Investigate Circuit Theory

Electrical and Electronic Principles

By Brendan Burr

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................2
TASK 1..............................................................................6
1.1 Transform the following star networks to their
corresponding delta networks:...........................................6
Solution:-.........................................................................................6
Check:-............................................................................................7
1.2. Transform the following delta networks to their
corresponding star networks:............................................8
Solution:-.........................................................................................8
Check:-............................................................................................9
1.3 An AC source of 50 0 V and internal resistance 10 k
is matched to a load by a 10:1 ideal transformer. Determine
for maximum power transfer :-.........................................10
(a) The value of the load resistance...............................10
Solution:-.......................................................................................10
.....................................................................................10
(b) The power dissipated in the load................................11
Solution:-.......................................................................................11
.....................................................................................11
(c) Draw a circuit diagram................................................12
Solution:-.......................................................................................12
Solution:-.......................................................................................13
1.5 For the following network obtain the Norton equivalent
circuit at terminals AB. Hence determine the power
dissipated in a 10 resistor connected between A and B...15
Solution:-.......................................................................................15
For the following network determine :-.............................19
(a) The values of R and X for maximum power transfer
across terminals AB.........................................................19
Solution:-.......................................................................................19
.....................................................................................20
(b) The value of the maximum power...............................21
Solution:-.......................................................................................21
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TASK 2............................................................................ 22
2.1. For the a.c network below draw a well labelled diagram
and hence determine using Mesh current analysis :-..........22
The mesh currents and....................................................22
Solution:-.......................................................................................22
(b) The current flowing in the capacitor...........................23
Solution:-.......................................................................................23
2.2 Use Nodal analysis or the Super Position Theorem to
determine the currents Ia, Ib and Ic in the following
network :........................................................................24
Solution:-.......................................................................................24
TASK 3............................................................................ 29
3.1 A coil L1 produces a magnetic flux of 60 mWb. If a
second coil L2 is wound over the first coil and 18 mWb of
flux is linked to this coil determine the coefficient of
coupling.......................................................................... 29
Solution:-.......................................................................................29
3.2. An emf of 20 mV is induced in a coil when the current in
a second coil is changed at a rate of 1.5 A/s. Determine the
mutual inductance that exists between the two coils.........29
Solution:-.......................................................................................29
3.3. Two coils have a mutual inductance of 40 mH.
Determine the e.m.f induced in one coil when the current in
the other coil is increased at a uniform rate from 100 mA to
600 mA in 500 s.............................................................30
Solution:-.......................................................................................30
3.4 Two coils have self inductances of 60 mH and 100 mH. If
the two coils exhibit a mutual inductance of 20 mH
determine the coefficient of coupling...............................30
Solution:-.......................................................................................30
3.5. An ideal transformer has 900 primary turns and 225
secondary turns. If the primary winding is connected to 220
V ac supply and the secondary is connected to an 11
resistive load :................................................................31
(a) Draw a circuit diagram................................................31
Solution:-.......................................................................................31
(b) Calculate the secondary voltage..................................31
Solution:-.......................................................................................31
(c) Calculate the secondary current..................................32
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Solution:-.......................................................................................32
(d) The supply power.......................................................32
Solution:-.......................................................................................32
Check:-..........................................................................................32
TASK 4............................................................................ 33
4.1 An R-L-C series circuit has a maximum current of 2 mA
flowing in it when the frequency of the 115 Volt supply is 4
kHz. Under these conditions the Q factor of the circuit is 90.
......................................................................................33
(a) Draw a well labelled diagram.....................................33
Solution:-.......................................................................................33
(b) Find the voltage across the capacitor.........................33
Solution:-.......................................................................................33
(c) Find the value of the resistance..................................33
Solution:-.......................................................................................33
(d) Find the value of the inductance.................................34
Solution:-.......................................................................................34
(e) Find the value of the capacitance................................34
Solution:-.......................................................................................34
4.2 A 10 F capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil of
inductance 10mH. The coil has a small resistance of 1 .
The circuit is connected across a 100V variable frequency
supply. ........................................................................... 35
(a) Draw a well labelled diagram.....................................35
Solution:-.......................................................................................35
(b) Determine the dynamic resistance of the circuit..........35
Solution:-.......................................................................................35
.....................................................................................35
(c) Determine the Q factor of the circuit. ..........................36
Solution:-.......................................................................................36
EVALUATION...................................................................37
CONCLUSION...................................................................37
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................38
Books.............................................................................38
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Investigate Circuit Theory

