There is a close relationship between the notation of a basis and the notation of a coordinaat system.

In this section we develod this idea and also discuss results about changing bases for vector spaces. In plane analytic geometry we associate a pair of coordinates (a,b) with a point P in the plane by using two perpendicullar coordinate axes. However, coordinates can also be introduced without reference to coordinate axes by using vector. For example, instead of introducing coordinate axes as in figure 4.15a, consider two perpendicular vector v1 and v2, each of length 1 and having the same initial poin O. (These vectors form a basis for R2). By dropping from a point P onto the lines determined by v1 and v2, we obtain vectors av1 and bv2 such that OP= av1 + bv2 (Figure 4.15b). clearly the number a aand b just obtained are the same as the coordinates of P relative to the coordinate system in figure 4.15a. thus we can view the coordinates of P as the numbers needed to express the vector OP in terms of the basis vector v1 and v2.

For the purposes of attaching coordinates to point in the plane, it is not essential that the basis vectors v1 and v2 be perpendicular or have length 1 ; any basis for R2 will do. For example, using the basis vectors v1 and v2 in figure 4.16. we can attach a unique pairs of coordinates to a point P by projecting P parallel to the basis vectors in other to make OP the diagonal of a parallelogram determined by vectors av1 and bv2 ; thus OP = av1 + bv2

P(a,b)

V2

We can regard (a,b) as the coordinates of P relative to the basis {v1,v2}. This generalized notation of coordinates is important because it can be extended to more general vector space. But first we will need some preliminary results. Suppose S = {v1,v2, . . . , vn}is a basis for finite dimensional vector space V. Since S spans V, every vector in V is expressible as a linear combination of vector in S. Moreover, the linear independence of S assures that there is only one way to express a vector as a linear combination of vectors in S. To see why suppose a vector v can be written as \ v=c1v1+ c2v2+ . . . . + cnvn

Can also v=k1v1+ k2v2+ . . . . + knvn

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives 0=(c1-k1)v1+(c2-k2)v2+ . . . . +(cn-kn)vn Since the right side of this equation is a linear combination of a vectors in S,the linear independence of S implies that c1-k1=0, That is c1=k1 c2=k2 . . . . . . cn=kn c2-k2=0. . . . . . cn-kn=0

In summary, we have the following result.

If S = { v1,v2, . . . ,vn }is a basis for a finite finite-dimensional vector space V, and v=c1v1+ c2v2+ . . . . + cnvn Is the expression for v in terms of the basis S. Then the scalars c1,c2, . . . ,cnare call the coordinates of v relative to the basis S. The coordinate vector of v relativeto S is denoted by (v)s and the vector in Rn defined by (v)s = (c1,c2, . . . ,cn) The coordinate matrix of P relative to S is denoted by [v]s and is the n x 1 matrix defined by c1c2...cn

Example 66 In example 30 of section 4.5 we showed that S ={v1,v2,v3} is a basis for R3,where v1= (1,2,1), v2= (2,9,0) and v3= (3,3,4).
(a) Find the coordinate vector and coordinate matrix of v = (5,-1,9) with respect to S. (b) Find the vector v in R3whose coordinate vector with respect to S is (v)s= (-1,3,2).

Solution : (a). We must find scalars c1,c2,c3 such that

v=c1v1+ c2v2+c3v3 Or in the terms of components, (5,-1,9) = c1(1,2,1) + c2(2,9,0) + c3(3,3,4) Equating corresponding components gives c1
+

2c2 + 3c3 = 5

2c1 + 9c2 + 3c3 = -1 c1 + 4c3 = 9

solving this system, we obtain c1= 1, c2 = -1 ,c3= 2. Therefore, (v)s = (1,-1,2) and [v]s= 1-12

(b). Using the definition of the coordinate vector (v)s, we obtain v = (-1)v1 + 3v2 + 2v3 = (11,31,7) Coordinate vector and matrices depend on the other in which the basis vector are written : a change in the order of the basis vector results in a corresponding change of order for the entries in the coordinate matrices and coordinate vectors.

Example 67 Consider the basis S = {1,x,x2} for P2. By inspection, the coordinate vector and coordinate matrix with respect to S for a polynomial p = a0 + a1x + a2x2 are (p)s = (a0,a1,a2) and [p]s = a0a1a2

Example 68 Let a rectangular xyz-coordinate system be introduced into 3-space and consider the standard basis S = { i , j , k } where i = ( 1, 0, 0) j = (0, 1, 0) k = (0, 0, 1)

If, as in figure 4.17, v =(a,b,c) is any vector in R3, then v = (a,b,c) = a(1,0,0) + b(0,1,0) + c(0,0,1) = ai + bj + ck which means v = (a, b, c ) = (v)s

In the order words, the components of a vector v relative to a rectangular xyz-coordinate system are the same as the coordinates of v relative to the standard basis {i, j, k}

Example 69 If S = {v1,v2, . . . ,vn} is an orthonormal basis for an inner product space V, then by Theorem 23 of secttion 4.9 the expression for a vector u in terms of the basis S is u = < u,v1> v1 + <u, v2> v2+ . . . + <u, vn > vn which means that (u)s = ( < u,v1 > , < u,v2 > , . . . , < u, vn > ) and [u]s = < u, v1><u, v2>...<u, vn> For example,if v1 = ( 0,1,0) v2 = ( -45, 0, 35 ) v3 =( 35,0, 45 )

then, as observed in Example 62 of section 4.9, S = {v1,v2,v3}is an orthonormal basis for R3 with the Euclidean inner product. If u = (2,-1,4), then < u,v1 > = -1, < u, v2 > = 45, < u, v3 > = 225

So that, (u)s = ( -1, 45, 225 ) and [u]s = -145225

Orthonormal bases for inner product spaces are convenient because as the following theorem shows, many familiar formulas hold in such spaces.

We now turn to the main problem in this section.

For simplicity, we will solve this problem for two-dimensional spaces. The solution for ndimensional spaces is similar. Let B = { u1,u2} and B = { u1' , u2'}