Stuff I Need to Know for Econ 15A-B

These questions represent everything you need to know for the upcoming exam (only as far as we have covered in lecture, of course). Items that are bulleted or prefaced with ** are important and useful, but they will not appear on any exams; only the numbered items will be relevant to the exam. Finalizing the NeedToKnows. Before each review (the class period before the exam), the NeedToKnows for that exam will be explicitly demarcated (usually with a boldface Start of the Need to knows for exam XXX and End of the Need to Knows for exam XXX). If you dont see such explicit demarcation, the relevant questions represent good things to study, and most of them will appear on the finalized list, but you should be aware that the official list is subject to change. ================================================= START OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A3 1. What would you type into the white syntax bar on Eviews if you wanted to display the probability of getting 12 successes from a binomial distribution with parameters n = 30 and p = .47? 2. What would you type into the white syntax bar on Eviews if you wanted to display the cumulative probability for 12 successes from a binomial distribution with parameters n = 30 and p = .47? Explain the difference between a probability mass function and a cumulative distribution function. 3. What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to create a dummy variable x that yielded the value 1 if the variable y is less than or equal to 4, and 0 otherwise? 4. What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to display the value of 28 pr(X 7), where X~ B.2 ? What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to display the value of 28 pr(X < 7), where X~ B.2 ? What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to display the value of 28 pr(X 7), where X~ B.2 ? 5. What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to display the value of 28 pr(X > 7), where X~ B.2 ? 6. What would you type into the white syntax bar of Eviews if you wanted to display the value of 28 pr(10 < X 17), where X~ B.2 ?

Chap 08 7. Explain the difference between a probability density function and a cumulative distribution function. 8. What conditions must a function f meet in order to be a pdf? 9. Suppose X has a continuous distribution. What is pr(X = 0)? Explain your answer. 10. Draw the and label (both axes of) the graphs of the pdf (together, on one set of axes) of U(0,1) and U(-1, 2). 11. Draw and label (both axes of) the graphs of the cdf (together, on one set of axes) of U(0,1) and U(-1, 2). 12. What is the pdf for the Uniform distribution on (a, b)? 13. What is the cdf for the Uniform distribution on (a, b) (do not express this using integrals)? 14. If X ~ U(2, 7), calculate f(4). 15. If X ~ U(2, 7), calculate F(4). 16. If X ~ U(2, 7), calculate pr(X 4) using only the definitions of U(2, 7) and pr(X 4). 17. If X ~ U(2, 7), calculate pr(4 < X) using only the definitions of U(2, 7) and pr(4 < X). 18. If X ~ U(2, 7), calculate pr(3 < X 4) using only the definitions of U(2, 7) and pr(3 < X 4). 19. Starting from the definitions of a uniform distribution and expectation, calculate E[X], where X ~ U(2, 7). 20. Starting from the definition of E[X] and the pdf of a uniform distribution, calculate that E[X] = a+b , where X ~ U(a, b). 2 Starting from the definition of 2 and the pdf of a uniform distribution, calculate that the (b a ) 2 variance of X is , if X ~ U(a, b). 12 21. Starting from the definition of 2 and the pdf of a uniform distribution, calculate that the variance of X is 1/12, where X ~ U(0, 1). [You do not need to express this fraction in decimal form.] 22. Starting from the definition of 2 and the pdf of a uniform distribution, calculate the variance of X, where X ~ U(3, 6). 23. Suppose X ~ U(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: .3 X .4, or .7 X .8? Explain your answer. 24. Suppose X ~ U(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: .3 < X < .4, or .7 X .8? Explain your answer. 25. Suppose X ~ U(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: .3 X .41, or .7 X .8? Explain your answer. 26. What is the total area under the curve of the pdf of U(2, 4)? 27. What is the total area under the curve from 1 to 3 of the pdf of U(0, 4)? 28. What is the total area under the curve from 4 to 5 of the pdf of U(2, 4)? 29. What is E[X] if X ~ U(a, b) (just state the relevant formula)? 30. What is E[(X E[X])2] if X ~ U(a, b) (just state the relevant formula)? 31. What is E[X] if X ~ U(2, 7) (you can use any formula we have used in class to calculate this)? 32. What is E[(X E[X])2] if X ~ U(2, 7) (you can use any formula we have used in class to calculate this)? 33. If X~U(2, 7), what is the mean of X? 34. If X~U(2, 7), what is the variance of X?

35. If X ~U(2, 7), what is the standard deviation of X? What command would you give if you wanted Eviews to display the probability that X < .2, if X ~ U(0, 1)? 36. If X is a continuous probability distribution, why doesnt it matter whether you determine pr(X < 5.1) or pr(X 5.1)? 37. Explain the difference between a cdf (F) and a probability function (pr). 38. Explain the difference between a pdf (f) and a probability function (pr). 39. Give an example of a function f, and show both that it is a pdf, and that for some value x, f(x) > 1. 40. f(7) = 3, so I know that f is not a pdf. Evaluate this claim. 41. f(7) = -.2, so I know that f is not a pdf. Evaluate this claim. 42. F(7) = 3, so I know that F is not a cdf. Evaluate this claim. 43. F(7) = -.2, so I know that F is not a cdf. Evaluate this claim. 44. Express the pdf f(b) in terms of the cdf F(x). 45. Express the pdf f(b) in terms of pr(X x). 46. Express the pdf f(b) in terms of pr( X > x). 47. Express the pdf f(b) in terms of pr(y < X x). 48. Express the cdf F(b) in terms of the pdf f(x). 49. Express the cdf F(b) in terms of pr(X x). 50. Express the cdf F(b) in terms of pr(X > x). 51. Express the cdf F(b) in terms of pr(y < X x). 52. Express pr(X b) in terms of the pdf f(x). 53. Express pr(X b) in terms of the cdf F(x). 54. Express pr(X b) in terms of pr(X > x). 55. Express pr(X b) in terms of pr(y < X x). 56. Express pr(X > a) in terms of the pdf f(x). 57. Express pr(X > a) in terms of the cdf F(x). 58. Express pr(X > a) in terms of pr(X x). 59. Express pr(X > a) in terms of pr(y < X x). 60. Express pr(a < X b) in terms of the pdf f(x). 61. Express pr(a < X b) in terms of the cdf F(x). 62. Express pr(a < X b) in terms of pr(X x). 63. Express pr(a < X b) in terms of pr(X > x). 64. Write out the mathematical formula for the pdf for N(, 2). 65. Write out the mathematical formula for the pdf of N(0, 1). 66. Write out the mathematical formula for (x). 67. What is the value of (0)? 68. What is the value of (0)? 69. is the pdf for N(0, 1); calculate the value of (1.5). 70. f is the pdf for N(3, 16); calculate the value of f(5). 71. f is the pdf for N(3, 16); calculate the(two) values x for which we have f(x) = .01. f is the pdf for N(3, 2) and f(5) = .01; calculate the value of 2. 72. f is the pdf for N(, 16) and f(5) = .01; calculate the two possible values of . 73. Suppose X ~ N(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: .3 X .4, or .7 X .8? Explain your answer (you do not need to calculate these values).