Catalogues......................................................................38
Websites......................................................................... 38

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

Task 1
1.1

Transform the following star networks to their corresponding delta

networks:

Solution:ZA =

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z2

ZB =

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z3

ZA =

1 1 +1 1 +1 1
1

ZB =

1 1 +1 1 +1 1
1

ZA =

3
1

ZB =

3
1

Ohms

Z A =3

ZC =

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z1

ZC =

1 1 +1 1 +1 1
1

ZC =

3
1

Z C =3

Z B =3

Ohms

Ohms

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Check:Z1 =

Z A ZB
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z2 =

Z B ZC
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z1 =

3 3
3 +3 +3

Z2 =

33
3+3+3

Z1 =

9
9

Z2 =

9
9

Ohms

Z 1 =1

Z3 =

Z A ZC
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z3 =

3 3
3 +3 +3

Z3 =

9
9

Z 3 =1

Z 2 =1

Ohms

Ohms

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

1.2.

Transform the following delta networks to their corresponding star

networks:

Solution:Z1 =

Z A ZB
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z2 =

Z B ZC
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z1 =

1 1
1 +1 +1

Z2 =

1 1
1 +1 +1

Z1 =

1
3

Z2 =

1
3

Z1 =333

milli-Ohms

Z3 =

Z A ZC
Z A + Z B + ZC

Z3 =

1 1
1 +1 +1

Z3 =

1
3

Z3 =
333

Z 2 =333

milli-Ohms

milli-Ohms

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

Check:ZA =

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z2

ZB =

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
ZA = 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3
Z A =1

ZC =

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
ZB = 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3

Ohms

Z B =1

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z1

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ +
ZC = 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3
Z C =1

Z1 Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z1 Z 3
Z3

Ohms

Ohms

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

1.3

An AC source of 50 0 V and internal resistance 10 k is matched

to a load by a 10:1 ideal transformer. Determine for maximum power
transfer :(a)

The value of the load resistance.

Solution:By maximum power transfer theorem:

rIN = rS
10 ,000 =10 ,000
2

N1
rIN =
N
RL
2
10 10 3 = 10 2 RL
10 4 = 10 2 RL
RL =

10 4
10 2

RL = 10 2
RL =
100

Ohms

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(b)

The power dissipated in the load.

Solution:rT = rS + rIN
rT =10 ,000 +10 ,000
rT = 20 ,000

Therefore the Primary Current is:

I1 =

E
rT

I1 =

50 0O
20 ,000 0O

I1 = 2.5 10 3 0O

Therefore the Secondary Current is:

N1
I2 =
N
2

I1

I 2 =10 2.5 10 3

I 2 = 25 mA

So Power delivered to the Load is given by:

PL = I L ( RMS )

RL

PL = ( 25 10 3 ) 100
2

PL =
6
2 .5m
W

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(c)

Draw a circuit diagram

Solution:-

What the Source sees:

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Investigate Circuit Theory

1.4
Use Thevenins Theorem to determine the power dissipated in the 50
resistor of the network shown below:-

Solution:(i) First disconnect the load and calculate the voltage at V AB .

500
V AB = 50 0 O
500 j 400

V AB =

25 ,000 0 O
640 .31 38 .66 O

V AB =39 .04 38 .66 O

V AB = E

(ii)

Find Z looking into AB (Load still disconnected).

