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What is a mer?
The terms polymer and monomer are part of our everyday speech. Poly = many Mono = one Mer is derived from the Greek meros, meaning part. So, a monomer is a one part and a polymer is a many part.
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Polymers: Polymers: Macromolecules Macromolecules Chapter 21 Chapter 21

Hein * Best * Pattison * Arena
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There exist in nature some very large molecules (macromolecules) that contain tens of thousands of atoms.

Macromolecules
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Starch, glycogen, cellulose, proteins, silk, and DNA

Synthetic macromolecules touch every phase of our lives.

Polyethylene
Polyethylene is an example of a synthetic polymer. Ethylene, derived from petroleum, is made to react with itself to form polyethylene. ethylene unit

Polymerization
The process of forming very large, highmolar-mass molecules from smaller units is called polymerization. The large molecule, or unit, is called the polymer. The small unit is called the monomer.
Ethylene is a monomer; polyethylene is a polymer

H2C

CH2 catalyst CH2

-CH2CH2-CH2CH2-CH2CH2-CH2CH2-(CH2CH2)- n polyethylene
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Because of their large size, polymers are often called macromolecules or plastics.
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n H2C

ethylene

Classification of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic Polymers
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1. 2. 3. 4.

Rubberlike materials or elastomers (tires) Flexible films (saran wrap) Synthetic textiles and fibers (carpet) Resins (or plastics) for casting, molding, and extruding (car bumpers) 5. Coating resins for dip-, spray-, or solventdispersed applications (paints) 6. Miscellaneous (e.g. hydraulic fluids, foamed insulation, ion-exchange resins)
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Polymer Types
Addition Polymer
Produced by successive addition reactions Polyethylene is an example of an addition polymer.

Polymer Types
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Condensation Polymer
Formed when monomers combine and split out water or some other simple substance. Essentially a substitution reaction Nylon is a condensation polymer.
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Polymer Types
Thermoplastic Polymers Soften on reheating Thermosetting Polymer Set to an infusible solid and do not soften on reheating

Addition Polymerization
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Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization starts with monomers that contain C=C bonds. When these bonds react, each alkene carbon bonds to another monomer.
H2C CH2 + H2C CH2 C C C C

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How does the reaction work?

Free radicals catalyze or initiate many addition polymerizations. Organic peroxides (ROOR) are frequently used for this purpose. The reaction proceeds in three steps:
Free-radical formation Propagation of polymeric chain Termination
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Step 2: Propagation of polymeric chain Step 1: Free-radical Formation The peroxide splits into free radicals: RO:OR 2 RO.
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The initial free radical adds to ethylene to form a new free radical. The chain continues to elongate (polymerize) as long as free radicals continue to add to ethylene:
RO. + CH2=CH2 ROCH2CH2. ROCH2CH2. + CH2=CH2 ROCH2CH2CH2CH2. ROCH2CH2CH2CH2. + CH2=CH2 RO(CH2CH2)n.
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Step 3: Termination
Polymerization stops when the free radicals are used up. This occurs when free radicals combine to form a stable compound:
RO. + RO(CH2CH2)n. RO(CH2CH2)nOR RO(CH2CH2)n. + RO(CH2CH2)n. RO(CH2CH2)n (CH2CH2)nOR
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Addition Polymers: Use and Reuse (Recycling)

Recycling
Unfortunately, the C-C bonds of common addition polymers, like polyethylene, are different from those of most natural polymers and cannot be metabolized by many microorganisms. Recycling seems to be the best solution to the problem of disposing of these longlived addition polymers.
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Butadiene Polymers

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Butadiene Polymers
Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene (2methyl-1,3-butadiene).
CH3 CH3 H C CH2

Copolymers
A copolymer contains two different kinds of monomer units.
H2C H C H C H2 C H2 C H C H2C H C H C H2 C

n H2C

isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)

n rubber polymer chain (polyisoprene)

H C H C H2 C

H2C

H C

H2 C

butadiene unit

n H2C

H C

H C

CH2

H2C

styrene unit

segment of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)

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1,3-butadiene

butadiene polymer 23 chain

Vulcanized Rubber
Vulcanization extends the useful temperature range of rubber products and imparts greater abrasion resistance to them. The vulcanization process is usually accomplished by heating raw rubber with sulfur and any other auxiliary agents. CH3 CH3
H2C C H C CH S S CH H C C H C H C S S C CH CH3 H C C CH3
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Geometric Isomerism in Polymers

Geometric Isomerism in Polymers

The recurring double bonds in isoprene and butadiene polymers make it possible to have polymers with specific spatial orientation as a result of cistrans isomerism.

Geometric Isomerism in Polymers

Natural rubber is cis-polyisoprene with allcis configuration about the carbon-carbon double bonds. Gutta-perch, also obtained from plants, is a trans-polyisoprene with an all-trans configuration.

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Geometric Isomerism in Polymers

all-cis configuration of natural rubber

Do practice 21. 1 and 2

all-trans configuration of gutta-percha

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