lim

Xi i =1
n

74. Suppose X ~ N(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: .3 < X < .4, or .7 X .8? Explain your answer (you do not need to calculate these values). 75. Suppose X ~ N(0, 1). Which, if either, is more likely: 1 X 1, or 5 X 10? Explain your answer (you do not need to calculate these values). 76. Draw and label the graphs of the pdf (together, on one set of axes) of N(0,1) and N(-1, 2). Your graphs should display how the different parameters of the two distributions affect the pdfs. 77. Draw and label the graphs of the cdf (together, on one set of axes) of N(0,1) and N(-1, 2). Your graphs should display how the different parameters of the two distributions affect the cdfs. 78. Explain in words what the Central Limit Theorem says. 79. What background conditions do the book and the slides give in order for the Central Limit Theorem to hold? 80. Give the statement of the Central Limit Theorem (i.e., the limit statement) as presented in the book that gives the mathematical essence of the theorem. 81. Give the limit formula in the Central Limit Theorem, not as it is presented in the book, but as a limit formula of a standardization of a random variable. In this formulation, what random variable is being standardized? 82. Show that the two forms of the Central Limit Theorem are equivalent by calculating that: 1 n Xi X = X n i =1 83. The slides list two roles the Central Limit Theorem plays in statistics; what are they? 84. What is the total area under the curve of the pdf of N(0, 1)? 85. What is E[X] if X ~ N(, 2)? 86. What is E[X] if X ~ N(1, 3)? 87. What is the mean of X if X ~ N(, 2)? 88. What is mean of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 89. What is the variance of X if X ~ N(, 2)? 90. What is variance of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 91. What is the standard deviation of X if X ~ N(, 2)? 92. What is standard deviation of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 93. What is of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 94. What is 2 of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 95. What is of X if X ~ N(1, 3)? 96. What is E[(X E[X])2] if X ~ N(, 2)? 97. What is E[(X E[X])2] if X ~ N(1, 3)? 98. What is 1 if X ~ N(, 2)? 99. What is 1 if X ~ N(1, 3)? 100. What is 2 if X ~ N(, 2)? 101. What is 2 if X ~ N(1, 3)? 102. What is the (standardized) skew of the normal distribution? 103. What is the (standardized) kurtosis of the normal distribution? What is the unstandardized skew of the normal distribution? What is the unstandardized kurtosis of the normal distribution?

X ), where and are the mean and standard deviation of X). Calculate the mean of Z. X 105. Suppose Z is the standardization of X (Z = ), where and are the mean and standard deviation of X). Calculate the standard deviation of Z. 106. Suppose that Y = a + bX (b > 0). Calculate to show that the standardization of Y is the standardization of X. 107. Suppose that Y = 4 + 2X, where the mean of X is 8 and the standard deviation of X is 3. Calculate the standardizations of X and Y separately. How much of the probability of an N(, 2) distribution is within 1.96 standard deviations of the mean? If X ~N(, 2), what is what is the probability that X ( + 1.64)? 108. Why does the normal distribution occur frequently in nature? 109. Give three real life examples that are probably (nearly) normally distributed; for each one, write a sentence or two about why they probably are normally distributed. 110. For N(, 2), calculate the largest value of its pdf. Show also that any other value will be less than this number. 111. For N(40, 18), calculate the largest value of its pdf. Show also that any other value will be less than this number. What command would you use if you wanted Eviews to compute the probability that X < 2, if X~N(0, 1)? What command would you use if you wanted Eviews to compute the probability that X > 2, if X~N(0, 1)? What command would you use if you wanted Eviews to compute the probability that 3 < X < 2, if X~N(0, 1)? Do exercises (1) (4) 8.3a in the book. Do exercise 8.4 in the book. Do exercise 8.5 in the book. Do exercise 8.6 in the book. Do exercise 8.10 in the book. 112. If X ~ N(0, 1), then what is the distribution of Y = a + bX (b 0)? 113. If X ~ N(, 2), how would you transform it so that it is distributed as N(0, 1)? 114. If X ~ N(, 2), then what is the distribution of Y = a + bX (b 0)? 115. If X ~ N(0, 1), then what is the distribution of Y = 2 + 3X? 116. If X ~ N(6, 4), how would you transform it so that it is distributed as N(0, 1)? 117. If X ~ N(6, 4), then what is the distribution of Y = 2 + 3X? 118. For what values is the pdf of N(6, 4) greater than 0? Calculate the value of E ( X ) in terms of the mean of Xi, (i.e., like we did in class). Calculate the variance of X in terms of the variance 2 of Xi (i.e., like we did in class). If {X1,, X37} is a random sample from N(100, 25), then what is the variance of X ? If {X1,, X37} is a random sample from N(100, 25), then what is the standard deviation of X ? 119. The book gives two names for N(, 2). What are they? 104. Suppose Z is the standardization of X (Z =

Simpsons Paradox 120. Write a sentence or two describing what Simpsons paradox is (do not just give an example). 121. Give a numerical example of Simpsons paradox, and calculate the relevant values to show that it is an example. 122. Explain the conditions that make Simpsons paradox occur. 123. Explain why Simpsons Paradoxes sometimes occur in Economics. 124. Give a real life example of where in Economics a Simpsons paradox might occur, and explain why it might. END OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A3 =============================================================

Chap 10 Point Estimation 125. Write a couple sentences explaining the differences between x , X , and . 126. Give the definition of a consistent estimator. 127. What is the formula for the Law of Large Numbers? 128. In words, what does the Law of Large Numbers say? 129. Explain why the Law of Large Numbers is true 130. Give the definition of a biased estimator. 131. Describe in words what a biased estimator is. 132. Describe in words what an unbiased estimator is. 133. Show that (i.e., calculate, like we did in class) X is an unbiased estimator of . 134. Calculate an unbiased estimate of 2 using the random sample {2, 1, -3, 1}. 135. Calculate an estimate of (using an unbiased estimate of 2) from the random sample {2, 1, -3, 1}. 136. Calculate s x from the data set {3, -1, 4, 5, 0}. 2 137. Calculate s x from the data set {3, -1, 4, 5, 0}. 138. Calculate s from the data set {3, -1, 4, 5, 0}. 139. Calculate s2 from the data set {3, -1, 4, 5, 0}. 140. Do the calculations to show that X = n 141. If a random sample of 15 Xs come from a distribution with a variance of 6, then what is the variance of X ? 142. If a random sample of 15 Xs come from a distribution with a variance of 6, then what is the standard deviation of X ?

143. If a random sample of 15 Xs come from a distribution with a standard deviation of 6, then what is the variance of X ? 144. If a random sample of 15 Xs come from a distribution with a standard deviation of 6, then what is the standard deviation of X ? 145. In general, if we have a random sample of n Xs from a distribution whose mean and variance is and 2, then what is the mean and variance of X ? 146. In general, if we have a random sample of n Xs from a distribution whose mean and standard deviation is and , then what is the mean and standard deviation of X ? 1 n 2 147. Is ( X i X ) an unbiased estimator of 2? If not, give its bias. n i =1 1 n 2 148. If 2 = 35, and n = 12, calculate the bias of ( X i X ) . n i =1 149. What is the relationship between the MSE, variance, and bias of an estimator? 150. Your colleague at work was gathering some data for you, and you noticed that she accidentally estimated the standard deviation as the square root of the average of the sum of the squared deviations from the sample mean. Her estimate was 270 for the 15 observations she collected. You wish to use an unbiased estimate of the sample variance. What is it (show your work)? 151. Give the definition of the mean squared error of an estimator. 152. Use the definition of the MSE of an estimator to calculate that the MSE is equal to the estimators variance plus its squared bias. 153. You are using an estimator to try to figure out some population parameter . Your estimator is known to have a variance of 6 and a bias of 7. What is the mean squared error of ? 154. Give the formula for S2. Why do we use this estimator? 155. What is a point estimate? Basic Confidence Intervals 156. How do confidence intervals help us to interpret point estimates? 157. Why are confidence intervals useful; i.e., what in general do they do? 158. Why do we often only need the N(0, 1) distribution when we construct confidence intervals for X , when the variance was known? 159. Describe what the quantile function does (i.e, it takes you from what to what?). 160. What is the relation between the quantile function and the cdf? 161. Suppose X ~ N(0, 1). Explain how we use the quantile function to translate our choice of a confidence level into a confidence interval for X. 162. Give the formula for the margin of error (when the variance is known). 163. Given the formula for a confidence interval in terms of the point estimate and the margin of error. 164. What is the formula for the lower bound of a confidence interval when the variance is known? Label the parts (do not just give the m.o.e. as a single part). 165. What is the formula for the upper bound of a confidence interval when the variance is known? Label the parts (do not just give the m.o.e. as a single part).

