3.

1 LINEAR ANALYSIS
Linear analysis assumes that the material is perfectly elastic. Many assumptions are made in linear analyses, the two primary ones being the stress/strain relationship & the deformation behaviour. The stress is assumed to be directly proportional to strain and the structure deformations are proportional to the loads. As a result the analysis does not account for the effects of yielding and reports much higher stresses past the yield limit opposed to a non-linear study. But linear analysis assumes the material to be perfectly elastic it will "overestimate" stresses in excess of the yield point. For most analysis a linear solver is adequate. It reports identical displacements and stresses to that of a non-linear solver up to the yield limit and is much more efficient in doing so.
MODEL DISCRIPTION

A standard 20mx20m size flat slab having 9 panels of size 6mx6m is used for the analysis. The slab is supported only at the columns. The properties of concrete used are, Characteristic compressive strength = 25N/mm2 and Poissons ratio Live load on slab (As per IS: 875 part 2) Modulus of elasticity = 6.5 kN/m2 = 2.5x107 kN/m2 =0.2

a) Analysis by Direct Design Method

The design moments and their distribution as per IS 456:2000 clause 31 and 31.5 were obtained as follows.

l1 (m) 6

l2 (m) 6

Grade of steel (N/mm2) 415

Grade of concrete (N/mm2) 25

Slab thickness (m) 0.26

Drop size (m) 2

size of head (m) 1.4

column Thickness of column Drop thickness head (m) 0.3 (m) 0.13

Size of column (m) 0.5 x 0.5

Total design moment D.L (kN/m2 ) 17.25 L.L (kN/m2 ) 6.5 Total design load (kN/m2 ) 23.75 Effective span (m) 4.6 Design moment (kN-m) 376.9125

Negative and positive design moments (in kN-m) a) Interior panel Total Design moment 376.9125 Total -ve Moment Total +ve Moment 244.993125 131.919375

b) Exterior panel

Total moment 376.9125

Design Aspect ratio 1.0000 c 1.07432

In an end span the total design moment shall be distributed in the following proportion. Interior negative design moment:

0.75

= 0.69821

Positive design moment:

0.63

= 0.48498

Exterior negative design moment:

= 0.336644

Total interior-ve Moment 263.1641

Total -ve Moment 126.8853

Total Moment 182.795

+ve

Distribution of Bending Moment across the Panel Width (in kN-m) a) Interior panel Interior panel(-ve) Column Strip 183.7448 Middle Strip 61.2483 Interior panel(+ve)

Column Strip 79.1516

Middle Strip 52.7678

a) Exterior panel Exterior panel(-ve) Column Strip Interior 197.3731 exterior Middle Strip Column Strip 109.6770 Middle Strip 73.1180 Exterior panel(+ve)

126.8843 65.7910

b) Analysis by Finite Element Method using ANSYS ANSYS software offers a comprehensive product solution for structural linear or nonlinear and static or dynamics analysis. The product provides a complete set of elements behavior, material models and equation solvers for a wide range of engineering problems. In addition, ANSYS software offers thermal analysis and coupled-physics capabilities involving acoustic, piezoelectric, thermalstructural and thermoelectric analysis ANSYS Structural ANSYS Structural software addresses the unique requirements of pure structural simulations without the need for extraneous tools. The product delivers all the power of nonlinear structural capabilities as well as all linear capabilities to deliver high quality, reliable structural simulation results. Element description

3-D model of the slab For this problem we will use the 8 nodded solid brick 45 element. This element has 3 degrees of freedom, translation along the X and Y axis's, and rotation about the Z axis the element has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection and large strain capabilities. A reduced integration option with hourglass control is also available. General Post processing:

Stress in X direction (top)

Stress in X direction (bottom)

Stress in Y direction ( top)

Stress in Y direction ( bottom)

Stress at slab column junction

(-ve ) stress(kN/m2) Column strip Interior panel 1055 1055(int), 858.6470(ext) Middle strip 465.5130

(+ve ) stress (kN/m2) Column strip 713.8880 Middle strip 517.3210

Exterior panel

662.08

713.8880

713.88

(-ve ) Moment (kN-m) Column strip Interior panel Exterior panel 137.1500 137.1500(int),111.6241(ext ) Middle strip 60.51669

(+ve ) Moment (kNm) Column strip 92.8054 Middle strip 67.2517

86.0704

92.8054

92.8054

The output obtained from the static linear analysis of a flat slab using ANSYS shows that the maximum positive and negative moments are at the column strip of the slab.ie. The maximum negative moment is obtained at the face of the support and positive moment is at the top face of the slab above the supports. Also the stress diagrams show that the maximum stress or moments is at a width of one-quarter of the transverse length. We defined this part or strip of the slab having maximum stresses as a column strip. And the strip bounded on each of its opposite side by the column strip.

Generally linear analysis assumes the material to be perfectly elastic it will "overestimate" stresses in excess of the yield point. Here the linear analysis results for flat slab obtained from ANSYS are not exactly matching with the codal coefficients. The IS code methods are based on analytical studies of the distribution of moments using elastic theory and strength using yield line theory, the results of tests on model and prototype structures, and experience of slabs built. Thus a linear analysis is in sufficient to explain the actual behavior of a flat slab and hence the nonlinear analysis for the slab has to be done. 3.2RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

Moments From D.D.M Interior Panel Column Strip -ve +ve Middle Strip -ve +ve Exterior Panel Column Strip -ve(interior) -ve(exterior) +ve Middle Strip -ve +ve 65.7910 75.1180 197.3731 126.8843 109.6770 61.2483 52.7678 183.7448 79.1516

Moments From F.E.A

%Variation

137.1500 92.5054

-25.35% 14.44%

60.5167 67.2517

-1.194% 21.54%

137.1500 111.6241 92.8054

-30.51% -12.03% -15.383%

86.0704 92.8054

23.56% 19.059%

The comparison of the results obtained from direct design method and finite element linear static analysis are tabulated in table (3.2.1). The results show that there should be some variation between the moments obtained from these two methods. Thus the coefficients used in the direct design method must be for better analysis and design results. In most cases the moment values obtained from direct design method are high and thus for economical and effective analysis it must be -