FUTURE TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE

Barkul Arun Mechanical Department, Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Belati, Sholapur

barkularun2021@gmail.com

Abstract: - Now-a- days, the main concern of the automobile industries is the increasing competition. The manufacturing industries have come up with various technologies in order to make it sure that they can easily cope up with it. The techniques can be in various forms i.e., either a new manufacturing process or a new management philosophy. In order to keep up with the globally cut-throat kind of a competition, the techniques like GPS, ITGS, Air Bags System, Automation, Automated Guided Vehicle Systems, Group Technology, Designing, Computer Aided Manufacturing & Robotics, have helped our engineers to keep abreast with them. The increase in the use of these techniques has helped our automobile industries to come up with high quality products and with better adaptability with the International Standards. In this paper on Future Trends in Automobile, we have tried our level best to cover all the above advances in the future trends in automobile system with keen details.

Keywords: - GPS (Global Positioning System), ITGS (Intelligent Traffic Guidance System)

I.

AERODMAMIC SHAPE

Aero means air and dynamics means the body which is in motion. It is also called as stream line flow of a car body. With the help of aero dynamics shape we can minimize the air resistance due to that the efficiency of a car will increase.

II.

CAMLESS ENGINE

The cam has been an integral part of the IC engine from its invention. The cam controls the "breathing channels" of the IC engines, that is, the valves through which the fuel air mixture (in SI engines) or air (in CI engines) is supplied and exhaust driven out.

Besieged by demands for better fuel economy, more power, and less pollution, motor engineers around the world are pursuing a radical "cam less" design that promises to deliver the internal-combustion engine's biggest efficiency improvement in years. The aim of all this effort is liberation from a constraint that has handcuffed performance since the birth of the internal-combustion engine more than a century ago. Cam less engine technology is soon to be a reality for commercial vehicles. In the cam less valve train, the valve motion is controlled directly by a valve actuator - there's no camshaft or connecting mechanisms. Precise electronic circuit controls the operation of the mechanism, thus bringing in more flexibility and accuracy in opening and closing the valves. The seminar looks at the working of the electronically controlled cam less engine with electro-mechanical valve actuator, its general features and benefits over conventional engine.

The engines powering today's vehicles, whether they burn gasoline or diesel fuel, rely on a system of valves to admit fuel and air to the cylinders and to let exhaust gases escape after combustion. Rotating steel camshafts with precision-machined egg-shaped lobes, or cams, are the hard-tooled "brains" of the system. They push open the valves at the proper time and guide their closure, typically through an arrangement of pushrods, rocker arms, and other hardware. Stiff springs return the valves to their closed position.

I.

GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)

1st step towards the intelligent future cars is to know where you are. The Global positioning system (G.P.S) uses satellites for precise location of the objects on the earth. These systems will be installed in every future vehicle. This process has already been started. Now GPS are installed in cars, buses, trucks etc. This can help the driver in many ways. The most important benefit is we can have a map of city and our location in that. There no chance of losing the track or misguidance. In future cars will have more Information Technology then at our homes or offices. Cars Data processing power will become more important than its horse power. Onboard system in the cars will change the way we use our car. Planning trips, guiding through heavy traffic, using GPS & Digital maps to manage the range of batteries, fuel cells. Future car will have better communication system, higher security, advanced entertainment systems & unimagined safety. In Japan this digital revolution has already begun. A navigation system called as MONET is commonly installed in the Japanese cars. Using the cars cellular phone it contacts the server that provides huge amount of information relevant to drivers. The information includes videos and condition of road ahead at strategic points.

I. I.T.G.S (Intelligent Traffic Guidance System). It collects the data from the central processor. The driver has a large screen of GPS space navigation in front of him. When driver ask a route from A to B the GPS gives the shortest route from A to B assuming the traffic is moving freely. But using I.T.G.S., car will download traffic information from the control center. Now computer will calculate alternative route not shortest but quickest.