166. When the variance is known, what distribution do we refer to when constructing a confidence interval for the mean? X q is 167. In constructing confidence intervals, it is utterly critical that the event q X 1 1 X + q . Carefully show that these two events are n n indeed the same (like we did in class). 168. What are the boundaries of a confidence interval at the .99 confidence level if the variance in the 14 samples is known to be 6, and the sample mean was 8? 169. The firm you work for has a rather poorly-thought-out policy that any estimations of the cost of a certain activity must be within a margin of error of no more than 10% of the estimated cost. (The company doesnt care about the confidence level of the margin of error, only that it be such that the above rule is upheld.) A project that youre working on has an average cost of $10,000, which was derived from a sample of all 11 known observations with a known standard deviation of 1,869. To comply with your companys policy, what is the highest confidence level you may use to construct this margin of error? (Estimate this by using the chart above to give the two points which it must fall in between, or the extreme point if it is greater/less than all those given.) 170. You work in an IT firm that specializes in a certain sort of information retrieval for corporations. Your boss has assigned you the task of estimating how long a certain sort of advanced retrieval takes on average. Since a major business is seriously considering an account with your company, your boss wants you to be 99 percent sure that your estimate falls within a 10-point total spread that you will give him. The variance of these sorts of retrievals is known to be 4800. What is the least number of trials of the system that you would have to run to complete your task (using the techniques that this test covers)? 171. Calculate a 99% confidence interval for a data set of 14 observations, whose mean is 6.2, and whose variance is known to be 7. 172. Calculate a 99% confidence interval for a data set of 14 observations, whose mean is 6.2, and whose standard deviation is known to be 7. 173. When constructing confidence intervals using the normal distribution, the book discusses two reasons for choosing a lower bound that is the negative value of the upper bound. What are these reasons? 174. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the data set {3, 5, 2, 1, 3}. Treat your estimate of the variance as if it were known to be the true variance. 175. For a given data set, which is larger, the length of a 95% confidence interval, or the length of a 99% confidence interval? Explain your answer. 176. Suppose two data sets x and y have identical means and variances, but x is made up of 17 observations, and y contains 20. Which will have a larger confidence interval? Explain your answer. 177. Draw the graph of the quantile function for N(0,1); include a numeric scale for both axes, and label the points on the graph for the quantiles corresponding to the probabilities: .005, . 025, .05, .95, .975, and .995. 178. How many times larger will your margin of error be if you switch from a 95% to 99% confidence level (show your work)? the same thing as X q

179. How many times larger will the length of your confidence interval be if you switch from a 90% to a 95% confidence level (show your work)? 180. If your original sample size is n, how much larger must you make your sample size if you want your margin of error to be cut in half (assume all other quantities remain fixed)? 181. If your original sample size is 30, how large must your new sample size be if you want your margin of error to be only half its original size (assume all other quantities remain fixed)? 182. The quantile function is related to the cdf, which gives the probability of getting less than some value. How then is the quantile function used to determine the upper quantile? 183. Describe a study (real or fictional) where there are at least three sources of error or uncertainty that are not accounted for by our methods for constructing confidence intervals. 184. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of x affect the margin of error? 185. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of x affect the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval? 186. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of x affect the length of a confidence interval? 187. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of affect the margin of error? 188. In a given study, how would increasing the size of affect the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval? 189. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of affect the length of a confidence interval? 190. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of n affect the margin of error? 191. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of n affect the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval? 192. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of n affect the length of a confidence interval? 193. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the confidence level c affect the margin of error? 194. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the confidence level c affect the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval? 195. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the confidence level c affect the length of a confidence interval? 196. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the error probability affect the margin of error? 197. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the error probability affect the upper and lower bounds of a confidence interval? 198. In a given study, how (if at all) would increasing the size of the error probability affect the length of a confidence interval? 199. In estimating the mean of X, the size of your 94% margin of error was (approximately) 7. What is the (approximate) size of n if the known standard deviation of X is 3? 200. In estimating the mean of X, your 94% confidence interval had a total length of (approximately) 7. What is the (approximate) size of n if the known standard deviation of X is 3? 201. In estimating the mean of X (where X has a known standard deviation of 5), the size of your 94% margin of error was (approximately) 7. What is the size of the margin of error if you change the confidence level to 98%?

202. In estimating the mean of X (where X has a known standard deviation of 5), your 94% confidence interval had a total length of (approximately) 7. What is the length of the confidence interval if you change the confidence level to 98%? 203. Do exercise 10.3 in the book. 204. Do exercise 10.10 in the book. 205. Do exercise 10.15 in the book. 206. Do exercise 10.16 in the book. 207. Do exercise 10.17 in the book. 208. Do exercise 10.23 in the book. 209. Do exercise 10.24 in the book. 210. Suppose you have decided to gather some fixed number n of observations, and create a confidence interval at some confidence level c, where the variance of the underlying population is known to be 2. Before you even gather your n numbers, you already know how long the confidence interval will be. Explain why. 211. Suppose you have decided to gather some fixed number n of observations, and create a confidence interval at some confidence level c, where the variance of the underlying population is known to be 2. Before you even gather your n numbers, you already know how big your margin of error will be. Explain why. 212. If you have two data sets that yield identical estimates of the variance, but for the first one you used 20 observations and for the second you used 30, which one will have the larger margin of error? Calculate/explain/prove your answer. 213. Describe the role that the Central Limit Theorem plays in our construction of confidence intervals. 214. Suppose q and F are the quantile function and cdf of a given distribution. What is q(F(x))? Explain. 215. Suppose q and F are the quantile function and cdf of a given distribution. What is F(q(x))? Explain. 216. In constructing a confidence interval, what role does the choice of probability distribution play? 217. Construct a margin of error (at the 94% confidence level) for the mean for the data set {3, 2, -2, 0}. 218. If the length of my confidence interval is 8, how long is it if I double the size of my data (assume all other numbers remain the same)? 219. If my margin of error is 5, what is it if I double the size of my data (assume all other numbers remain the same)? 220. If my margin of error is 5, how long is my confidence interval if I double the size of my data (assume all other numbers remain the same)? 221. If my margin of error is 5, what is the length of my confidence interval? 222. If the length of my confidence interval is 9, what is my margin of error? 223. While investigating the probability distribution of some population of interest, you notice that the area of that distribution corresponding to your 95% confidence interval is much less than 95%. Explain what has happened. 224. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) from 23 to 41?

225. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is less than 41? 226. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is greater than 41? 227. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is greater than 23? 228. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is less than 23? 229. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the (disjoint) part that is either greater than 41 or less than 23? 230. Suppose you take a sample of n individuals and construct a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level .93 is (23, 41). Is the area under the curve from 23 to 41 of the distribution from which you drew these individuals greater than, less than, or equal to .93. Explain your answer (you dont have to calculate anything, just say why). 231. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) from a to b? 232. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is less than b? 233. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is greater than b? 234. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is greater than a? 235. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the part that is less than a? 236. If, on average, a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b), then approximately how much area would you generally expect to be under the curve of the distribution of X (the statistical estimator of the mean) in the (disjoint) part that is either greater than b or less than a? 237. Suppose you take a sample of n individuals and construct a confidence interval for the mean at the confidence level c is (a, b). Is the area under the curve from a to b of the distribution from which you drew these individuals greater than, less than, or equal to c. Explain your answer (you dont have to calculate anything, just say why). 238. A report gives a point estimate of 156.78 with a margin of error of 23.42. What is the corresponding confidence interval?

239. A report gives a confidence interval of (223.83, 325.76). What are the point estimate and margin of error? Eviews questions 240. What value will Eviews return if you tell it to show @cnorm(@qnorm(.2)) ? Explain. 241. What value will Eviews return if you tell it to show @qnorm(@cnorm(2)) ? Explain. 242. Give the Eviews command for the quantile appropriate for a 98% confidence interval using 34 observations, when the variance is known. 243. You are constructing a 92% confidence interval using a data set with 18 observations, and you need Eviews to display the appropriate quantile. What command do you write in the white syntax bar? 244. The Eviews function @qnorm(x) will not give you a value if x is a number that is not between 0 and 1. Explain why. CIs for proportions 245. What is the formula for a confidence interval for a proportion? 246. When calculating a confidence interval for a proportion, the notes recommend that there be at least 15 observations in each category. Why is this? 247. Regarding confidence intervals for a proportions, what (kind of) distribution do we believe the individual data points actually came from (i.e., what is the distribution of the individual Xis, from which we draw our sample)? 248. In calculating a confidence interval for a proportion, what distribution do we use in our calculations? 249. In a recent study of 300 Hulu.com visitors, 201 visitors watched Starship Troopers. Construct a 98% confidence interval for the true proportion of Hulus Starship Troopers viewers. 250. Give two examples of where there would be great practical benefit in estimating a proportion and calculating a confidence interval, and explain why your examples are good ones. 251. Do exercise 10.11 in the book. 252. Do exercise 10.12 in the book. 253. Do exercise 10.13 in the book. 254. Do exercise 10.14 in the book. 255. For a 95% confidence interval for proportions, what is the smallest number n that will absolutely guarantee that the total length of the interval is no greater than .09? 256. You are designing a study to determine what proportion of UCI students plan to see the movie Thor. You need your margin of error (at the 95% confidence level) to be no greater than 4.2%. What is the smallest number of students you need to poll to absolutely guarantee that you will achieve this? 1 257. Show by calculation that the variance of a single binary random variable (i.e., an X ~ B p ) is largest when p = . 1 258. At what value of p is the variance of a single binary random variable (i.e., an X ~ B p ) as large as it can be?

T-distribution CIs 259. What is the formula for the lower bound of a confidence interval when the variance is unknown? Label the parts do not simply specify the margin of error; give that in terms of its parts and label them. 260. What is the formula for the upper bound of a confidence interval when the variance is unknown? Label the parts do not simply specify the margin of error; give that in terms of its parts and label them. 261. What is the formula for the margin of error when the variance is unknown? Label the parts 262. When the variance is unknown, what distribution do we refer to when constructing a confidence interval for the mean, when the sample has 18 observations in it? 263. What additional uncertainty does the t-distribution account for that the normal distribution does not? 264. From which distribution, N(0,1) or T(8), are you more likely to produce a number larger than 3? Explain why. 265. If you are using students T distribution with 11 degrees of freedom, how large was your sample? 266. Does the size of n affect how likely it is that you will obtain a confidence interval that contains ? Explain. 267. Explain how having a fairly large size of n can help you get a better sense of what the true value of really is (since your point estimate is unlikely to be exactly correct). 268. Calculate a 99% confidence interval for a data set of 14 observations, whose mean is 6.2, and whose variance is estimated to be 7. 269. Calculate a 99% confidence interval for a data set of 14 observations, whose mean is 6.2, and whose standard deviation is estimated to be 7. 270. Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the data set {3, 5, 2, 1, 3}. Recognize that your estimate of the variance is only an estimate. 271. For a given data set you construct 99% confidence intervals using first the standard normal distribution, and then using the appropriate t-distribution. Which is larger, and why? 272. Calculate the appropriate ratio to determine how many times larger the quantile used in a 98% confidence interval is when the variance is only estimated from a data set with 6 observations (and a mean of 4 and standard deviation of 3), than when the variance is assumed to be known. 273. Calculate the appropriate ratio to determine how many times larger the margin of error (at the 96% confidence level) is when the variance is only estimated from a data set with 6 observations (and a mean of 4 and standard deviation of 3), than when the variance is assumed to be known. 274. Calculate the appropriate ratio to determine how many times larger the length of a confidence interval (at the 96% confidence level) is when the variance is only estimated from a data set with 6 observations (and a mean of 4 and standard deviation of 3), than when the variance is assumed to be known. 275. Suppose you have decided to gather some known fixed number n of observations, and create a confidence interval at some given confidence level c, where the variance of the underlying population will be estimated. Before you gather your n numbers, you dont know how long your confidence interval will be. Explain why. 276. Suppose you have decided to gather some known fixed number n of observations, and create a confidence interval at some given confidence level c, where the variance of the

underlying population will be estimated. Before you gather your n numbers, dont know how big your margin of error will be. Explain why. 277. If you were constructing a confidence interval for a collection of 17 data points (where the variance is unknown), what distribution exactly would you use? 278. What command would you give to have Eviews display the appropriate quantile for a 99% confidence interval for a collection of 17 data points (where the variance is unknown)? 279. If you were constructing a 99% confidence interval for a collection of 17 data points (where the variance is unknown), what quantile would you have Eviews calculate for you? (Dont just give the command; say in English what you would be asking Eviews to calculate.) 280. Give an example of where there would be great practical benefit in estimating a mean (not a proportion) and calculating a confidence interval using a T-distribution, and explain why your examples are good ones. 281. Sketch the graphs of the pdfs of N(0, 1) and T(5) on one set of axes. Label each graph, and numerically label on the x axis the means of each distribution, and on the y axis the high point of N(0, 1). 282. If your sample has 5 observations, how many times larger will your 96% confidence interval be if you treat the variance as merely estimated and not known? 283. For a sample with 5 observations, how many times larger is the (positive) quantile for the appropriate T-distribution than the one for the normal? 284. The firm you work for has a rather poorly-thought-out policy that any estimations of the cost of a certain activity must be within a margin of error (interpreted as a confidence interval at some confidence level.) of no more than 15% of the estimated cost. A project that youre working on has an average cost of $15,000, which was derived from a sample of all 13 known observations where the standard deviation was estimated to be 5,668. To comply with your companys policy, what is the highest confidence level you may use? (Estimate this by using the chart above to give the two points which it must fall in between, or the extreme point if it is greater/less than all those given.) 285. Suppose you constructed 200 95% confidence intervals for the mean from one population, using a sample of size 100. What is the expected number of intervals that would contain ? What is the expected number that would not? 286. Do exercise 10.22 in the book. [Indicate the two nearest quantiles, if the precise value is not present on the table.] 287. Do exercise 10.7 in the book. 288. Draw a picture that shows why, for distributions like the normal distribution, the shortest confidence interval with some fixed confidence level c is symmetric about the mean. 289. Calculate, as we did in class and on the slides, to show that if confidence level c is held fixed, the shortest confidence interval of size c occurs when the lower and upper bounds have the same height (i.e. density). CIs for the variance 290. If we are constructing a confidence interval for the variance using 23 observations, what specific probability distribution would we use? 291. Explain why, if we are using a skewed distribution (such as the chi-square with 8 df) in the construction of a 95% confidence interval, if we construct our interval using the middle of the distribution (so that 2.5% of the distribution occurs on each side of the interval), we could have constructed a shorter 95% confidence interval.

