c Wahl's factor 1.1

■ Range of Spring Index 1.0

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 14 1 5 16 1 7 1 8 19 2 0 21 22

In general, it is recommended to have the spring D

spring index C= d
index within the range of 4 and 22.

■ Range of Slenderness Ratio

In general, it is recommended to have the slenderness ratio (the ratio of free height against average
diameter of coil) within the range of 0.8 and 4.

■ Range of Number of Active Turns 220

200 (2 0)
In general, it is recommended to have the 180 (18)
number of active turns of 4 or more. 160 (1 6)

140 (1 4)
■ Range of Pitch 120 (1 2)

In general, it is recommended to have the pitch 100 (1 0)

of 0.5D or less. 80 (8 )

60 (6)

■ Solid Height 40 (4 )

20 (2)

The solid height of compression spring can be 0 (0)

estimated by following formula. τ1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22

N/mm² D
HS = (N t - 1)d＋χ spring index C= d
Note: x : Sum of the thickness of both ends of the coil

■ Initial Tension of Extension Spring

The initial tension P i is generated in the solid-wound, cold-formed extension spring. In this case, the
torsional stress due to the initial tension shall be within the shaded range shown in figure above.
(Note) Following empirical formula can be applied to get P i and I
πd ³
Pⅰ= τⅰ G πd³τⅰ Gd⁴
8D τⅰ = Pi = =
100c , 8D 255D²

■ Effect of Spring Surge

To avoid surging, natural frequency of the spring should be selected not to resonate to the frequency
of applied force.

Natural frequency of spring is Example) Steel's G=78× 10 ³ N/mm ²

(8 × 10 ³kgf/mm ² )
-6 -6
κg ω = 76.93 × 10 N/mm ³ (7.85 ×10 kgf/mm ³ )
70d G
∫= α =α For both ends are free or fixed, primary
W πNαD ² ω natural frequency f is
ⅰ d
α= For both ends are free or fixed ∫ = 3.56 × 10
5
2 NαD²
2ⅰ－1
α= For one end is fixed and the other end is free ⅰ= 1, 2, 3
4

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 35

■ Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Various Metals a
(Linear Mean Coefficients for the Temperature Range 0~100˚C)

Metal X10 -4
Metal X10 - 4
Zinc 0.263 ~ 0.582 Copper 0.167
Lead 0.276 Gold 0.139
Aluminum, Cast 0.222 Nickel 0.128
Tin 0.214 Soft Steel 0.119
Aluminum, Sheet 0.207 Antimony 0.110
Brass, Rod 0.193 Steel 0.105 ~ 0.110
Type Metal 0.190 Iron, Cast 0.102
Silver 0.188 Platinum 0.089

■ Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Various Substances a

(Linear Mean Coefficients for the Temperature Range 0~100˚C)

-4
Substance X10 Substance X10 - 4
Rubber 0.77 Wood 0.08 ~ 0.05
Ebonite 0.64 ~ 0.77 Brick 0.055
Concrete 0.10 ~ 0.14 Masonry, Brick 0.04 ~ 0.07
Slate 0.104 Marble 0.035 ~ 0.044
Glass 0.088
Ceramic 0.036
Granite 0.083

Average Specific Gravity

Material Specific Gravity Remark

Steel 7.85
Iron, Cast 7.25
Lead 11.4
Material
Copper 8.9
Zinc 6.9
Aluminum 2.7
Brass, Bronze 8.6

Supplement (Basic and Technical Data) 36