BTEC HNC - Science - Investigate Information and Energy Control Systems

Investigate Information & Energy Control Systems
Engineering Science By Brendan Burr
Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................2 TASK 1..............................................................................5 Using supporting diagrams describe the following methods used to convey information:...............................................5 Frequency Modulation.......................................................5 Solution (a):-....................................................................................5 Amplitude Modulation.......................................................7 Solution (b):-....................................................................................7 Morse Code.......................................................................8 Solution (c):-....................................................................................8 ASCII Code........................................................................9 Solution (d):-....................................................................................9 Using supporting diagrams describe how the following components/functions can be used within an information system:........................................................................... 10 Transducers....................................................................10 Solution (a):-..................................................................................10 Amplifiers.......................................................................11 Solution (b):-..................................................................................11 Digital to Analogue Converters.........................................12 Solution (c):-..................................................................................12 Oscillators....................................................................... 13 Solution (d):-..................................................................................13 TASK 2............................................................................ 14 Using supporting diagrams describe how the following methods are used to sense and control energy flow:.........14 Temperature Sensing and Control....................................14 Solution (a):-..................................................................................14 Humidity sensing and control...........................................15 Solution (b):-..................................................................................15 Speed control of AC machines..........................................16 Solution (c):-..................................................................................16 2

Speed control of DC machines..........................................16 Solution (d):-..................................................................................16 Using supporting diagrams describe how the following components can be used within an energy flow control system:........................................................................... 17 Relays............................................................................17 Solution (a):-..................................................................................17 Thyristors.......................................................................18 Solution (b):-..................................................................................18 Triacs.............................................................................19 Solution (c):-..................................................................................19 Transistors...................................................................... 20 Solution (d):-..................................................................................20 TASK 3............................................................................ 21 3.1 ................................................................................. 21 (a) Choose a recognised communication system, e.g. television, radio, RS232 satellite comms, an EFTPOS system, mobile phone to satellite uplink, Broadband Internet, USB, Ethernet, 1553N etc......................................................... 21 Solution:-.......................................................................................21 (b) Evaluate and justify the method used to convey the information in your system..............................................21 Solution:-.......................................................................................21 (c) Within your chosen comms system consider/discuss the following: Security, Encryption, Bandwidth, Cost and Reliability.......................................................................22 Solution:-.......................................................................................22 3.2 Investigate and analyse an energy flow control system (e.g. AC and DC machines, heating, lighting, airconditioning, etc.) as follows:..........................................24 (a) Draw and appropriately label the general block diagram of an open-loop control system, giving one suitable example. ......................................................................................24 Solution:-.......................................................................................24 (b) Draw and appropriately label the general block diagram of a closed-loop control system, giving one suitable example.......................................................................... 25 Solution:-.......................................................................................25 3

(c) Choose only one of you examples of a control system and explain the function of each of the individual elements and the system as a whole.....................................................26 Solution:-.......................................................................................26 EVALUATION ..................................................................27 CONCLUSION...................................................................27 Books.............................................................................28 Websites......................................................................... 28

Task 1
Using supporting diagrams describe the following methods used to convey information: Frequency Modulation Solution (a):The transmission of information such as speech, music and data over long distances requires the use of a carrier channel. It is common practise to carry different communications, called signals, at different frequencies to stop one signal interfering with another. The mean frequency level to which a signal is moved is called the carrier frequency and the process of superimposing the information signal on the carrier is called modulation. By varying the frequency of the carrier, you achieve frequency modulation. An increase un signal amplitude then causes a change in the modulated signal frequency, which is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal, represented by the image below. Frequency Modulation is widely used in VHF Radio frequencies for high fidelity broadcasting. Before the digital switchover, analogue television signals were also sent using FM.