Z IN =

j 400 500
500 j 400

Z IN =

j 200 ,000
500 j 400

Z IN =

200 ,000 90 O
640 .31 38 .66 O

Z IN =312 .35 51 .34

OR
Z IN =195 .124 j 234 .9

Thevenins Equivalent circuit is now:

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Using Ohms Law:

i=

39 .04 38 .66 O
195 .124 j 243 .9 +50 + j100

i=

39 .04 38 .66 O
245 .124 j143 .9

i=

39 .04 38 .66 O
284 .241 30 .415

i =
1
3
7

.3
5
6
9 .0
7
5

mA

So Power (P) dissipated in the Load is given by:

P =i 2 R

P = 137 .35 10 3
P =
9
4
3

.3
2

50

m
W

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Investigate Circuit Theory

1.5

For the following network obtain the Norton equivalent circuit at

terminals AB. Hence determine the power dissipated in a 10
resistor connected between A and B.

Solution:-

(i) Find the current I SC across AB.

ZT = Z1 +

ZT = 2 +

ZT = 2 +

ZT = 2 +

ZT = 2 +

ZT = 2 +

ZT = 2 +

Z 2 Z3
Z 2 + Z3

( 4 + j 2) ( j 2)
( 4 + j 2) + ( j 2)
( 4 + j 2) ( j 2)
4
4 ( j 2) + ( j 2) ( j 2)
4

( ( j8) + 4( j j ) )
4

( ( j8) + ( 4 1) )
4

( 4 j8)
4

ZT = 2 + 1 j 2
ZT = 3 j 2
ZT =
3.6
0
6

3
3 .6
9

Therefore Total Circuit Current is given by:

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Investigate Circuit Theory
IT =

E
ZT

IT =

10 0O
3.606 33 .69 O

IT =
2 .7
7
3

3
3 .6
9

Amps

However:
Z2
I SC =
Z +Z
3
2

I T

4 + j2
O
I SC =
4 + j2 j2
2.773 33 .69

I SC = (1 + j 0.5) 2.773 33 .69 O

I SC =1.118 26 .565 O 2.773 33 .69 O
I SC

=
3.1
6
0 .2
5
5

Amps

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(ii) Remove the Short Circuit. Look into AB and find Z IN .

Z IN = Z 3 +

Z1 Z 2
Z1 + Z 2

Z IN = j 2 +

2 ( 4 + j 2 )
2 + ( 4 + j 2)

Z IN = j 2 +

(8 + j 4 )
( 6 + j 2)

Z IN = j 2 +

8.9443 26 .565 O
6.32456 18 .435 O

Z IN = j 2 +1.414 8.13 O
Z IN = j 2 + (1.4 + j 0.2 )
Z IN

=
1.4
j1.8

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Nortons Equivalent Circuit:

Z IN
IL =
Z +Z
L
IN

I SC

IL =

1.4 j1.8
3.160 .225 O
1.4 j1.8 +10

IL =

1.4 j1.8
3.160 .225 O
11 .4 j1.8

IL =

2.28 52 .125 O
3.160 .225 O
11 .54 8.973 O

IL =

2.28 3.1
52 .125 O + 60 .225 O 8.973 O
11 .54

IL =
0.6
1
2
5

1
7 .0
7
3

Therefore, Power in RL is given by:

PRL = ( I L ) RL
2

PRL = ( 0.6125 ) 10
2

PRL

=
3 .7
5
2

Watts

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Investigate Circuit Theory

For the following network determine :-

(a)

The values of R and X for maximum power transfer across

terminals AB.