I.

Air Bags

What an air bag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The air bag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dash - board and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable. There are three parts to an air bag that help to accomplish this feat: The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. The sensors receive information about collision from an accelerometer built into a microchip. The air bag's inflation system reacts sodium aside (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. Hot blasts of the nitrogen inflate the air bag.

Fig: .The air bag and inflation system stored in the Steering wheel before and after inflation.

FIG: Chemistry behind Airbags

The mixture present in the airbags is of sodium aside (NaN3), together with the fiber flax material of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and silica (SiO2). This mixture is ignited through an electrical impulse and causes relatively slow detonation called as Deflagration. This liberates recalculated volume of nitrogen gas which in turn fills the bag. 2NaN3 2Na + 3N2 Additional nitrogen gas is provided as, 10Na + 2KNO3 K2O + 5Na2O+ N2 Now the two oxides react with silica forming alkaline silicate which is safe stable and unignitable compound. K2O + Na2O + SiO2 Alkaline silicates (Glass) The bag then literally bursts from its storage site at up to 200 mph (322 kph) - faster than the blink of an eye! A second later, the gas quickly dissipates through tiny holes in the bag, thus deflating the bag so you can move. The powdery substance released from the air bag is regular talcum powder, which is used to keep the bags pliable and lubricated while they're in storage.

Fig The Inflation System Uses A Solid Propellant And An Igniter.

When Is The Air Bag Deployment Needed? Occupant restraint systems are designed to cushion the motion of occupants when a collision occurs. If an occupant is unrestrained in a collision, he may come into contact with the steering wheel or other interior structure. Most frontal air bag systems are deployed when collision occurs with a speed change of 16 km/h or more. Due to the diversity of crash conditions in the real world and the manufacturing tolerances of sensors, the deployment threshold will not be precisely fixed at 16 km/h or some other value. For unbelted occupants, a typical Threshold range is 13 to 22 km/h. The threshold range implies that:

a) No deployment should occur for the impacts with an equivalent collision speed below the lower limit of the range. b) Deployment is expected for impacts with an equivalent collision speed beyond the higher limit of the ranges) Deployment may or may not occur for the situations that fall within the threshold range.

I.

NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEM

A car's mobile phone or Internet connection will be more than just a luxury toy. It will be integrated within a communicating navigation unit that automatically tracks the actual location of the car and can reveal it if necessary. So far, such systems have been used to track stolen cars and calculate traffic flows. And for safety reasons, such systems will announce this information through speakers instead of showing it on a display. In 2000, Aetolia and Volvo introduced one of the world's first post-crash safety systems, "Volvo on Call". It is a crash-robust system that automatically calls the EMS (Emergency Medical Service) Center after a crash and gives the rescue team the exact location of the accident.

Fig: Navigational System The vehicle's electronic system registers the airbag deployment and sends a text message to a Volvo on Call Alarm Center through the vehicle's integrated car phone. In tandem, a line is opened so that an operator at the alarm center can talk to the car occupants and find out more about the accident. If, however, no one in the car is able to answer, the operator can send an ambulance directly to the vehicle. The location is provided by the car's GPS satellite navigation system and relayed as a part of the alarm text message. The driver can also press an SOS button for alerting the alarm center in case of an emergency and there is also a button for road assistance of the vehicle has mechanical difficulties or if the driver just wants to know the best way around traffic congestion. Additionally the system can be used for tracing the car if it has been stolen.

VII.