Amplitude Modulation Solution (b):It can be clearly seen above that the frequency of the carrier changes with respect to the signal. For amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier signal changes with respect to the signal instead. This results in a modulated waveform which has a constant frequency but the amplitude varies over time. The signal information is duplicated on both sides of the carrier. This results in a band of frequencies which is the carrier frequency + the signal frequency band. The frequency between the highest and lowest of these frequencies is called the bandwidth. AM was produced during the development of the Telephone. It added audio information to the low-powered direct current flowing from a telephone transmitter to a receiver. The telephone microphone was used to vary the strength of the transmitted current, according to the frequency and loudness of the sounds received. Then, at the receiving end of the telephone line, the transmitted electrical current affected an electromagnet, which strengthened and weakened in response to the strength of the current. The electromagnet produced vibrations in the receiver diaphragm, and reproduced the frequency and loudness of the sounds heard in the transmitter.

Morse Code Solution (c):Morse Code is a means of communicating across large distances, via the simple method of dots and dashes representing characters. It has been used of decades and is used even today when telecommunications are limited but communication is vital. An explanation of the rules for Morse code can be found below in the image. It is as simple as it sounds, which is why it was widely used, and can be created by simply touching two wires together for the required interval to convey the information, hence why it is often used as an emergency signal. Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers are usually familiar with Morse code and require a basic understanding of it. Navigational aids in the field of aviation, such as VORs and NDBs, constantly transmit their identity in Morse code.

ASCII Code Solution (d):ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange and it is widely used in digital communications. The ASCII Code is based on seven bits, which produces 128 states, these states are used to convey upper and lower case letters, numbers, and basic punctuation as well as 32 control characters which are needed to provide information about how the data is to be transferred and how the characters are to be displayed on a printed page or a Visual Display Unit (VDU). The control characters are the lowest five bits of the binary code (seen on the next page in the ASCII Table), they are present when the two most significant bits (MSBs) of the seven bit code are zero. Therefore 0011011 is a control character (ESC) whereas 1001011 is a printable character (K). Decimal and hexadecimal values are often used to refer to ASCII characters rather than binary codes that digital circuits recognise directly. The ASCII characters are usually transmitted along an eight bit data path, where the MSB is redundant. Many computer and IT manufacturers have made use of this redundancy by extending the character set to include letters with accents and block graphic characters.