Solution:(a) Find Thevenins Equivalent Circuit for AB:

Z2
VAB =
Z +Z
2
1

10 + j10

O
VAB =
10 + (10 + j10 )
100 30

VAB =

14 .142 45 O
100 30 O
22 .36 26 .565 O

VAB =

14 .142 100
45 O + 30 O 22 .36 O
22 .36

VAB

=
6
3 .2
5
5
2 .6
4

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Z IN =

10 (10 + j10 )
10 +10 + j10

Z IN =

10 14 .1421 45 O
22 .36 26 .565 O

Z IN

=
6.3
2
5

1
8 .4
3
5

Thevenins equivalent circuit is as follows:

Therefore:
Z S = r + jx
ZS = 6 + j2
R =6
X =2

Ohms

So:
ZL =
6 j 2

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(b)

The value of the maximum power.

Solution:IL =

E
ZT

ZT = Z S + Z L
ZT = 6 + j 2 + 6 j 2
ZT =12
IL =

63 .25
12

PMAX = ( I L ) R
2

63 .25
PMAX =
6
12
PM
A
X

=
1
6
6

.7

Watts

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Task 2
2.1. For the a.c network below draw a well labelled diagram and hence
determine using Mesh current analysis :-

The mesh currents I 1 and I 2 .

Solution:Loop 1:
0 = 100 0O + ( I 2 j 4 ) I1 ( j 4 + 5) Equation _ 1
Loop 2:

( I1 j 4 ) = ( I 2 2) + ( I 2 j3) ( I 2 j 4 )
( I1 j 4 ) = I 2 ( 4 j1) Equation _ 2

So:
4 j1
I1 = I 2
j4

4
j1
I1 = I 2
j4 j4

I1 = I 2 ( j1 + 0.25 )
I1 =
I 2 (0.2
5 +
j1)

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Investigate Circuit Theory

We can now drop the equation for I1 into Equation 1, as follows:

100 0O = I 2 ( 0.25 + j1)( 5 j 4 ) = I 2 ( j 4 )

((

)(

100 0O = I 2 1.031 75 .964 O 6.403 38 .66 O + j 4

100 0O = I 2 6.6015 37 .305 O + j 4

100 0O = I 2 ( 5.251 + j 4 + j 4 )
100 0O = I 2 ( 5.251 + j8)
100 0O = I 2 9.57 56 .72 O
I2 =

100 0O
9.57 56 .72 O

I2 =
1
0 .4
5

5
6 .7
2

Amps

) (

I1 = 10 .45 56 .72 O ( 0.25 + j1)

I1 = 10 .45 56 .72 O 1.031 75 .964 O
I1 =
1
0 .7
7
4

(b)

1
9 .2
4
4

Amps

The current flowing in the capacitor.

Solution:Convert to Rectangular:
I1 =10 .172 + 3.55
I 2 = 5,734 8.74

Current in the Capacitor:

I C = I1 I 2

I C = (10 .172 5.734 ) + 3.55 8.74

I C = 4.438 + j12 .29

Amps

OR
I C =13 .067 70 .145

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Investigate Circuit Theory

2.2

Use Nodal analysis or the Super Position Theorem to determine the

currents Ia, Ib and Ic in the following network :

Solution:Redraw the circuit with one EMF:

R R3

RT = R1 + 2
R2 + R3
10 8
RT = 5 +

10 + 8
RT =

85
9

Ohms

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Ohms Law then states that:

I1 =

E1
RT

I1 =

10 0O
85
9

I1 =

90
85

I1 =

18
17

Amps

Using the Current Division Laws leaves:

R3
I2 =
R +R
I1
3
2
8 18
I2 =

10 + 8 17
I2 =

8 18

0O
18 17

I2 =

8
0O
17

Amps

R2
I3 =
R +R
I1
3
2
10 18
I3 =

10 + 8 17
I3 =

10 18
0O
18 17

I3 =

10
0O
17

Amps

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Produce a second circuit with the other EMF:

R R2

RT = R3 + 1
R1 + R2
5 10
RT = 8 +

5 +10
RT =

I4 =

34
3

Ohms

E2
RT

10 90 O
I4 =
34
3

I4 =

10

I4 = j

34
15
17

3
Amps

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Investigate Circuit Theory
R2
I5 =
R +R
1
2

