Professional Documents
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IN ORGANISMS
Heart, blood vessels and blood are parts of the circulatory system.
Arteries carry blood from heart to different parts of the body and veins
carry blood to the heart.
vitamins B 12 and Folic acid are important in the formation of red blood
corpuscles. Vitamin K is essential for the clotting of blood.
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BIOLOGY
You have studied how digested food The transport of materials in plants
materials from the alimentary canal reach the
body cells. In the same way oxygen from You have learned that water from the
the lungs reaches the body cells and waste soil enters the roots of plants by osmosis and
products of metabolism from the cells reach is carried up to the leaves through the xylem
the excretory organs. This process of vessels. Try the following experiment.
transporting materials to the different parts Cut out short branches of Balsam,
of the body requires a special mechanism. Peperomia and Eupatorium and keeps their
What is this mechanism? lower ends dipped in red ink. After about
Let us see how materials are transported three hours, take thin cross sections of the
in simple organisms as well as in complex stem and examine under the microscope.
animals like man. In man, the circulatory Compare what you see with figure 2.1.
system does many other functions in addition
In which tissue is red colour seen?
to the transport of materials. Let us study in
this chapter how the composition of blood is Which tissue is found outside this?
adapted for this and how the blood transports
Examine the sections of the different
materials. In plants, water and other materials
stems by the same method and record your
are transported to different parts by special
findings in the science diary.
methods.
epidermis
endodermis
phloem
xylem
Figure 2.1
L.S of a stem
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
Figure 2.3
Experiment to show the rise of water level due
xylem to transpiration
vesssels
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BIOLOGY
guard cell-
root
the entry of water from the soil through hairs can take in salts in the form of their ions.
osmosis also helps to push the water column This is called active transport and energy is
up the stem. This pressure is called root required for this. It is by the same process
pressure. that salts move into the neighbouring cells and
finally through the xylem vessels upto the
Examine and study figure 2.4 and
leaves.
understand the factors responsible for the
water reaching up the stem to the leaves and The transport of prepared food
record these in the science diary. through phloem tubes
The transport of salts Phloem is another transporting tissue in
plants. You also know that prepared food
You have seen that how water from the
materials are conducted through phloem
soil enter into the roots of plants. Have you
vessels. How do materials pass through
considered how salts enter the roots. In the
phloem? Examine the longitudinal section of
roots, the concentration of salts is often higher
phloem tissue (fig 2.5). You can see that the
than that in the soil. Hence salts cannot pass
sieve tubes are placed one above the other
into the roots by simple diffusion. In this
end to end. What is the peculiarity of the
situation the plasma membrane of the root
cross walls between the vessels? It is through
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
the small openings in the cross wall that the The conduction of materials in
cytoplasm of adjacent sieve tube cells animals
become continuous. The prepared food from As in plants, is it not essential to have
the leaves is conducted through the sieve transport of materials in animals also? Based on
tubes to other parts of the plant. the structural diversity of animals, the transport
of materials in their body is also different.
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BIOLOGY
water
digestive canal is highly branched and reaches
every part of the body. Hence there is no
separate medium for the transport of food.
However, the parenchymatous tissue which
surrounds the internal organs and digestive
canals are very helpful in the conduction of
materials inside the body.
Figure 2.7 The transport of materials
Hydra
through body fluids
Examine figure 2.7 and find out what is
Don't you know about the fluid that fills
the medium of transport. In such animals, the
the body spaces in cockroach? (fig 2.10) The
cells of the body are all in contact with water
food digested in the alimentary canal reaches
and the exchange of materials takes place
the blood contained in these spaces and from
between the cells and water. Examine the path
there to the cells. Waste materials from the
of the water current maintained in the sponge
cells also reach the blood and from there to
body (fig 2.8). Find out more examples of
the malpighian tubules which are the excretory
animals in which exchange of materials occur
organs. Thus blood acts as the medium for the
between water and body cells.
transport of these materials. The body cells
obtain oxygen directly through the respiratory
tubules (tracheae). Hence the blood has no
water
heart
muscles
blood
Figure 2.8
Sponge
The conduction of materials in flat
worms
Have you noticed the form of the body of
Planaria? These animals obtain oxygen directly
from the surrounding water (fig.2.9). Their
Figure 2.10
O2 Cockroach
CO 2
↓
Constituent Function
Water 91%-92% solvent
Plasma Proteins 7%-8%
a. Fibrinogen Important in the clotting of blood.
b. Globulins They function as antibodies.
c. Albumin Controls blood pressure.