Using supporting diagrams describe how the following components/functions can be used within an information system: Transducers Solution (a):Transducers are devices that convert energy in the form of sound, light, heat, etc into an equivalent electrical signal, or vice versa. A loudspeaker is a device that converts low-frequency electrical current into sound. A thermocouple, however, is a transducer that converts temperature into voltage. This means that transducers can be used as both system inputs and system outputs. A loudspeaker is an example of an output transducer designed for use in audio systems and the thermocouple is an example of an input transducer which is designed for use in a temperature control system. Below are images of a general transducer and the internal makings of it.
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Amplifiers Solution (b):There are many different types of amplifier found in electronic circuits, used in information systems, such as: AC Coupled Amplifiers DC Coupled Amplifiers Large-Signal Amplifiers Small-Signal Amplifiers Audio Frequency Amplifiers Wideband Amplifiers Radio Frequency Amplifiers Low-Noise Amplifiers They can all play a part in information systems, but there overall parameter used in their application is the amount of Gain they can provide. A signal will be transmitted and received, once received the circuit may need to amplify or attenuate the signal. For an audio system, such as a radio, the signal will be received, amplified and then sent to an output transducer for the listener to hear. Without the signal amplification the radio circuitry may not be able to interpret the information correctly and the output transducer will not give the necessary output. Below is an image of an audio amplifier, intended to amplify the power to an even larger loudspeaker.
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Digital to Analogue Converters Solution (c):A Digital to Analogue converter converts an abstract finite-precision number into an absolute physical quantity. They are often used to convert time series data to a continually varying physical signal. A typical Digital to Analogue converter converts abstract numbers into definite sequence of impulses which are then processed by a reconstruction filter using some for of interpolation to fill in data between the impulses. There are a number of situations when digital signals have to be converted to analogue signals. For example, before the introduction of Liquid Crystal Displays there were Cathode Ray Tube Monitors. The computer produced a two-level digital output voltage to the screen, this needed to be changed to a varying analogue voltage for the input into the CRT, so that it can deflect the electron beam to produce screen graphics. Below is an image of a DAC, which can be used in wide applications where digital to analogue conversions are required.
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Oscillators Solution (d):Oscillator circuits form the basis of clocks and timing arrangements as well as signal and function generators. For this reason oscillators can be used to produce a signal which can convey information. As explained in one of my previous answers regarding modulation of the frequency and amplitude, a signal is superimposed onto a carrier waveform to produce the modulation. The carrier talked about in the modulation could be produced using an oscillator circuit. Therefore oscillators are used in the circuits to broadcast to radio and television transmitters. For AM receivers oscillators are used in a resonator circuit to allow the receiver to tune into a station.
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Task 2
Using supporting diagrams describe how the following methods are used to sense and control energy flow: Temperature Sensing and Control Solution (a):One of the most common circuits used for temperature sensing and control is the common thermostat. The thermostat regulates the temperature so that the systems temperature is maintained at a set point. The circuit is used to operate a cooling or heating system which will bring the system temperature back to the set point if it falls or rises to a certain point. So in this case, a temperature sensor (mechanical or electrical) will sense whether the temperature is correct i.e. 15 Degrees Celsius, if the temperature is found to be 20 Degrees Celsius then a cooling fan will be initiated to lower the temperature. This will control the cooling fan until the temperature reaches its set point at 15 Degrees Celsius, at which point the fan will be stopped.
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Humidity sensing and control Solution (b):Humidistats are used in a similar way as thermostats. Humidistats are devices used to control the operation of conditioning systems, such as air conditioners, dehumidifiers and humidifiers. When used with an air conditioner, for example, the humidistat cycles the unit on and off based on humidity rather than temperature as provided with a regular thermostat. A humidistat set at 70 percent relative humidity, for instance, will cycle the air conditioner on when relative humidity reaches 70 percent or above, even if the thermostat setting does not activate the cooling cycle. Humidity can damage many things, be it too high or even too low. Water damage can occur on things that are considered precious, such as old books and furniture. Libraries of these books are kept in humidity controlled environments to prevent damage to the fragile pages. From the examples I have researched, I have seen that humidistats use the expansion of a material, such as cotton or even hair, to determine the humidity of the air through the control of a potentiometer.
