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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................2
TASK 1..............................................................................5
1.1 Calculate the r.m.s value of a voltage waveform given by
:-...................................................................................... 5
volts................................................................................5
Solution:-.........................................................................................5
1.2 A complex voltage waveform has an r.m.s value of 220 V
and it contains 25% third harmonic and 15% fifth harmonic.
Determine ........................................................................6
(a) The r.m.s value of the fundamental and each harmonic.. 6
Solution:-.........................................................................................6
......................................................................................6
(b) The maximum value of the fundamental and each
harmonic..........................................................................7
Solution:-.........................................................................................7
(c) The frequency of the harmonics if the frequency of the
fundamental is 60 Hz.........................................................7
Solution:-.........................................................................................7
(d) The equation of the voltage waveform..........................7
Solution:-.........................................................................................7
1.3 Determine the average power in a 50 resistor if the
current i flowing through it is represented by :-..................8
mA...................................................................................8
Solution:-.........................................................................................8
1.4 A voltage waveform v, represented by :- ......................9
volts................................................................................9
is applied to a circuit and the resulting current i is given
by :-.................................................................................9
amps...............................................................................9
Determine :- .....................................................................9
(a) The total active power in Watts supplied to the circuit. . .9
Solution:-.........................................................................................9
2
Solution:-.......................................................................................19
(i) Justify the results are valid..........................................19
Solution:-.......................................................................................19
(j) Explain why a numerical method of harmonic analysis is
required.......................................................................... 19
Solution:-.......................................................................................19
EVALUATION...................................................................20
CONCLUSION...................................................................20
Books.............................................................................21
Catalogues......................................................................21
Websites......................................................................... 21
TASK 1
1.1
Solution:2
2
2
2 V1m +V2 m +V4 m
VRMS = VO
240 2 + 50 2 + 20 2
VRMS = 80 2 +
=
1
9
1
.4
4 V
o
lts
volts
1.2
(a)
Solution:VO = 0
2
VRMS =
220 =
220 2 =
V1m =
2 220 2
1 + 0.25 2 + 0.15 2
298 .6914627
2
74 .67286566
V3 mRMS =
2
44 .8037194
V5 m RMS =
2
V1mRMS =
Volts
V5 m RMS = 31 .68101381
(b)
(c)
Volts
Solution:f 0 = 60 Hz
f 3 = 180 Hz
f 5 = 30 Hz
(d)
.7
S
i
n
(
1
2
0
)
t
+
7
4 .7
S
i
n
(
3
6
0
)
t
+
4
4 .8
S
i
n
(
6
0
0
)
t
1.3
Solution:2
P0 = i0 RMS R
2
P3 = i3 RMS R
2
P5 = i5 RMS R
2
140 10 3
P0 =
50
2
P0 = 490 mW
2
40 10 3
P3 =
50
2
P3 = 40 mW
2
20 10 3
P5 =
50
2
P5 = 10 mW
PTOTAL = P0 + P3 + P5
PTOTAL = 490 mW + 40 mW +10 mW
PTO
T
A
L
=
5
4
0
m
W
1.4
volts
Determine :(a)
Solution:-
amps
i1 = 5SIN t +
3
Power , P1 = v1 i1 COS ( )
v1m
2
i1m
=
2
v1RMS =
i1RMS
P1 =
v1m
i
1m COS ( )
2
2
P1 =
100
5
COS
2
2
3
P1 = 250 COS
3
v3 = 22 SIN 3t
6
i3 = 1.91SIN ( 3t )
Power , P3 = v3 i3 COS ( )
v3m
2
i3m
=
2
v3RMS =
i3RMS
P3 =
v3m i3m
COS ( )
2
2
P3 =
22 1.91
COS
2
2
6
P3 = 21 .01 COS
6
P
1
2
5
1 =
P3 =
1
8 .1
9
5
1
9
3
7
3
W
a
tts
10
W
a
tts
v5 = 8SIN 5t
4
v5RMS =
i5RMS
P5 =
P5 =
v5 m i5 m
COS ( )
2
2
8
0.76
COS ( 0.3333981634
2
2
W
a
tts
PTOTAL = P1 + P3 + P5
PTOTAL =125 +18 .19519373
+ 2.872604626
=
1
4
6
.0
7 W
a
tts
11
(b)
Solution:Power
_ Factor
Total _ Power
Voltage Current
vRMS =
vRMS =
100 2 + 22 2 + 82
2
vR
M
S
=
7
2 .6
2
2
3
1
0
6
2
iRMS =
i1m + i3m + i5 m
2
iRMS =
52 +1.912 + 0.76 2
2
iR
M
S
=
3.8
2
2
6
7
5
7
6
4
Power _ Factor =
Total _ Power
Voltage Current
Power _ Factor =
146 .0677984
72 .62231062 3.822675764
= COS 1 ( 0.5261589315
=
1.0
1
6
7
1
8
9
5
8
R
A
D
S
12
TASK 2
2.1
8
1
1
1
3
5
7
Use values of x from 0 to 360 degs in steps of 10 degs for each cycle.
Note that the value of x in above Fourier Series is represented in radians.