Organic Components
Absorbed food materials They are important in producing energy in cells, growth and
repair of body.
Hormones Controls body functions.
Inorganic materials
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Maintains osmotic balance of blood.
Phosphate
Calcium ions, etc. Helps in clotting of blood, working of muscles.
Table 2.a
Constituents of plasma and their functions
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BIOLOGY
What are the functions of plasma? The blood from one person should not
fall on the pricked region of another
Which constituents help in the clotting
person.
of blood?
Examine the table 2.b and try to
Which proteins are helpful in the
distinguish the different kinds of blood cells.
transport of materials?
Understand the relationship between bone
What are the functions of ions? marrow and blood cells.
Record your findings in the science The red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
diary.
The red blood corpuscles are coloured cells
(fig. 2.12). What is the pigment they contain?
The blood Cells (Corpuscles)
With the help of your teacher, take a
drop of blood from your finger tip, spread it
on a clean glass slide and examine it under
the microscope.
Table 2.b
Different blood cells, their characters and functions
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
27
BIOLOGY
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
29
BIOLOGY
When a person gets a cut or wound, When the platelets come into contact
the blood that comes out sets into a jelly- with atmospheric air, they break down.
like mass called clot which plugs the wound Prothrombin which is produced in the liver
and thus prevents further bleeding. How does (and found in blood) gets converted into
the blood clot? Examine the illustration - I thrombin by thromboplastin released from the
give bleow. broken platelets. Vitamin K is essential for
Area of the body that the formation of prothrombin. You can now
is cut or wounded
understand the importance of calcium ions
and vitamin K in clotting. Can you illustrate
Platelets these events in a step wise equational form.
Breakdown
What would happen if blood does not
Thromboplastin clot? This condition is called haemophilia.
Calcium Enzyme
ions
You have learned that this is a genetic disease.
Blood
Transport of materials
Control of Temperature
Neutrophils
Ingests and
digests disease germs
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
O
slightly different proteins. The most
important of these are antigens and
A
on the surface of red corpuscles and
antibodies in the blood plasma. There
are two antigens, antigen 'A' and antigen
B
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BIOLOGY
agglutination of the corpuscles. What will blood. This is called erythroblastosis foetalis.
happen if such clumps of corpuscles pass One reason for the appearance of jaundice
through the fine capillaries of the recepient? in some new born babies is due to this. Such
children can be saved by giving them a full
Rh factor
blood transfusion. Often the child dies in the
Have you noticed that when blood
uterus itself due to erythroblastosis foetalis.
groups are determined, they are written as
How can this situation be prevented? If the
+ve or __ve. What does this mean? There _
mother is Rh ve and the father Rh+ve, and
is another antigen present on the surface
the child is born Rh+ve, then the mother can
of red corpuscles called Rh antigen. This
be given a particular injection to prevent the
was first seen in the blood of the rhesus
formation of anti Rh antibodies in her blood.
monkey. Hence the name Rh factor.
Those having the Rh antigen are said to The donation of Blood is a noble
be Rh+ , and those who do not have it are gift
_ _ During accidents some times there is
Rh . Antibody against Rh antigen is not
present in the blood. great loss of blood. In such situations what
_ is the method of saving the life of the person?
Persons who are Rh are not given Rh+
Blood donation is the only method to save
blood. Why? This is because the Rh antigen
his life. Which are the other situations that
in the donor's blood induces the formation
required blood donation?
of antibodies against the antigen in the
recepient's blood. This antibody remains in Blood is a tissue that is continuously
the body. If on a later occasion this recepient formed in the body. Hence blood donation
is again given Rh+ blood agglutination would does not seriously affect the donor. Should
happen. we not be prepared for this? At a time one
can donate about 300 ml of blood. Who are
Erythroblastosis foetalis
_
the people best suited for blood donation?