292. What formula (for constructing a confidence interval for the variance) has the chi-square distribution with n-1 df? 293. Using a and b as the lower and upper quantiles for a confidence interval for the variance, give the formula for the lower bound of the confidence interval. 294. Using a and b as the lower and upper quantiles for a confidence interval for the variance, give the formula for the upper bound of the confidence interval. 295. The upper and lower quantiles for a chi-square distribution with 10df are 3.24 and 20.48 respectively (for a 95% confidence interval). Calculate the upper bound of the confidence interval if the sum of squared deviations about the mean is 75. 296. The upper and lower quantiles for a chi-square distribution with 10df are 3.24 and 20.48 respectively (for a 95% confidence interval). Calculate the lower bound of the confidence interval if the sum of squared deviations about the mean is 75. 297. The upper and lower quantiles for a chi-square distribution with 10df are 3.24 and 20.48 respectively (for a 95% confidence interval). Calculate the confidence interval if s2 = 75. 298. The upper and lower quantiles for a chi-square distribution with 10df are 3.24 and 20.48 respectively (for a 95% confidence interval). Calculate the confidence interval if s = 75.

Chap11 Basics. 299. What is a Type I error, written in probability theory notation (be explicit)? 300. What is a Type II error, written in probability theory notation (be explicit)? 301. Describe, in ordinary English, what a Type I error is. 302. Describe, in ordinary English, what a Type II error is. 303. is directly related to one of the two Types of errors; what Type, and how? 304. is directly related to one of the two Types of errors; what Type, and how? 305. What is the role of H1 in a simple hypothesis test? 306. What is the role of H0 in a simple hypothesis test? 307. What three things determine the quantile q in a hypothesis test? 308. What are the parts of a statistical test, as given in lecture and the slides? 309. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean using the data {2, 1, 4, 7, 3}, = .05, H0: = 1, H1: = 3. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the p-value for you. 310. Give the general formula for the t-statistic. 311. Describe, in ordinary English, what the p-value tells you. 312. What 5 things are included in a report of a statistical test? 313. Explain how increasing does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type I error (with n held fixed). 314. Explain how increasing does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type II error (with n held fixed). 315. Explain how increasing does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type I error (with n held fixed).

316. Explain how increasing does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type II error (with n held fixed). 317. Explain how increasing n does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type I error (with n held fixed). 318. Explain how increasing n does (or doesnt) change the chances of a Type II error (with n held fixed). 319. If every other aspect of a statistical test is the same, which has more power, a one-sided or two-sided hypothesis test? Explain. (Assume that all the relevant assumptions behind both tests are correct.) 320. What is the advantage of using a reasonably large size of n in a statistical test? 321. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the size of ? 322. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the size of ? 323. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the power of a statistical test? 324. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the critical boundary of a statistical test? 325. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the p-value (assume that the variance is known, and all other quantities remain fixed)? 326. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the type I error rate? 327. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the type II error rate? 328. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the size of ? 329. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the size of ? 330. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the power of a statistical test? 331. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the critical boundary of a statistical test? 332. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the type I error rate? 333. How, if at all, does decreasing the size of n affect the type II error rate? 334. How, if at all, does increasing the size of n affect the p-value (assume that the variance is known, and all other quantities remain fixed)? 335. How many hypotheses are there in a statistical test? What are their names? 336. What test statistic is used in a test of the mean of simple hypotheses (give its name or its formula)? 337. Describe what a critical bound is. 338. How does determine a critical bound? 339. How do we use our test statistic and our critical bound to reject/fail to reject H0? 1 are what make it reasonable to 340. Explain how the facts that E ( X ) = E ( X ) , and X = n take the average of a random sample of size n > 1 when trying to figure out the mean of a population (as opposed to just checking one individual from that population, say). Tests of simple hypotheses 341. Suppose you are testing H0: N(3, 2) vs. H1 N(2, 2) and x = 2.2, and n = 14. Give the distribution of X , and express the p-value of your test in terms of that distributions cdf F. 342. Suppose you are testing H0: N(2, 2) vs. H1 N(3, 2) and x = 2.2, and n = 14. Give the distribution of X , and express the p-value of your test in terms of that distributions cdf F. 343. If you are testing H0: = 3 vs. H1 = 2 and x = 2.2, s = 5, and n = 14, what command would you give (in the white syntax bar) to Eviews to display the p-value of your test statistic?

344. If you are testing H0: = 2 vs. H1 = 3 and x = 2.2, s = 5,and n = 14, what command would you give (in the white syntax bar) to Eviews to display the p-value of your test statistic? 345. If you are testing H0: = a vs. H1 = b, where a > b and x = c, s = d, and the sample had n observations, what command would you give (in the white syntax bar) to Eviews to display the p-value of your test statistic? 346. If you are testing H0: = a vs. H1 = b, where a < b and x = c, s = d, and the sample had n observations, what command would you give (in the white syntax bar) to Eviews to display the p-value of your test statistic? 347. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean where = .01, H0 : = 17, H1: = 22, x = 19.7, s = 9.1, n = 24. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the pvalue for you. 348. Suppose a quantile q has been determined for a test of simple hypotheses: H0: = a vs. H1 = b, where a < b. Show how to calculate from the appropriate inequality involving the t statistic and q to an inequality involving the sample mean estimator and the critical boundary. 349. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a test of simple hypotheses of H0: = a vs. H1 = b, where a < b. 350. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the mean where H0: = 45 and H1: = 48; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 351. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the mean where H0: = 45 and H1: = 31; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 352. What is the role of H0 in a simple hypothesis test? 353. What is the role of H1 in a simple hypothesis test? 354. Two tests are to be run at the same -level, with the same sample size n. Test A is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(7, 12), Test B is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(9, 12). Which test is more powerful? Draw a picture (or two) as part of your explanation. 355. Two tests are to be run at the same -level, with the same sample size n. Test A is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(4, 12), Test B is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(0, 12). Which test is more powerful? Draw a picture (or two) as part of your explanation. 356. Two tests are to be run at the same -level, with the same sample size n. Test A is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(7, 12), Test B is H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(7, 20). Which test is more powerful? Draw a picture (or two) as part of your explanation. 357. Two tests are to be run at the same -level; both are testing H0: N(5, 12) vs. H1: N(7, 12), For Test A, n = 15, and for Test B, n = 25. Which test is more powerful? Draw a picture (or two) as part of your explanation. 358. If your data is a random sample of size n from the distribution N(, 2), then what is the distribution of the statistic X ? 359. If your data is a random sample of size n from the distribution N(, 2), then what is the distribution of your test statistic T (the studentized value of X )? 360. If your data is a random sample of size 12 from the distribution N(4, 7), then what is the distribution of the statistic X ? 361. If your data is a random sample of size 12 from the distribution N(4, 7), then what is the distribution of your test statistic T (the standardized or studentized value of X )?