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Speed control of AC machines Solution (c):Speed control in AC machines is usually done by the use of an adjustable speed drive. This varies the inputted supply current/voltage to meet the required speed. There are many other benefits to using an adjustable speed drive, such as smoother operation, acceleration control, a compensation of a change in speed from variables, allows accurate positioning or controlling torque or tension. This will be used in a closed loop circuit where the output will be used to stabilise/counteract the input, which in turn will maintain a steady and predictable speed in the AC machine.
Speed control of DC machines Solution (d):The control of a DC machine can be achieved by using a MOSFET bridge circuit, this circuit is shown below. The purpose of the motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the demanded speed, to then drive a motor at that required speed. This can work in a similar way, as described with AC Machines, where the output of the machine is fed back into the input to ensure stability and control are maintained. A triac can also be used in a power controller circuit.
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Using supporting diagrams describe how the following components can be used within an energy flow control system: Relays Solution (a):The traditional method of switching current through a load which requires isolation from the controlling circuit involves the use of an electromechanical relay. Relays offer many desirable characteristics of an ideal switching device. Unfortunately, relays also have several shortcomings which prevent their use in a number of applications. These shortcomings include: The contact bounce which occurs during the transitory state which exists when the contacts make contact. Arcing (ionisation of the air between the contacts) which may occur when the contacts break and which can result in the generation of heat which can literally burn out the contact surfaces and can produce a large amount of radio frequency interference. The need for regular inspection and routine maintenance with periodic replacement of relays when contacts wear out. In general, relays can be used to control energy flow in systems by switching the destination of signals by simply energising a coil.
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Thyristors Solution (b):Semiconductor power control devices provide fast, efficient and reliable methods of switching high currents and voltages. Thyristors are threeterminal semiconductor devices which can switch very rapidly from a conducting to a non-conducting state. In the off state, the thyristor exhibits negligible leakage current, whilst in the on state the device exhibits very low resistance. This results in very little power loss within the thyristor even when appreciable power levels are being controlled. Once switched into the conducting state, the thyristor will remain conducting (i.e. it is latched into the on state) until the forward current is removed from the device. In DC applications this necessitates the interruption (or disconnection) of the supply before the device can be reset into its non-conducting. However when a thyristor is used with an alternating supply, the device will automatically become reset whenever the mains supply reverses. The device can then be triggered on the next half cycle having correct polarity to permit conduction.
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Triacs Solution (c):Triacs are a refinement of the thyristor which, when triggered, conducts on both positive and negative half cycles of the applied voltage. Triacs have three terminals, know as anode 1 (A1), anode 2 (A2) and gate (G). Triacs can be triggered by both positive and negative voltages applied between G and A1 with positive and negative voltages present at A2, respectively. Triacs therefore provide full wave control. In order to simplify the design of triggering circuits, triacs are often used in conjunction with diacs (equivalent to a bi-directional Zener diode).
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Transistors Solution (d):When DC, rather than AC is to be controlled, transistors (both bipolar and field-effect types) can be used. Both types offer the ability to control high currents and high voltages when supplied with only a lowlevel signal. However, unlike thyristors and triacs, transistors do not remain latched when in the controlling state. Transistors have been at the heart of the increase in speed for microprocessors, this has been because of the miniaturisation of transistors. Transistors are used in this application because of there ability to act as a switch. When 0.7 volts is supplied between the base and the emitter, the current is allowed to flow from the collector, when the voltage is less than 0.7 volts no current flows. Using this you can control the flow of data and supply logic at very fast intervals
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Task 3
3.1 (a) Choose a recognised communication system, e.g. television, radio, RS232 satellite comms, an EFTPOS system, mobile phone to satellite uplink, Broadband Internet, USB, Ethernet, 1553N etc.
Solution:I have chosen to research Ethernet. (b) Evaluate and justify the method used to convey the information in your system.
Solution:Ethernet is a local area network (LAN) technology and is the most common to be used in the home for broadband connections and networking. The technology could only be used up to distances of 100 meters, so was generally used in one building. Modern advances of the technology have resulted in the information stream stretching tens of kilometers. Ethernet is often used in the connection of multiple computers to a network, this enables them to talk to each other and share information and resources. When I talk about communication between the computers, I mean the ability to share files and hardware, such as printers and scanners. From a company perspective it is often a very time saving opportunity to have information stored electronically rather than in space consuming filing cabinets. Supermarkets utilise the use of networking to ensure that common processes are sped up and kept more accurate, this is done through the use of barcodes. Ethernet is the medium acting between the nodes, which will be things like computers and printers.