A mother who is Rh can have a foetus Who are those not suitable for this? Prepare
which is Rh+. During child birth, there is the a list and and record it in your science diary.
possibility of red corpuscles from the child
Prepare a short article on the topic
entering the mother's blood through the
"blood donation is a noble gift".
placenta. What can be its result? The
mother's blood will develop antibodies The circulation of blood in
against the Rh antigen. These antibodies can animals
pass into the next foetus and cause You have learned about the functions of
agglutination of the corpuscles in the child's blood in animals. In order to carry out these
32
THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
functions blood has to reach every part of and blood vessels. This is known as a closed
the body. Let us see how this occurs in vascular system. Here blood always flows
different animals. through tubes and does not directly come into
Compare the process of blood contact with tissue cells. Such vessels are
circulation in cockroach and earthworm (fig not seen in cockroach. Blood is found in
2.10, 2.11). In cockroach which is the space large spaces of the body cavity and surrounds
filled with blood? In this animal contractions the internal organs and directly contact the
of the heart and movements of the body will tissues. This is known as open vascular
cause flow of blood. But in earthworm blood system. Find out more examples for this.
is contained not in spaces but in the heart From the figure 2.15 say what type of
circulatory system is found in man.
renal arterey
renal vein
Figure 2.15
Circulatory System
33
BIOLOGY
atrium
ventricle
atrium
ventricle
atrium ventricle
Figure 2.16
Structure of heart in different levels of organisms
The doctor who first discovered that the the blood vessels is due to the working of
circulation of blood through blood the heart like a pump. How many chambers
vessels is by the contraction of the heart, are there for human heart? What about lower
was deserted by his patients. Aren't you animals? This is illustrated in figure 2.16.
surprised? William Harvey, (1578-
Study the figuers and record your findings in
1657) who is considered the founder of
the science diary.
modern physiology, was the first person
to explain this. He estimated that every Human heart
hour the heart pumps three times the
The heart is situated in the thoracic
quantity of blood in his body. Though
an English man, he published his findings chamber between the two lungs. It is
in Latin. His comparison of the human surrounded by a tough double walled
heart as a pump was entirely new and membrane called pericardium. This prevents
against all conventional beliefs and the chambers of the heart getting filled with
patients diserted him. However, during
too much of blood. Between the two
his lifetime itself his findings were
accepted. Harvey who described the
pericardial layers is a fluid, the pericardial
flow of blood through arteries and veins fluid. It protects the heart not only from
did not know about capillaries. It was external shocks but also reduces the pressure
only four years after his death, that the during the expansion of the heart.
Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi
discovered capillaries.
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THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
aorta
pure blood
right left
impure blood Atrium Atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
Figure 2.16
Structure of Heart
The structure and working of the veins carry oxygenated blood. It will be clear
heart that the chambers of the left side contain
Examine the figures of the heart oxygenated blood. The blood that reaches
(fig.2.16,2.17). Don't you see the four the right atrium is deoxygenated blood.
chambers clearly? Which are the blood When the right and left atria get filled with
vessels that bring blood to the right atrium blood they contract together. Where does
(auricle)? From where do the pulmonary the blood go from there? Following this, the
veins bring blood to the left atrium. These two ventricles contract together. There is a
possibility of the blood going back into the
pulmonary veins
Figure 2.17
Structure of heart - C.S
35
BIOLOGY
atria. But this is prevented by two valves, the relaxation of the ventricles, the semilunar
the tricuspid valve on the right side and the valves close. The sounds produced when
bicuspid valve on the left side. The free edges the valves close are the heart sounds, the
of the flaps of these valves are tied to the walls first sound during the closure of the tricuspid
of the corresponding ventricles by fine cords and bicuspid valves and the second sound
of tendon. during the closure of the semilunar valves.