362. If your data is a random sample of size 12 from the distribution N(4, 7), where x = 5, and the standard deviation was estimated to be 8, then what is the value of your test statistic t (the standardized or studentized value of x )? 363. What are the background assumptions behind a test of simple hypotheses? 364. Suppose H0: N(100, 15) and H1: N(110, 15). Suppose my critical bound is 2 and my tstatistic is 2.3. Which hypothesis do I accept? 365. Suppose H0: N(120, 15) and H1: N(110, 15). Suppose my critical bound is -2 and my tstatistic is -1.3. Which hypothesis do I accept? 366. In a test of two simple hypotheses, if I accept the null hypothesis, which hypothesis do I reject? 367. In a test of two simple hypotheses, if I accept the alternative hypothesis, which hypothesis do I reject? 368. In a test of two simple hypotheses, if I reject the null hypothesis, which hypothesis do I accept? 369. In a test of two simple hypotheses, if I reject the alternative hypothesis, which hypothesis do I accept? 370. Describe the hypotheses involved in a significance test between two simple hypotheses; i.e., what is general form of H0 and H1? 371. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a significance test between two simple hypotheses. 372. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean of N(, 2), with data {6, 1, 0, 7, 3}, = . 05, H0: = 1, H1: 1. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the p-value for you. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. On the exam, you will have access to a table such as this one. i. p = .900 .905 .910 .915 .920 .925 .930 .935 .940 .945 @qnorm(p) = 1.28 1.31 1.34 1.37 1.41 1.44 1.48 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.64 @tqdist(p, 4) = 1.53 1.58 1.62 1.67 1.72 1.78 1.84 1.90 1.97 2.05 @tqdist(p, 5) = 1.48 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.81 1.87 1.94 @tqdist(p, 6) = 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.81 1.87 ii. p = .955 .960 .965 .970 .975 .980 .985 .990 @qnorm(p) = 1.70 1.75 1.81 1.88 1.96 2.05 2.17 2.33 2.58 @tqdist(p, 4) = 2.23 2.33 2.46 2.60 2.78 3.00 3.30 3.75 @tqdist(p, 5) = 2.10 2.19 2.30 2.42 2.57 2.76 3.00 3.36 @tqdist(p, 6) = 2.02 2.10 2.20 2.31 2.45 2.61 2.83 3.14 .995 4.60 4.03 3.71

.950 2.13 2.02 1.94

382. Suppose your t-statistic has a value of 2.3, where n = 4. Using the table above, estimate the p-value (i.e., find the two numbers in the table above that the actual p-value is closest to) for a one-sided test. 383. Suppose your t-statistic has a value of 2.3, where n = 4. Using the table above, estimate the p-value (i.e., find the two numbers that the actual p-value is closest to) for a two-sided test. 384. Why do we often conduct one-sided tests instead of simple hypothesis tests?

385. Draw and label a picture that illustrates how simple hypothesis tests differ from one-sided and two-sided tests. 386. If you ran a statistical test in Eviews, where H0: = 60, and H1: = 67, Eviews would report a larger p-value than is in fact correct. Why? 387. If you ran a statistical test in Eviews, where H0: = 60, and H1: = 55, Eviews would report a larger p-value than is in fact correct. Why? 388. How are p-values and quantiles similar? 389. How are p-values and quantiles different? 390. Describe an advantage of simple hypothesis tests that one- and two- sided tests do not have. One-sided composite tests 391. What is the role of H1 in a one-sided composite hypothesis test? 392. What is the role of H0 in a one-sided composite hypothesis test? 393. Suppose a quantile q has been determined for a one-sided hypothesis test where H1: > 0. Show how to calculate from the appropriate inequality involving the t statistic and q to an inequality involving the sample mean estimator and the critical boundary. 394. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a one-sided test, where H1: > 0. 395. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a one-sided test, where H1: < 0. 396. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the mean where H0: = 45 and H1: < 45; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 397. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the mean where H0: = 45 and H1: > 45; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 398. What is the role of H1 in a one-sided test? 399. In a given sample of size 45, if the mean and standard deviation are 6 and 3, respectively, what is the t-statistic for the null hypothesis that the population mean is 7? 400. A cranky comment on your blog complains about kids these days spending too much time on frivolous activities like Twittering, Facebooking, etc. She cites a study that found that persons aged 20 25 spend on average about 3.2 hours per day on these activities, and declares that there is a problem because anything more than 1.5 hours per day is too much. You follow the link to this study and find that the poll used 18 responses and had a standard deviation of 1.9. Conduct the appropriate one-sided test, at the .05 level, to see if these data supports this critics comments. 401. Describe the hypotheses involved in a one-sided significance test; i.e., what is the general form of H0 and H1? 402. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a one-sided significance test. 403. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean where = .01, H0 : = 17, H1: < 17, x = 15.4, s = 9.1, n = 28. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the pvalue for you. 404. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean where = .03, H0 : = 17, H1: > 17, x = 19.7, s = 4.1, n = 28. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the pvalue for you.

405. Explain how you can use the p-value from a one-sided test to determine whether your results were significant at a chosen level. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 406. If I run a one-sided composite hypothesis test using the 94 persons Dr. House was most recently rude to, how many degrees of freedom do I have? 407. What Eviews command do I give to determine (the absolute value of) my critical bound (i.e., quantile) for a one-sided composite hypothesis test, where n = 34 and = .02? 408. The average height of 21 plants is 16 cm (s = 4.6), and you wish to test whether this differs significantly from a mean height of 11cm (H1: > 11). What is the value of your t-statistic? 409. Draw and label a picture that illustrates how one-sided tests differ from simple hypothesis tests and two-sided tests. 410. Describe an advantage of one-sided tests over two-sided tests. 411. Describe a disadvantage of one-sided tests over two-sided tests. 412. If you ran a statistical test in Eviews, where H0: = 60, and H1: < 60, Eviews would report a larger p-value than is in fact correct. Why? 413. If you ran a statistical test in Eviews, where H0: = 60, and H1: > 60, Eviews would report a larger p-value than is in fact correct. Why? Two-sided composite tests 414. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a two-sided test. 415. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the mean where H0: = 45 and H1: 45; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 416. What is the difference between a one-sided and a two-sided hypothesis test? 417. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean of N(, 2), with data {6, 1, 0, 7, 3}, = . 05, H0: = 1, H1: > 1. Instead of the p-value, write the Eviews command that would display this for you. 418. What is the role of H1 in a two-sided hypothesis test? 419. What is the role of H0 in a two-sided hypothesis test? 420. Write out the probability formulas for a confidence interval, and for a destandardized twosided hypothesis test. How are they alike? How are they different? 421. A two-sided test is more powerful, because you test both sides of the distribution. Explain what is wrong with this claim. 422. Explain how, everything else being equal, a one-sided test has a different power than a two-sided test. 423. Describe the hypotheses involved in a two-sided significance test; i.e., what is general form of H0 and H1? 424. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a two-sided significance test. 425. You read that a 1-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: > 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test shouldve been 2-tailed, but that otherwise the test was fine. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make? 426. You read that a 2-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test shouldve been 1-tailed, but that otherwise the test was fine. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make?