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(c)
Within your chosen comms system consider/discuss the following: Security, Encryption, Bandwidth, Cost and Reliability.
Solution:Security Ethernet has many weaknesses when posed with threats that are internal or external. The main weakness is the fact that the Ethernet system is a broadcast system. This means that all information that is sent between two computers is received by all computers, but generally is disregarded when the addresses dont match. Sniffing software can be used to ignore this rule and result in all information being received by a computer that it wasnt intended to. Peer to peer networking systems allow file sharing between all computers, this means that if there is a personal folder with private information in, it can be accessed by anyone on the network. The privileges may be set up incorrectly in the Ethernet system, allowing some computers to gain access to sensitive information. Logon sessions can be recorded and rerun at a later date, meaning that people can logon as somebody else by simple running a recording. Encryption To get around the snooping problems seen above in the security answer, you can implement switching devices into the network. The switches generally improve the network by reducing network traffic. Basically if a pair of computers needs to talk to each other, all of the other computers are effectively turned off from the network until the broadcast has been fully transmitted, at which point they are allowed to listen again. Bridges/Routers can also be implemented into the system to act as an electronic filter. The router is the device that decides if the network address is correct, rather than all of the computers. This means that the information will be filtered out and sent to only one recipient if that is what is required. These are a couple of the hardware solutions, there is also encryption in the form of software. The data itself can be encrypted this ensures that only the intended computer will be able to understand what is being said, and all other computers will receive a scrambled message. You can also send the information to request a user name and password before opening the message. This will be also be time stamped so the logon cannot be forged.
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Bandwidth There are many different bandwidths available for this technology. Ethernet first came out to the market at a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, implementation of advances in the technology eventually increased the bandwidth to 100 Mbps, which is now the common type used. The bandwidth of Ethernet was increased to 1000 Mbps (approx 1 Gbps and has now increased even more to 100,000 Mbps (approx 100 Gbps), but these are only used in companies who require large data exchange. Cost From the research carried out, the cost of Ethernet is entirely dependable on the bandwidth required. You can purchase the 10 Mbps Ethernet Cable for around 3 a meter, whereas the 100 Mbps cable is around 7 a meter. There was an article on the internet, which stated it could cost a company up to 30,000 to implement a network with the 100 Gbps cable. Reliability Ethernet is very reliable over short distances, such as 50 meters. Taking out the security risks the information will very rarely fail to reach its intended destination. The technology can only be used for a local area network, however. This is because the signal will begin to degrease due to the resistance in the wire, for this reason the introduction of optical fibres can increase the length of data transmission, the size of data packets were also increased from the introduction to optical fibres.
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3.2 (a)
Investigate and analyse an energy flow control system (e.g. AC and DC machines, heating, lighting, air-conditioning, etc.) as follows: Draw and appropriately label the general block diagram of an open-loop control system, giving one suitable example.
Solution:Heating a room using an electric fire can occur in both open and closed loop situations, so I will use the same example to show the differences more clearly. For an open loop control system, the user will identify that the room is too cold and turn on the element in the electric fire. The output result of this is that the room will heat up.
The heating process will continue forever if there is no intervention from an outside source. From this you can see that there is no feedback to vary the heating element to increase or decrease the temperature to keep the room at a nominal value.
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(b)
Draw and appropriately label the general block diagram of a closed-loop control system, giving one suitable example.
Solution:The introduction of a closed loop control system is required if the temperature in the room is to be kept at a certain temperature, regardless of variable inputs. By using feedback and temperature sensing devices the electric heater can do just this, as shown in the block diagram below.
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(c)
Choose only one of you examples of a control system and explain the function of each of the individual elements and the system as a whole.