During ventricular contraction, blood The time taken for one contraction and
from the right ventricle is pumped into the relaxation of the heart is 0.8 seconds. Then
pulmonary artery and from the left ventricle how many times does the heart beat per
Right Left
ventricle Pulmonary circulation atrium
veins⎯
Inferior venacava ←⎯⎯⎯ arteries -
Organs ←⎯⎯⎯⎯ aorta
Superior venacava
Illustration III
36
THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
stomach, small
intestine
kidneys
coronory artery
leg, lower part of the body
Figure 2.18
Double circulation Figure 2.19
Coronory circulation
Blood Vessels
From where does the pulmonary artery
The veins are blood vessels that carry
arise? This artery contains deoxygenated
blood to the heart. What is the name given
blood. Where does this vessel reach? The
to the vessels that carry blood away from
blood that reaches the lungs gets oxygenated
the heart? The fine branches of the arteries
there and releases carbondioxide to the lungs.
Artery
This blood, now rich in oxygen and poor in
Vein
carbon dioxide, is carried to the heart by two
veins from each lung called pulmonary veins.
To which chamber does this blood reach? Tissue
Cappillary
Thus the blood leaving the heart from the
right ventricle comes back to the heart to the
left atrium. This shorter circulation is called
Figure 2.20
pulmonary circulation. Blood capillaries
37
BIOLOGY
and veins are connected together by from the heart along the arterial system, the
extremely fine vessels called capillaries (fig strength of the pulse becomes less and less.
2.20). How are capillaries different from other
Compare the walls of arteries and veins blood vessels? These are extremely fine
(fig.2.21). How many layers are seen on the tubes whose wall is made up only of a single
walls of these vessels? What is the peculiarity layer of cells. These capillaries run close to
of the innermost layer? What is the difference and between the tissue cells. As blood flows
in the thickness of the walls of the vessels? through them, the fluid part of blood oozes
Being thin walled, veins collapse when there out into the intercellular spaces. This is called
is no blood in them. The walls of arteries tissue fluid. The capillaries gradually reunite
are not only thick but are also elastic. When to form small veins.
outer covering with
elasticity
The flow of blood through the
layers of muscle layers of muscle veins
How does the blood flow through the
veins? There are valves along the length of
veins. These valves allow flow of blood only
vein
valve opens,
blood to heart
Artery Vein
muscle contracts
Figure 2.21
38
THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
towards the heart. As blood flows between also will be different. In some persons the
the skeletal muscles, the influence of these blood pressure will be more than normal
muscles on blood flow can be understood from (hypertension). What is the reason for this?
the illustration in figure 2.22. It will be clear
Atherosclerosis
from this that proper exercise is essential for
If the amount of cholesterol in the food
blood flow.
increases, it has a tendency to get deposited
Blood Pressure inside the wall of arteries. This causes the
You have seen how the doctor takes the narrowing of arteries and the condition is
blood pressure reading. The instrument used called atherosclerosis. What will be its
is called sphygmomanometer. As the heart effect?
contracts and pushes the blood, the pressure
The cavity of arteries get narrower and
causes the arteries to distend to accomodate
the flow of blood gets reduced.
the incoming blood. This pressure is called
systolic pressure. When the heart relaxes, the The walls of arteries become rigid
(Arteriosclerosis).
reduced pressure is called diastolic pressure.
In an average healthy man, the systolic pressure Blood pressure increases (Hypertension).
is about 120 mm/Hg and the diastolic pressure The heart requires to develop greater
is about 80 mm/Hg. Which region of the body force to pump blood into such arteries that
is selected for reading blood pressure? As the have become narrow. This increases blood
distance from the heart increases, the pressure pressure. In addition, mental tensions,
Heart Beat smoking, increased use of common salt etc
can increase blood pressure. What are the
Do you know when does your heart began
dangers of increased blood pressure? In
to beat? The heart begins to beat at the
some people blood pressure will be lower than
age of 4 months of the embryonic stage.
normal (Hypotension).
It will continue till death. Can you say
how many times the heart would have Thrombosis
beaten in a person of sixty years at the
Due to atherosclerosis the inner wall of the
rate 72 per minute? You know that the
rate of heart beat is not uniform. Heart arteries becomes rough. Consequently in such
beat of a foetus is more than 200 per areas, blood platelets and red corpuscles may
minute. It will reach 140 per minute at get stuck. This can cause the formation of blood
the time of delivery. There are yet other clots in such areas. This clot is called thrombus.
specialities regarding the heart beat. The clot may remain there or be carried by blood
Even though the elephant is bigger in size,
to other parts of the body. If such clots are
its rate of heart beat is only 25 per minute.