SEGWAY HUMAN TRANSPORT

According to predictions made a few decades ago, current travel should involve self-driving automobiles, jetpacks and flying cars, with space transport a common occurrence.1 For example, General Motors 1939 Worlds Fair Futurama display predicted that by the 1960s, uncongested, 100-mile-per-hour superhighways would provide seamless travel between suburban homes and towering cities in luxurious, streamlined cars. In 1961, Weekend Magazine predicted that by 2000, Rocket belts will increase a mans stride to 30 feet, and bus type helicopters will travel along crowded air skyways. There will be moving plastic-covered pavements, individual hoppicopters, and 200 mph monorail trains operating in all large cities. The family car will be soundless, vibration less and self-propelled thermostatically. The engine will be smaller than a typewriter. Cars will travel overland on an 18 inch air cushion. According to the 1969 Manhattan City Plan, It is assumed that new technology will be enlisted in this improved transportation system, including transit powered by gravity and vacuum and mechanical aids to pedestrian movement, such as moving belts or quick-access shuttle vehicles. These devices almost surely will become available by the end of the century.

Automatic Mayday System

Although several new modes developed during the Twentieth Century, including airplane, automobile, and containerized freight, transport innovations have been more modest in recent decades, and none have displaced existing modes. Neither Segway, Maglev trains nor supersonic air service have reduced the importance of walking, automobile or conventional public transit services to provide normal mobility. Transportation professionals help creates the future, so it is important that we consider the overall context of longterm planning decisions. Good planning does not simply extrapolate trends; it attempts to understand the factors that cause change. This report examines various demographic and economic factors that affect travel demand and their implications for transport planning.

VII.

HYBRID VEHICLES

How Hybrid Cars Work: How does a hybrid automobile work? What goes on under the hood to give you 20 or 30more miles per gallon than the standard automobile? And does it pollute less just because it gets better gas mileage? In this article, we'll help you understand how this amazing technology works. We'll show you what is going on in the Toyota and Honda hybrids, and even give you some advice about how to drive one for maximum efficiency! What makes it a "Hybrid"? Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mopped (motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engines with the pedal power of its rider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles some are nuclearelectric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Lets start with a few diagrams to explain the differences. Figure 1 shows a gas-powered car. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. The engine then turns a transmission, which turns the wheels.

Hybrid Components: Hybrid cars contain the following parts: Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline. Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. Generator - The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.

Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage devices for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Pries, have radically different ones, which we'll talk about later. Why Build Such a Complex Car?

California emissions standards dictate how much of each type of pollution a car is allowed to emit in California. The amount is usually specified in grams per mile (g/mi). For example, the low emissions vehicle (LEV) standard allows 3.4 g/mi of carbon monoxide. The key thing here is that the amount of pollution allowed does not depend on the mileage your car gets. But a car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. That pollution will have to be removed by the emissions control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways to decrease emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is another type of pollution a car produces. The U.S. government does not regulate it, but scientists suspect that it contributes to global warming. Since it is not regulated, a car has no devices for removing CO2 from the exhaust, so a car that burns twice as much gas adds twice as much CO2 to the atmosphere.

Automakers in the U.S. have another strong incentive to improve mileage. They are required by law to meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The current standards require that the average mileage of all the new cars sold by an automaker should be 27.5 mpg (8.55 liters per 100 km). This means that if an automaker sells one hybrid car that gets 60 mpg (3.92 liters per 100 km), it can then sell four big, expensive luxury cars that only get 20 mpg (11.76 liters per 100 k

VIII.

CONCLUSION

Its design, component specifications, and control algorithms were derived from successive computer simulations under varying vehicle-operating conditions. There is also increase in the efficiency of engine mileages To know where are you by using G.P.S. GPS gives the shortest route as assuming the traffic is moving freely. It used to overcome the resistance offered by air. Future motor vehicle travel growth will result from population growth rather than increased per capita vehicle ownership and use, as occurred in the past.

VII.

REFERANCES

1. www.howstuffworks.com/howairbagswork.htm 2. www.howstuffworks.com/howcrashtestingworks.htm 3. www.howstuffworks.com/howseatbeltsworks.htm 5. www.highwaysafety.com 5. www.vision-systems.com 6.www.autoliv.com/ R&DSomeProjects/AutomaticMaydaySystem.htm 7. www.media.volvocars.com