Solution:I am choosing to explain the above closed loop system for the heating system. I have already explained a little bit about what the system does, with regards to using temperature feedback information instead of user input in the open loop system. To begin with the user will determine a temperature that the room is to be maintained at, for example 15 degrees Celsius. This is classed as the input to the system, and is fed into the comparison element. The comparison element determines the amount or error there is between the required temperature, set by the user, and the actual temperature inside the room. The formula for the error is: + set value feedback value = error This error is the signal used to control the process. It is fed into a correction element which is effectively a switch, and will turn the electric fire on if the room temperature is too cold. It will also act to turn the electric fire off if the temperature in the room is found to be too hot. The actual temperature of the room is the feedback value in the above equation used to work out the error. The feedback from my example is said to be negative feedback as it is subtracted from the input.
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Evaluation
I felt this assignment has gone well. It has been entirely researched based which has enabled me to use many information sources to gather all of the required information. The assignment took longer than I expected it to, as some information was readily available but for some subjects it was not. The research for Task 1 was mainly just revision as I have picked up on a lot of the criteria from my workplace and other units on this course. This made answering Task 1 relatively simple, not through ease of the question but more through previously gained knowledge making the understanding of the research much clearer and therefore quicker to interpret. I have been doing a lot of transducer calibrations at work, in the Instrumentation Department. The type of transducer I have been calibrating have been Hydraulic Pressure Transducers, from the research done in this assignment I now realise that there is a massive variation in the term transducer and its application engineering is vast. For Task 2, the explanation of temperature sensing and control was something I went into further detail on in Task 3.2. Humidity sensing control was something that is very similar to temperature sensing and control, as they both use feedback to regulate the temperature/humidity. I had difficulty finding information on the control of speed in AC machines. This took a considerable amount of time as the information was not readily available on the internet or in the many books listed in my bibliography. I fortunately found a whole webpage that had a detailed explanation of speed control of DC machines by using MOSFETs, which was information I later backed up from research in the Higher National Engineering Book, where it also stated that triacs can be used as well. Task 2.2 was mainly revision again as the components were all commonly used in circuits that I have worked with over the past three years. Moving onto Task 3, where I had to research a communication system, I chose to research Ethernet cable. I have used Ethernet for many years so was familiar with what it did, I just found some detailed descriptive text from the internet to help explain my description of it. For Task 3.2, we have already covered open and closed loop systems in the electronics unit on this course, making it very simple to give an explanation as the background knowledge was already there.
Conclusion
If I am being honest, I didnt learn a lot from this assignment, as it covered things that I have been familiar with for a few years now. I feel that it was a test of my knowledge though, this was because I had to remember/remind myself of some things, which required research. I have learned that the Internet is not always the best place for information, as I have used text books just as extensively as the Internet. I am pleased with how this unit has gone, it has definitely been a challenge to get the work to required standard to meet the grading criteria, but I feel my efforts have been ample to achieve them.
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Bibliography
Through guidance from my lecturer, the following text books, catalogues and websites I was able to complete this assignment: Books BTEC National Engineering (Mike Tooley & Lloyd Dingle) ISBN: 978-0-7506-8521-4 Success in Electronics (Tom Duncan & John Murray) ISBN: 0-7195-4015-1 Higher Engineering Mathematics (John Bird) ISBN: 0-7506-8152-7 Engineering Science (John Bird) ISBN: 0-7506-4991-7 Instrumentation and Control Systems (William Bolton) ISBN: 0-7506-6432-0 Websites http://www.asciitable.com/ http://www.telecomabc.com/f/fm.html http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/phase-modulation http://artofmanliness.com/2008/10/09/morse-code/ http://www.scienceprog.com/wpcontent/uploads/2007i/sonar/parking_transducer.PNG http://media.audiojunkies.com/eclipse-digital-ice-amplifiers.jpg http://www.psaudio.com/products/images/417_1.jpg http://media.digikey.com/photos/ECS%20Photos/ECS-%20.5%20TTL %20CLOCK%20OSCI.jpg http://www.wholesaleec.com/upload/upimg503%5CRELAYS-13509.jpg http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/ThrysistorPin_diagram-150x150.jpg http://img.en.china.cn/0/0,0,275,904,360,360,6794d402.jpg http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/data/semicond/triac/triac_circuit_symbol.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Thyristor_fr.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Transistor_npn.sv g/581px-Transistor_npn.svg.png http://progress-energy.com/custservice/flares/billtoolkit/humidistats.asp http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/topics/mpsafety/schoolaudit/mobilework.htm http://www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/watch-thermostat-tiplg.jpg http://www.ferret.com.au/odin/images/222066/PST-H3020-temperaturehumidity-transmitter-Humidistat-available-from-Pacific-Sensor-Technologies222066.jpg http://homepages.which.net/~paul.hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody.h tml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet http://www.javvin.com/networksecurity/EthernetLANSecurity.html
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Investigate Information & Energy Control Systems

Engineering Science By Brendan Burr

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics

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