Solution:-
Task 2.1
2.5
2
1.5
1
Volts
0.5
0
-0.5
100
200
300
400
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Degrees
13
500
600
700
2.2
Using Excel Spreadsheet copy the above tabulated data into the
appropriate cells.
Solution:-
Volts
Task 2.2b
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20 30
-40
-60
-80
80
130
180
230
Degrees
14
280
330
(c)
Solution:-
15
(d)
Using the Tabulated data find all of the Fourier coefficients correct
to 2 decimal places using the appropriate formulae.
Solution:-
1
212
12
a0 =17 .67
a0 =
2
418
12
a1 = 69 .66
a1 =
2
39
12
a2 = 6.50
a2 =
2
49
12
a3 = 8.17
a3 =
2
279
12
b1 = 46 .42
b1 =
2
29 .5
12
b2 = 4.91
b2 =
2
55
12
b3 = 9.17
b3 =
a0 = 17 .67
a1 = 69 .66
a2 = 6.50
a3 = 8.17
b1 = 46 .42
b2 = 4.91
b3 = 9.17
16
(e)
a0 = 17 .67
a1 = 69 .66
a2 = 6.50
a3 = 8.17
b1 = 46 .42
b2 = 4.91
b3 = 9.17
(f)
Solution:-
Task 2.2f
120
100
80
Volts
60
40
20
0
-20 30
80
130
180
230
-40
-60
-80
Degrees
17
280
330
(g)
Compare the graph obtained in 2.2 (b) with the graph obtained in 2.2
(f):
Solution:With
Equation
x
v
30
65
60
28
90
-31
120
-67
150
-64
180
-50
210
-28
240
22
270
80
300
100
330
85
360
73
Without
Equation
x
v
30
62
60
35
90
-38
120
-64
150
-63
180
-52
210
-28
240
24
270
80
300
96
330
90
360
70
18
(h)
Solution:The differences in the results have partly derived from the fact that
there was a limitation on the number of decimal places allowed. All of
the coefficients that I calculated had many more numbers that had to
be cut off and rounded, which begins to make other calculations
inaccurate.
Another reason is that the formula for calculating the Fourier
Coefficients is only an approximate method. Because of this the
values are very unlikely to be exactly correct, causing deviances in the
answers for the coefficients and then anomalies in the form of the
graph.
(i)
Solution:The Voltage values that have been calculated from the equation follow
a very similar trend as to what is expected. This suggests to me that
the values are approximately correct, but slightly out.
(j)
Solution:In the real world waveforms are produced by an electronic circuit and
through measuring equipment such as oscilloscopes you can read
them, but the equation is often not provided. Harmonic analysis can be
used to provide an equation through careful derivation of points on the
waveform, which is often shown as volts/time. Using this information
can enable you to calculate coefficients and then the overall equation
of the voltage, so at any point in time the voltage can be determined.
This can be useful for predicting what the voltage might be at a certain
time in a circuit, when an irregular waveform is present, which may
help when fault finding.
19
Evaluation
For Task 1.1 I had to calculate the RMS voltage from a complex waveform
equation. This was relatively easy once the formula was given to us. It was
simply a case of knowing what information had to be extracted from the
equation to be able to successfully calculate the RMS value.
Task 1.2 presented a problem which was the reverse of being supplied with
an equation, instead we had to make the equation from the information given.
Again I found this straight forward after receiving the formulas and an
example to understand what information needed to be placed where.
For Task 1.3, I had to work out the average power when the current (given in
the equation) flowed through a 50 ohm resistor. The general calculation for
the power when I know the current and resistance isnt a problem when the
current is static, i.e DC, however the thought of the current equation made the
question seem difficult. After going through an example everything became
clear and it was very obvious what the process was to successfully calculate
the power. So after thinking it was going to be difficult, I actually managed to
work out the answer fairly easily.
1.4 seemed at first to be difficult, because it is difficult to comprehend the
waveform from the equation without plotting it on Graphmatica or MS Excel. I
soon realised that it was just another number crunching Task, which involved
knowing where to enter the relevant data.
Task 2 moved onto the subject of Harmonic Analysis, which required the
information to be plotted using MS Excel. We usually take a short cut and
enter the equations into Graphmatica as this saves a lot of time and can be
written like the equation, rather than in MS Excel where the equation has to
be entered in a form that the software recognises.
The bulk of the time was taken up by entering formula in the correct way into
multiple cells to determine the coefficients and the values for the voltage. My
results came out as expected, and there was only a slight deviation to the
exact voltage values, reasons of which I have explained above.
Conclusion
To conclude, I enjoyed completing this assignment. It has broadened my
understanding of the methods of splitting a waveform into segments to create
a formula which can enable you to make an equation for the waveform. This
new knowledge can also fit into the work at I do onsite as AgustaWestlands. I
am please, again, with my presentation of the assignment and the accuracy of
my work, these two attributes example the large amounts of time I put into
these assignments and the results I am fortunate to get back from them.
20
Bibliography
Through guidance from my lecturer, the following text books, catalogues and
websites I was able to complete this assignment:
Books
N/A
Catalogues
N/A
Websites
N/A
21