BIOMETRICS PALM VEIN TECHNOLOGY

Authors:

V.B. Pranava chary III Yr. ECE, MIST, v.b.pranava.chary@gmail.com

P. Mano Varun Kumar III Yr. ECE, MIST manovarunkumar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Although the field of biometrics is still in its infancy, its inevitable that biometric systems will play a critical role in the future of security. Human identification based on biometric identifiers provides a very convenient way for providing access to a variety of services. Their main benefit originates from the fact that biometrics can not be forgotten, stolen or lost in contrast to for instance passwords. This paper discusses privacy-enhanced uses of biometrics, with a particular focus on the privacy and security advantages of Biometric Systems. Through decades there has been a lot of change in the Biometrics field and each newer system is highlighting by eliminating the drawbacks of its prior one. The paper is intended to engage a broad audience about the working of various developments in the field of biometrics and the functional working of the Palm Vein Technology which is the intended subject of the paper.

applied for several generations and is somewhat simply viewed as "biological statistics." More recently and incongruently, the term's meaning has been broadened to include the study of methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics.

Need of Biometrics. (i)

The person to be identified is required to be physically present at the point of Identification. Identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to remember a password or carry a token. By replacing PINs, biometric techniques can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of A.T.Ms, Smart cards, computer networks. PINs passwords may be forgotten, and token based methods of identification like passwords and drivers licenses may be forged, stolen or lost. A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system which makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user.

(ii)

INTRODUCTION
Definition:
Biometrics a digital recognition technology that relies on highly distinctive physical and physiological characteristics of an individual is potentially a powerful and reliable method for personal authentication. The increasing importance of biometrics is underscored by the rapidly growing number of educational and research activities devoted to this field.

(iii)

Biometrics refers to 2 very different fields

of study and application. The first, which is the older and is used in biological studies, including forestry, is the collection, synthesis, analysis and management of quantitative data on biological communities such as forests. Biometrics in reference to biological sciences has been studied and

How Biometrics work

Biometric systems can seem complicated, but they all use the same three steps:

Enrollment: The first time you use a biometric system, it records basic information about you, like your name or an identification number. It then captures an image or recording of your specific trait. Storage: Contrary to what you may see in movies, most systems don't store the complete image or recording. They instead analyze your trait and translate it into a code or graph. Some systems also record this data onto a smart card that you carry with you. Comparison: The next time you use the system, it compares the trait you present to the information on file. Then, it either accepts or rejects that you are who you claim to be.

A computer algorithm normalizes the captured biometric signature so that it is in the same format as an individuals signature that is stored on the system repository or token. Finally, a matcher compares the new normalized signature to the signature in the repository or token database. A measure of similarity or difference is computed for a comparison of normalized signatures.

The core subsystems include: Digital Signal Processor : capable of

Systems also use the same three components:

running high speed mathematically intensive Authentication (1:n) and Verification 1:1) fingerprint matching algorithms

A sensor that detects the characteristic being used for identification A computer that reads and stores the information Software that analyzes the characteristic, translates it into a graph or code and performs the actual comparisons

Fingerprint Sensor : - Biometric

sensor capable of capturing distinguishing features of a fingerprint in digital format

External Memory : - stores executing

code and data/parameters such as fingerprint templates

RS232 Dual Channel/Receiver : Converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels for interfacing across the RS232 standard

Power Management : - Converts the

input power from the AC adaptor or battery to the correct regulated voltages for various functional blocks.

Trends in Biometrics.
Fingerprints Voice Facial Iris Retina Signature Dynamics Hand Geometry Skin Spectroscopy Thermal (Face) Finger Geometry Stride Recognition DNA Keystroke Dynamics Palm-Vein Patterns
When the finger is placed on the surface of the Sensor, the sensor senses the ridges and finger patterns, analyses, divides the image into pixels and then each pixel into a 3 X 3 matrix. Each matrix is then digitized and stored in the memory of the device. This is a conventional method. Advanced finger print technologies scan the Minutiae i.e. endpoint & junction of print ridges, and position, direction & relation between them. When the finger is made to scan, the device digitally encodes the fingerprints so that they can be subject to high-speed computer processing. Automatic scanning devices convert the image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae (the ridge characteristics) that contains data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and the branching of ridges into two ridges (bifurcations). The scanning converts the spatial relationship of a fingerprint's ridge endings and ridge bifurcations i.e. minutiae points into a digitized representation of the fingerprints. The process of automated fingerprinting works by scanning fingerprints and storing them digitally in a computer's memory. The computer then creates a spatial map of the unique ridge patterns of the prints and then translates this spatial relationship into a binary code for the computer. As new fingerprints are scanned into the computer,

FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY

Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest biometric technologies, and its application in criminal identification, using eyesight, has been in use for more than 100 years. Today, computer software and hardware can perform the identification significantly accurate and rapid.

the computer searches for any identical prints and updates the system.

fingerprint. Highly detailed and unique texture will remain stable over decades of life. The Iris recognition generally scans the textures with striations, contraction furrows, pits, collage nous fibers, filament, crypts (darkened areas resembling excavations), serpentine vasculature, rings, and freckles of the Iris.