What is the relation between the size of formed in the coronary artery or any of its
the body and the working of heart! branches what could happen? This is a cause
39
BIOLOGY
vein artery
for heart attack. You must have heard that
inorder to protect such patients bypass surgery
is sometimes performed. In this process, in
place of the blocked vessel, another blood vessel
lymph
(removed from the leg of the patient) is stiched capillaries
Figure 2.25
They destroy the antigens.
defect and its location and suggest proper
They ingest and digest foreign particles.
treatment. Observe the ECG of a healthy man
Lymph glands serve to remove and (Fig 2.25).
destroy bacteria and viruses from the
Pacemaker
transport path way. Supposing you get a
wound on your hand, you might have noticed The cardiac cycle starts in the right
swellings appearing in your armpit within a atrium. It originates from a part of the right
few days - Can you explain why this occurs? atrial wall as an electrical impulse. This
initiates a heart beat. This area is called
The filarial parasitic worms live in the
pacemaker. Any defect in the pace maker
lymph glands. They block the flow of lymph.
will affect the normal heart rhythm. For such
This is called filariasis. You know how this
patients an artificial pace maker can be fitted
disease is spread?
in the chest wall and connected to the heart.
Modern techniques in the
Echocardiograph
treatment of cardiac diseases
Have you heard about ultrasound
The progress in scientific knowledge and
scanning? In the same way, by using ultra
technology has produced many modern
sound an instrument can be worked and this
methods in the diagnosis and treatment of
is connected to a TV screen. By examining
heart diseases also. Let us examine some of
the picture in the screen or a print obtained
these.
from it, the doctor can locate defects in the
heart or associated blood vessels.
41
BIOLOGY
42
THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIANS IN ORGANISMS
SUMMARY
The suction force due to transpiration of respiratory gases and platelets for
and root pressure developed in the the clotting of blood.
roots help in the conduction of water Blood groups are determined on the
up wards in plants through the xylem basis of the antigens contained in
vessels.
blood.
In unicellular organism through There are two types of circulation
cyclosis, movement of materials occur seen in animals. They are open
in the cell.
vascular system and closed vascular
The medium of conduction of system.
materials in simple lower organisms The contraction of the heart muscles
is different from that is found in
and the arrangement of blood vessels
complex higher animals.
and valves causes movement of blood
Plasma, blood corpuscles and to the required places.
platelets are constituents of blood.
Changes in life habits affect the
Plasma plays an important role in the
circulatory system
conduction of materials as well as in
↓
↓ the development of resistance to Electro cardio graph, artificial pace
diseases. maker, Echocardiograph, angioplasty,
White corpuscles are important in the bypass surgery, heart transplantation
defence of the body against diseases, etc are modern developments in the
red blood corpuscles in the transport treatment of heart diseases.
↓
1 5
2
Brain Heart Lungs- Liver Intestine Kidney
3 4
8 7 6
43
BIOLOGY
What is the reason for the appearance a. What is your explanation for the
of swelling (oedema) in people who swollen veins?
work during the whole day sitting? b. The veins on the surface of the leg
What is difference between the fluid in were more swollen than the veins
the clotted blood and that in the normal in the interior. What could be the
blood through they appear to be alike? reason?
William Harvey compared the human "Lymph brings together into close
heart to a double pump. What is your relation, the cells and blood". What is
view? your reaction to this statement.
"Oxygennated blood flows through "Plants absorb large amount of water
arteries and deoxygenated blood from the soil and the water is wasted
through veins" Explain what is your through the leaves". What is your
opinion about this statement. opinion about this statement made by a
When a man who had varicose veins on student?
his leg (veins which have become large
"In a patient affected by dengue fever,
and irregular) was examined, it was
the platelet count becomes very low and
found that the valves in the veins were
consequently he loses lot of blood."
defective.
What is the reason?
44