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a 11 x1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1 n x n = b1
(2-1)
[A ]{x } = {b }
(2-2)
The square matrix [A] and the {x} and {b} vectors are given by,
a 11 a [A ] = 21 : a n1
a 12 a 22 : an2
a1 n a2n , : a nn
x1 x {x } = 2 , and : xn
b1 b {b } = 2 : bn
(2-3)
Note: Element located at ith row and jth column of matrix [A] is denoted by aij. For example, element at the 2nd row and 2nd column is a22.
[A ]
(m x n)
[B ]
(n x p )
[C ]
(m x p )
(2-4) (2 4)
Note: The (ij)th component of [C], i.e. cij, is obtained by taking the DOT product,
c ij = ( i th row of [ A ]) ( j th column of [ B ])
(2-5)
15 7
Example:
2 0
1 2 ( 2 x 3)
3 1
4 1 5 2 0 3 (3 x 2)
7 - 10
(2 x 2)
Then,
1 [ A ]T = 5
0 6
2 3
4 2
Note: In general, if [A] is of dimension (m x n), then [A]T has the dimension of (n x m).
([ A ][ B ][ C ]) T = [ C ] T [ B ] T [ A ] T
(2-6) (2 6)
[x ] =
x11 x 21
x12 x 22
(2-7)
2 x1 + 1 x 2 3 x 3 = 11 2 x1 1 x 2 + 1 . 5 x 3 = 4
(i) (ii) *
2 x1 + 2 x 2 1 x 3 = 6 (iii)
2 x1 + 2 x 2 1 x 3 = 6 (iii)
Back substitute value of x3 into eq.(ii)** and solve for x2, we get
x2 = 7 + 4 .5 ( 2 ) = 1 2
Back substitute value of x2 and x3 into eq.(i) and solve for x1, we get
x1 = 3
EXERCISE
Solve the following systems of linear equations by using the Gaussian elimination method.
a)
x1 + 3 x 2 2 x 3 = 2 2 x1 4 x 2 + 2 x 3 = 1 0 x1 + 4 x 2 + x 3 = 3
b) )
2 x1 + 1 x 2 3 x 3 = 11 4 x1 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 8 2 x1 + 2 x 2 2 x 3 = 6
EXERCISE
Solve the following systems of linear equations by using the Gaussian elimination method.
2 x1 + 3 x 2 x 3 + 4 x 4 = 19 x1 x 2 + 2 x 3 2 x 4 = 3 4 x1 + 2 x 2 3 x 3 x 4 = 15 3 x1 + 4 x 2 2 x 3 + x 4 = 21