I4

15
10
I5 =
j
17
5 +10
15 10

17 15

I5 = j

I5 = j

10
17

Amps

I 6 = I 4 I5
I6 = j

I6 = j

15
10
j
17
17

5
17

Amps

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Redrawing the original circuit gives:

So:
I a = I1 I 5
Ia =

18
10
j
17
17

Ia =
1.2

2
9 .0
5

Amps

Ib = I3 I 4
Ib =

10
15
j
17
17

Ib =
1.0
6

5
6 .3
1

Amps

Ic = I2 + I6
Ic =

8
5
j
17
17

Ic =
0.5
5
5

3
2

Amps

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Task 3
3.1

A coil L1 produces a magnetic flux of 60 mWb. If a second coil L2 is

wound over the first coil and 18 mWb of flux is linked to this coil
determine the coefficient of coupling.

Solution:Coefficient _ Of _ Coupling=

L2
100
L1

Coefficient _ Of _ Coupling=

18 10 3
100
60 10 3

Coefficien

t _ Of _ Coupling

= 30 %

3.2. An emf of 20 mV is induced in a coil when the current in a second coil

is changed at a rate of 1.5 A/s. Determine the mutual inductance that
exists between the two coils.
Solution:2 = M

di
dt

20 10 3 = M

1.5
1

=
1
3 .3
3 m
H

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Investigate Circuit Theory

3.3. Two coils have a mutual inductance of 40 mH. Determine the e.m.f
induced in one coil when the current in the other coil is increased at a
uniform rate from 100 mA to 600 mA in 500 s.
Solution:2 = M

di
dt

) (

di
600 10 3 100 10 3
=
dt
500 10 6
E2 =

(40 10 ) (500 10 )

E2 =40

3.4

500 10 6

Volts (Back EMF)

Two coils have self inductances of 60 mH and 100 mH. If the two coils
exhibit a mutual inductance of 20 mH determine the coefficient of
coupling.

Solution:-

M =k

L1 L2

20 10 3 = k

k =

k =

(60 10 ) (100 10 )
3

20 10 3

(60 10 ) (100 10 )
3

15
15

k = 0.2581988897
k =
0 .2
5
8

(No Units)

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Investigate Circuit Theory

3.5. An ideal transformer has 900 primary turns and 225 secondary
turns. If the primary winding is connected to 220 V ac supply and the
secondary is connected to an 11 resistive load :
(a)

Draw a circuit diagram.

Solution:-

(b)

Calculate the secondary voltage

Solution:220
900
=
V2
225
220
=4
V2
220
= V2
4
V2 =55

Volts

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(c)

Calculate the secondary current

Solution:V2 = i2 RL
55 = i2 11
55
= i2
11

Amps

i2 = 5

(d)

The supply power.

Solution:i2
= i1
N
i1 =

5
4

i1 =
1 .2
5

Amps

Therefore Power in is given by:

PIN =V i1
PIN = 220 1.25
PIN

=
2
7
5

Watts

Check:POUT =V2 i2
POUT = 55 5
PO
U
T

=
2
7
5

Watts

32

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Task 4
4.1

An R-L-C series circuit has a maximum current of 2 mA flowing in it

when the frequency of the 115 Volt supply is 4 kHz. Under these
conditions the Q factor of the circuit is 90.
(a)

Draw a well labelled diagram.

Solution:-

(b)

Find the voltage across the capacitor.

Solution:VC =QR V
VC =90 115
VC =10 ,350
VC

(c)

=
1
0 .3
5

Kilo-Volts

Find the value of the resistance.

Solution:V = i R

115 = 2 10 3 R
R = 57 ,500
R =
5
7 .5

Kilo-Ohms

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(d)

Find the value of the inductance.

Solution:Qr =

r L
R

L=

Qr R
2 f r

L=

90 57 .5 10 3
2 4 10 3

L = 205 .9067076
L =
2
0
5

(e)

.9

Find the value of the capacitance.

