MOTIVATION THEORIES

Content Theories Process Theories New Approaches to Motivation

Maslows Theory

Herzbergs Theory

Vrooms Theory

Handys
Theory

Maccobys Theory

Costa & McCraes Five Factor Theory

CONTENT THEORIES
Explain

those specific things that actually motivate the individual at work Identify peoples needs and their relative strengths The goals they pursue in order to satisfy these needs Emphasize on the nature of needs and what motivates

CONTENT THEORIES

MASLOW NEED HIERARCHY THEORY

If you deliberately plan on being less than you are capable of being, then I warn you that you ll be unhappy you for the rest of your life. life. -Abraham Maslow (1908 1970)

HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR THEORY

Companies needed not only to achieve acceptable hygiene levels but also to institute practices that made people happy. - Frederick I. Herzberg (1923 2000)

PROCESS THEORIES
Explain and describe how people start, sustain and direct behavior aimed at the satisfaction of needs or reduction of inner tension People select and carry out their goals by a conscious or unconscious process of calculation

VROOMS THEORY

Vroom's expectancy theory is based on the belief that employee effort w ill lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will b e highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the emp loyee will be motivated. Introduced three concepts Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the ex pected outcome of a situation. Expectancy is the belief that output from the individual and the success of the situation are linked, e.g. if I work harder then this will be be tter. Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to the expected outcome of the situation, e.g. it's gone really well, s o I'd expect praise

H A N D Y S M OT I V A T I O N CA L CU L U S

Charles Handy's Motivation Calculus is an extension of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It addresses cognitive and external reference points that the or iginal Hierarchy of Needs five-level model of does not. Handy's Motivation Calculus attempts to cater for complexities and variations in people's situations beyond the reach of the origin al Hierarchy of Needs model. Motivation Calculus Needs - maslow factors, personality characteristics, current work environment, outside pressures and influences. Results - we must be able to measure the effect of what our additional efforts, resulting from motivation, will produce. Effectiveness - we decide whether the results we have achieved meet the needs that we feel.