Advantages:

Mature and proven core technology. Capable of high levels of accuracy. Can be deployed in a range of environments. Economical and Easy to use.

But the drawbacks of this technology is that,

Cuts and bruises on finger; dry or oily finger. Most devices are not able to enroll a small percentage of users (about 5 10%). Liveness detection is a great problem. Wear and tear of sensor. Since touchable, fingerprint impression is often left on the sensor. Incorrect Finger Placement and dry finger (which yields Light Prints). Dark images from wet or perspiring fingers. Degraded or worn ridge structure.

Iris recognition technology works by combining computer vision, pattern recognition, and optics. First, a black-and-white video camera zooms in on the iris and records a sharp image of it. The iris is lit by a lowlevel light to aid the camera in focusing. A frame from this video is then digitized into a 512 byte file and stored on a computer database.

Iris Recognition
Any Iris has a unique texture that is generated through a random process before birth. This technology analyzes features found in the coloured ring of tissue that surrounds the pupil, use a fairly conventional camera element and require no close contact between the user and the reader. As a high accuracy biometrics, iris has more details than a

Achievements of Iris Technology:

Very high levels of accuracy, capable of reliable identification and verification. Each iris is a unique structure

Demerits of this System:

Potentially low contrast pattern in dark irises. High cost capture devices or inconvenient devices

Not easy to use since light sensitivity of humans Accuracy decreases when users wear eyeglass, Obscured by eyelashes, lenses/reflections Any unusual lighting situations may affect the ability of the camera to acquire its subject.

and have a wealth of differentiating features, attempts to forge an identity are extremely difficult, thereby enabling a high level of security. In addition, the sensor of the palm vein device can only recognize the pattern if the deoxidized hemoglobin is actively flowing within the individual's veins. An individual's vein pattern image is captured by radiating hand with nearinfrared rays. The reflection method illuminates the palm using an infrared ray and captures the light given off by the region after diffusion through the palm. The deoxidized hemoglobin in the vein vessels absorbs the infrared ray, thereby reducing the reflection rate and causing the veins to appear as a black pattern. An individual's palm vein image is converted by algorithms into data points, which is then compressed, encrypted, and stored by the software and registered along with the other details in his profile as a reference for future comparison. Then, each time a person logs in attempting to gain access by a palm scan to a particular bank account or secured entryway, etc., the newly captured image is likewise processed and compared to the registered one or to the bank of stored files for verification, all in a period of seconds. Numbers and positions of veins and their crossing points are all compared and, depending on verification, the person is either granted or denied access. As palm veins are inside the hand, they are protected and this system is not susceptible to minor trauma, cuts, etc (conversely to some fingerprint systems). Also, this system doesn't have the same potential civil liberty issues as face recognition techniques. The backs of hands and palms have a more complex vascular patterns than fingers and provide more distinct features for pattern matching and authentication.

THE PALM~ VEIN TECHNOLOGY

The pattern of blood veins is unique to every individual, even among identical twins. Palms have a broad and complicated vascular pattern and thus contain a wealth of differentiating features for personal identification. Furthermore, it will not vary during the person's lifetime. It is a very secure method of authentication because this blood vein pattern lies under the skin. This makes it almost impossible for others to read or copy. As veins are internal in the body

 The human vascular structure is individually distinct. Identical twins have different and distinct vascular patterns. Vein patterns are not easily spoofed, observed, damaged, obscured or changed. Vein pattern recognition requires simple low resolution imaging devices. The technology is reliable in that is shows little performance degradation in harsh environments, such as mines, manufacturing and construction sites as well as heavy traffic areas such as schools, military bases and dormitorie A vein pattern technologies have a high degree of usability with some research showing 99.98 percent usability. It is convenient, fast and requires little user training. Though this is a flexible technology, the cost of equipment is dearer to ordinary people.

This technology capitalizes on the special features of the veins in the palm. As vein patterns are unique even among identical twins, in fact each hand has a unique pattern. Try logging in with your left hand after registering with your right, and you'll be denied access. And if one registers profile during his childhood, it is still accessible after a considerable years, since, the vein patterns form at the womb stage only. The scanned image may be compressed using the conventional compression technologies and is encoded into either electrical or digital format of distinctive and uniquely coded one, which can be transmitted or taken to any other part of the world, where the access is thus achieved wherever one needs.

Conclusion:
Many forms of biometric systems exist for identification and verification purposes; each has a different price range with associated crossover error rates and useracceptance levels. This paper dissects the systems and formulates an easy-style template for our own applications. In addition, it formulates methodologies and examines object-oriented source code for strong authentication solutions. Finally, it looks at the weaknesses of each solution and how to mitigate those weaknesses to enhance security and risk acceptance in our environmentwhether it is a small home office, a medium-sized infrastructure, or a vast enterprise.

Vein Pattern Advantages and Disadvantages :

Some advantages of vein pattern biometrics are: Vein pattern technology is perceived as secure as it incorporated liveness detection. Being contactless, it is also perceived as being hygienic and does not carry the stigma associated with fingerprints.

References:

www.fujitsu.com www.biometrics.org

Advances in Biometrics