Solution:Qr =

C=

C=

1
C R

1
O Qr R

(2(4 10 ))
3

C = 7.688644594
C =
7.7

1
90 57 .5 10 3

10 12

pF

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Investigate Circuit Theory

4.2

A 10 F capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil of inductance

10mH. The coil has a small resistance of 1 . The circuit is connected
across a 100V variable frequency supply.
(a)

Draw a well labelled diagram.

Solution:-

(b)

Determine the dynamic resistance of the circuit.

Solution:RD =

L
CR

RD =

10 10 3
10 10 6 1

RD =
1,0
0
0

Ohms

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Investigate Circuit Theory

(c)

Determine the Q factor of the circuit.

Solution:Q=

2 f r L
R

fr =

1
2

fr =

1
2

fr

Q=

=
5
0
3

1
R2
2
LC
L
1
12

10 10 6
10 10 3

(10 10 ) (
3

.0
4
0
4
1
2

) (

Hz

2 ( 503 .040412
1

) (10 10 3 )

Q = 31 .60696126
Q =
3
1 .6

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Investigate Circuit Theory

Evaluation
I began this assignment with the knowledge that it was going to take a long
time, due to the fact that the theory took a long time to go through in class. I
had other assignments to work on at the time so focused on these, but as
soon as I was available to do so I started working my way through the tasks in
this assignment.
I found Tasks 1.1 and 1.2 relatively simple, all that had to be done was an
input of resistor values into a formula. I then checked it by reversing then
using the formula to change from star networks to delta and vice versa.
Task 1.3 was slightly more difficult as I needed to use addition and subtraction
of indices to get the value of RL. I could then use this value to work out the
Power in the Load which was the solution to section (b).
Until we received the theory work for Task 1.4, the question looked very
difficult. However when you start manipulating the circuit using Thevenins
Theorem, I began to realise that all I had to do was work on small sections at
a time, and eventually piece it all together to get the power dissipated in the
50 ohm resistor.
Nortons equivalent circuit was a little bit more difficult as it involved similar
principles as Thevenins Theorem, however I also had to produce an
alternative / equivalent circuit for the original circuit.
For 1.6 I used Thevenins Theorem to work out the equivalent circuit and
could then determine the Load, which could then be split to determine the
values of the capacitor and resistor. Using this value of R, I could then
determine the maximum power.
I found Task 2 relatively difficult due to having to work out the two equations,
solve one of them and then drop all of the information back into the first
equation. There was easily room for error, but fortunately I think I have
managed to avoid it.
Tasks 3 and 4 took barely any time at all, compared to Tasks 1 and 2. I found
these much easier and didnt encounter any difficulty with working them out.

Conclusion
Overall I am glad this assignment is out of the way, but also enjoyed working
out the tasks.
I found that the majority of the time I spent on this assignment was spent on
typing it up. This was because it was almost entirely typed in Equation Editor
which is slow to use when typing formula. This led me to learn the hot keys
such as Ctrl + F to make a fraction and Ctrl + R to produce a root sign,
which enabled me to type slightly quicker.
I also spent a lot of time on the Images in Microsoft Paint. I have found it to
be a very handy drawing software as it is simple to use and gives the desired
affect quite easily.
It took me around one and a half days to work out all of the tasks but a further
two days to put the workings into a presentable format.
I am pleased that my commitment to the course can be seen through the
effort I put into my work.

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Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Investigate Circuit Theory

Bibliography
Through guidance from my lecturer, the following text books, catalogues and
websites I was able to complete this assignment:
Books
BTEC National Engineering (Mike Tooley & Lloyd Dingle)
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8521-4
Success in Electronics (Tom Duncan & John Murray)
ISBN: 0-7195-4015-1
Higher Engineering Mathematics (John Bird)
ISBN: 0-7506-8152-7
Catalogues
N/A
Websites
N/A

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