427. You read that a 1-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: > 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test was fine, except that it shouldve been run at the .01 level. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make? 428. You read that a 2-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test was fine, except that it shouldve been run at the .01 level. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make? 429. You read that a 1-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: > 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test was fine, except that it shouldve been run at the .01 level, and that it shouldve been 2-tailed. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make? 430. You read that a 2-tailed test of H0: = 8 vs. H1: 8 was significant at the .05 level, with t(23) = 2.21, p = .04. You believe that the test was fine, except that it shouldve been run at the .01 level, and that it shouldve been 1-tailed. What, if any, changes in her report would you advise the researcher to make? 431. Run and report on a statistical test for the mean where = .03, H0 : = 17, H1: 17, x = 19.7, s = 4.1, n = 28. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the pvalue for you. 432. Explain how you can use the p-value from a two-sided test to determine whether your results were significant at a chosen level. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 433. I would like to run a test at the .05 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that my confidence interval at the 95% confidence level is (13, 18). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 434. I would like to run a test at the .05 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that x = 12 with a margin of error of 4 (at the 95% confidence level). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 435. I would like to run a test at the .05 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that my confidence interval at the 99% confidence level is (13, 18). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 436. I would like to run a test at the .05 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that x = 12 with a margin of error of 4 (at the 99% confidence level). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 437. I would like to run a test at the .01 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that my confidence interval at the 95% confidence level is (13, 18). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 438. I would like to run a test at the .01 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17, and all I know is that x = 12 with a margin of error of 4 (at the 95% confidence level). What, if anything, can I conclude regarding my test? Explain your answer. 439. The average height of 27 unfertilized plants is 13 cm (s = 3.9).and you wish to test whether this differs significantly (two-sided) from a mean height of 11cm. What is the value of your tstatistic? 440. What Eviews command do I give to determine the p-value for a two-sided test, where t = 2.13 and n = 45? 441. If I run a two sided hypothesis test using n = 27 Middle-Aged Normal Ninja Turtles, how many degrees of freedom do I have?

442. The average height of 21 plants is 16 cm (s = 4.6), and you wish to test whether this differs significantly (two-sided) from a mean height of 11cm. What is the value of your t-statistic? 443. What Eviews command do I give to determine (the absolute value of) my critical bounds (i.e., quantiles) for a 2-sided composite hypothesis test, where n = 34 and = .02? 444. When conducting a two-sided hypothesis test, why do we divide s by n ? 445. When conducting a two-sided hypothesis test, why do we subtract H0 from x , and then divide the result by s x ? 446. When conducting a two-sided test, why do we use /2 instead of to determine the critical bounds? 447. When conducting a two-sided test, why do we double the p-value that we would get if our test was one-sided? 448. What is the Behrens-Fisher problem? 449. Draw and label a picture that illustrates how two-sided tests differ from simple hypothesis tests and one-sided tests. 450. Describe an advantage of two-sided tests over one-sided tests. 451. Describe a disadvantage of two-sided tests over one-sided tests. Tests of equality of means (Unless noted otherwise, all tests of equality of means should be assumed to be 2-sided.) 452. What Eviews command do I give to determine the p-value for a test of equality of means, where t = -3.10 and n = 36 and m =53? 453. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a test of equality of means. 454. For a test of the equality of means, what value is the mean of the null hypothesis 0? 455. Give the mathematical formula for the estimate of the variance of the mean in a test for equality of means. 456. If there are 30 observations in the first group, and 38 observations in the second group, how many degrees of freedom are there in a test for the equality of means? 457. Suppose you read that in a survey of 20 UCI students, the average number of hours spent online per day is 6.2, with a standard deviation of 1.4, and that in a survey of 30 UCSD students, the average was 4.8, with a standard deviation of 1.7. Use this data to conduct a test for the equality of means at the .03 level. 458. Describe the hypotheses involved in a test for the equality of means; i.e., what is the general form of H0 and H1? 459. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a test for the equality of means. 460. Describe how to run a hypothesis test for the equality of means; i.e., list the basic quantities to be determined, and how to put them together, and what to compare, and how to conclude. 461. Give the mathematical formula for the t-statistic for a test for equality of means. 462. Run and report on a statistical test for the equality of means, with data x = {6, 1, 0, 7, 3}, y = {4, 1, 5, 0}, = .01. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the p-value for you. 463. What are the null and alternative hypotheses for a test of the equality of means?

464. Run and report on a statistical test for the equality of means where = .05, H0 : x = y, H1: x y,, x = 19.7, s = 4.1, nx = 38, y = 19.1, s = 2.9, ny = 49. Instead of a p-value, give the Eviews command that would display the p-value for you. 465. If I run a test for equality of means using 21 superheroes and 19 villains, how many degrees of freedom do I have? 466. What Eviews command do I give to determine (the absolute value of) my critical bounds (i.e., quantiles) for a test of equality of means, where n = 34 and = .02? 467. When we use the pooled estimator of the variance in a test of equality of means, what assumption are we making? 468. The average height of 21 fertilized plants is 16 cm (s = 4.6), and the average height of 19 unfertilized plants is 11 cm (s = 6.1) and you wish to test whether these values are significantly different. What is the value of your t-statistic? 469. The 27 boys averaged 13 points each (sd = 4.7), while the 32 girls averaged 18 points each (sd = 6.1). What is the t-statistic for a test for equality of means? 470. What assumption do we make when we used the pooled estimator of the variance? 471. Show that the unpooled estimator of the variance (for a test of equality of means) is always larger than the pooled estimator of the variance 472. For a test of equality of means, what estimator of the variance does Eviews use? 473. Along with the pooled estimate of the variance, in the standard error for an equality test of means, we see the term (1/n + 1/m). Why is that there? 474. In 30 snack breaks, Cartman consumed, on average, 4.7 candy bars per break (with a standard deviation of 1.3). Kenny, however, consumed an average of 2.2 candy bars per break (standard deviation = .8) over a span of 12 snack breaks. Run and report a test (at the significance level = .05) to see whether Cartman and Kenny on average consume different amounts of candy bar per break. [Estimate the p-value using the table supplied.] Proportions: Tests of equality of means (Unless noted otherwise, all tests of equality of proportions should be assumed to be 2-sided.) 475. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a two-sided test of equality of proportions. 476. What Eviews command do I give to determine the p-value for a test of equality of proportions, where t = 1.81, and n =91? 477. What Eviews command do I give to determine the p-value for a 1-sided test of equality of proportions, where t = 1.81, and n =91? 478. In a poll, 29 of 47 men favored Burger King over McDonalds and 38 of 43 women did. Is this difference in proportions statistically significant at the .03 level? 479. What Eviews command do I give to determine (the absolute value of) my critical bounds (i.e., quantiles) for a test of proportions, where n = 34 and = .04? 480. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a test of equality of proportions. 481. Regarding the question of whether one believes in the afterlife, in a recent study, 435 women said yes, and 147 said no. For the same question, 375 men said yes, and 134 said no. Setting = .01, run (and report) a test whether there is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of women who believe in the afterlife compared to men?

