Plagiarism Paraphrasing

defines as to steal and pass off is a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form.

Several Types of Plagiarism Direct Plagiarism/Plagiarism of Language copying for something word for word. Accidental/Unintentional Plagiarism not intended to plagiarize, but fail to cite sources or copy too much from the idea of the original sources. Collusion refers to the collaboration of others when working on assignments or projects. Self-Plagiarism re-using of your own paper or even modifying it in another course without getting prior approval of both instructors. Ethics for Clinical, Experimental, and Cultural Research Moral Principles Principle of Nonmaleficence it subscribes to the dictum of ought to act in ways that do not cause needless harm or injury to others. Principle of Beneficence researchers have the goal of working towards the subjects benefits. Principle of Utility researchers are enjoined to act in ways to bring about the greatest benefit and least. Principle of Autonomy researcher must be able to secure free, prior, and informed consent of their respondents or subject of the study. FREE, PRIOR AND INFORMED CONSENT requires the respondents/the study their consent or permission voluntarily.

Classification of Risk Physical Risk - exposure to pain, infection, and intoxication associated with the study. Psychological Risk - exposure to stress/, mental strains resulting from disruption of family or work life. Social Risk disclosure of facts, which may insult or degraded to the subject/respondents. Economic Risk - the projected income that the subjects/respondents have to forego in favor of participation in the study. Procedures in Conducting a Survey 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Determination of the total population of the group under the study Computation of Sampling Size and Stratum Size of the Population under study Selection of Questionnaire Construction of Questionnaire Validation of Questionnaire Distribution and retrieval of Questionnaire Tabulation, analysis and interpretation of responses

Sample Size representative size of the population under study. Where : n = sample size N = population size e =margin error Selecting Sampling Technique

n=

n 1 + Ne2

Non-Random Sampling Technique The most commonly used Random Sampling method is Convenience Non-Random Sampling. Techniques 1. Purposive or Criterion-based Non-Random Sampling your respondents are chosen based on their preconceived qualifications. 2. Networking or Snowballing Non-Random Sampling respondents are chosen based on their referrals forming a network. Random Sampling Techniques Techniques 1. Simple Random Sampling where each elements of the population has an equal chance of being included. 2. Stratified Random Sampling the population are divided into subpopulations and the random samples are drawn by the strata.

Questionnaire research instruments consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. It is also a series of questions asked to individual to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic

Guidelines in Constructing a Questionnaire 1. Questions are prepared responses to choose from should be neutral as to intended outcome. 2. The order or natural grouping of questions is often relevant. 3. The wording should kept simple: no technical or specialized words. 4. The meaning should be clear. 5. If the survey actually contains more than one issue, the researcher will not know which one the respondents answering. 6. The list of possible responses should be inclusive. 7. The possible responses should be mutually exclusive. 8. Writing style should be conversational, yet concise and accurate and appropriate to the target audience. 9. Remember that most p[people will not answer personal or intimate questions. Pointers in Sequencing your Questionnaire 1. Questions should flow from the more general to more specific. 2. least sensitive to more sensitive. 3. factual and behavioral questions to attitudinal and option questions. 4. unaided to aided questions. Types of Questions Contingency - answer only if the respondent gives a particular response to previous questions. Matrix - identical response categories are assigned to multiple questions. Close Ended - respondents answers only yes or no questions; Multiple Choice; Scaled Questions. Open-Ended - no options are predefined. Strategies to Increase Questionnaire Response and Retrieval Rates 1. Observe brevity 2. Give out non-monetary incentives 3. Give preliminary notifications 4. Personalize the request 5. Claim affiliation and universities, research institution or charities. 6. Convince Respondents that they can make a difference. 7. Guarantee anonymity Interview - is generally used when a research study seeks in-depth information on a technical or specialized subject. Types of Interview Standardized Interview the researcher uses an interview schedule which set of structured questions. Non-Standardized Interview researcher are allowed to develop his own sets of questions adaptive to the context of the situation. Procedures in Conducting an Interview 1. Set an appointment for interview. 2. Develop an interview instruments. 3. Secure a notepad and/or electronic gadget like a voice recorder to document the interview. 4. Dress appropriate for the Interview. 2 Types of Interview Instruments Interview Schedule the questions are read to the respondents for them to answer their responses are written and recorded by the researcher. Interview Guide it is an outline of the key words of the issues and/or concerns to be asked to the respondents. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) generally used alternative to the interview method. DESIGNING FGD GUIDELINES A) RATIONALE B) OBJECTIVES

C) MECHANICS

D) PROCESS AND GUIDE QUESTIONS

METHODS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT 1. DESCRIPTION 2. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 3. CAUSE AND EFFECT 4. NARRATION 5. PROCESS

CHAPTER 1 TITLE AND ITS BACKGROUND Writing the Introduction first few written paragraph of a research paper. Five Basic Headings of Introductions Background of the Study where you have to explain the need arising from the problem and the context from the problem has arisen. Thesis Statements / Statement of the Problem - objective of the study Significance of the Study - where you have to explain the social relevance of your study by categorically starting who will benefit from the study and how they will benefits. Definitions of Terms terms used in the study Scope and Limitations - the coverage and the limitation of the study CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Studies international, national and local studies, Related Literature - international, national and local literature. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research Method the research method used Respondents profile of the respondents and the primary source of data. Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques - computation of sample size, stratum size, if any, and the sampling technique used. Research Instruments the research tools used in the data collection. Research Procedures the data collected conducted. CHAPTER 4 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY the objectives, methodology, and findings of the study. CONCLUSION FINDINGS OR THESIS STATEMENT RESOLUTION OF THE STUDY. RECOMMENDATION -the solution and suggestion to indentified problem.