What kind of test would you run? 482. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon that have been exposed to a pollutant (which you suspect might shrink or enlarge them) differs from the average fin-length of salmon that have not been exposed, what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 483. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon has been affected by a pollutant (which you suspect might shrink or enlarge them from their average length of 10cm), what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 484. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon has been affected by a pollutant (which you suspect that, if anything, might shrink them from their average length of 10cm), what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 485. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon has been affected by a pollutant (which you suspect that, if anything, might enlarge them from their average length of 10cm), what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 486. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon has been affected by a pollutant (which you suspect might shrink them from their average length of 10cm to only 8cm), what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 487. If you are going to study whether the average length of the dorsal fins of salmon has been affected by a pollutant (which you suspect might enlarge them from their average length of 10cm to 13cm), what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. 488. If you are going to study whether the proportion of malformed dorsal fins of salmon that have been exposed to a pollutant (which you suspect might cause them to form incorrectly) differs from the proportion of malformed dorsal fins of salmon that have not been exposed, what kind of statistical test would you run? Be as specific as possible, including both the type of test and the hypotheses considered. Further questions. 489. If the appropriate p-value of a test is .04, is the result significant at = .05? Why or why not? 490. If we wanted to be really certain of a statistical test, then we would set = . 000000000001. Explain why this is typically unwise practice. 491. If I calculate 2*@ctdist(-3.01, 14), what value am I calculating, and from what kind of test? 492. Which, if either, is larger, the cumulative distribution of T(8) at -3.2 or the cumulative distribution of T(27) at -3.2. Explain your answer. 493. Which, if either, is larger, the cumulative distribution of T(8) at -3.2 or the cumulative distribution of T(8) at 3.2. Explain your answer.

494. Which, if either, is larger, the cumulative distribution of N(0, 1) at -3.2 or the cumulative distribution of T(8) at -3.2. Explain your answer. 495. If I calculate @ctdist(-3.01, 14), what value am I calculating, and from what kind of test? 496. If my p-value for a one-sided test is .02, and my is .01, do I reject H0? 497. If t = -2.13 and one of my quantiles is -2.22, do I reject H0? 498. In general, it would be nice if we could always run one-sided tests; explain why. 499. In general, we typically need to run two-sided tests; explain why. 500. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 501. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 502. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 503. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 504. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 505. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 506. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 507. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 F(| t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 508. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 509. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 510. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 511. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 512. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 513. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 514. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 515. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 516. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 517. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where F is the cdf of the appropriate distribution and t is our test statistic. True or false? If false, why? 518. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why?

519. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 520. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 521. The p-value of a one-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 522. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 523. The p-value of a two-sided test is given by 2 pr(T | t |), where T has the appropriate tdistribution and t is the value that was actually obtained. True or false? If false, why? 524. In a statistical test, if p < 0, is the result significant at the -level? 525. In a statistical test, if p > 0, is the result significant at the -level? 526. In a statistical test, if p < 0, is the result significant at the -level? 527. In a statistical test, if p > 0, is the result significant at the -level? 528. Regarding the distributions weve been using for hypothesis tests, is it always the case that: 1 pr(T x) is equal to pr(T x). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 529. Regarding the distributions weve been using for hypothesis tests, is it always the case that: 1 pr(T x) is equal to pr(T x). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 530. Regarding the distributions weve been using for hypothesis tests, is it always the case that: 1 pr(T x) is equal to pr(T x). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 531. Regarding the distributions weve been using for hypothesis tests, is it always the case that: 1 pr(T x) is equal to pr(T x). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 532. Is it always the case that: (1 @ctdist(2.45, 15)) is equal to @ctdist(-2.45, 15)). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 533. Is it always the case that: (1 @ctdist(-2.45, 15)) is equal to @ctdist(2.45, 15)). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 534. Is it always the case that: (1 @ctdist(-2.45, 15)) is equal to @ctdist(-2.45, 15)). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 535. Is it always the case that: (1 @ctdist(2.45, 15)) is equal to @ctdist(2.45, 15)). Explain why or why not. [Hint: draw a picture as part of your explanation.] 536. Name the five types of statistical tests that we studied. 537. In actual research, one of the background assumptions behind statistical testing is frequently violated. What is this assumption, and why is this violation often not a serious concern? 538. Suppose x = 10, sx = 7.1, nx = 12, and y = 14, sy = 3.2, ny = 15. You want to conduct a hypothesis test for the equality of the means. What are sum of squares (i.e. the sum of squared deviations from the mean) for x and y? 539. Why do we frequently use a T-distribution to conduct statistical tests rather than a Normal distribution? 540. In a two-sided test for T(14) = -3.01, why would I calculate 2*@ctdist(-3.01, 14)? 541. If I am calculating the p-value from a two-sided test for T(14) = -3.01, why do I calculate 2*@ctdist(-3.01, 14)?

542. If I am calculating the p-value from a one-sided test for T(14) = -3.01, why do I calculate @ctdist(-3.01, 14)? 543. If I am calculating the p-value from a two-sided test for T(14) = 3.01, why do I calculate 2*@ctdist(-3.01, 14)? 544. If I am calculating the p-value from a one-sided test for T(14) = 3.01, why do I calculate @ctdist(-3.01, 14)? 545. Give an Eviews command that will display the p-value for the result T(15) = 2.3 for the test at the .01 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: 17. 546. Give an Eviews command that will display the p-value for the result T(15) = 2.3 for the test at the .01 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: < 17. 547. Give an Eviews command that will display the p-value for the result T(15) = 2.3 for the test at the .01 level of significance of H0 : = 17 vs. H1: > 17. 548. Explain how, everything else being equal, increasing n changes the power of a one-sided test. 549. Explain how, everything else being equal, increasing n changes the power of a two-sided test. 550. Give an example where we might want to destandardize our critical bound(s) back into the original measurement units 551. If I hope to reject H0, why should I hope that the (estimated) variance of x is small? 552. If my critical bounds are 1.96 and 1.96, n = 40, s = 14, x = 12, and H0 = 20, do I reject the null hypothesis? 553. If my standardized critical bounds are 1.96 and 1.96, n = 40, s = 14, x = 12, and H0 = 20, what are my unstandardized critical bounds? 554. Describe what a critical bound (standardized or unstandardized) is; a picture may help your explanation. 555. Describe what a rejection region is; a picture may help your explanation. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. Do problem 11.1 in the book. Do problem 11.2 in the book. Do problem 11.3 in the book. Do problem 11.4 in the book. Do problem 11.5 in the book. Do problem 11.6 in the book. Do problem 11.7 in the book. Do problem 11.8 in the book. Do problem 11.11 in the book. Do problem 11.13 in the book. Do problem 11.14 in the book. Do problem 11.15 in the book. Do problem 11.16 in the book.

569.

Proportions: Simple tests

570. Give a formula for the p-value in probability theory notation for a test of proportions (2sided). 571. 29 of 47 people favored Burger King over McDonalds, and you wish to test whether this might be statistically significantly different from a null hypothesis of no population-wide preference (H0 = .5). What is the value of the appropriate statistic? 572. What Eviews command do I give to determine (the absolute value of) my critical bounds (i.e., quantiles) for a test of proportions, where n = 34 and = .04? 573. Give two real life examples of when you might want to use a test of proportions. 574. [For the next few questions, you should write out the test formula for proportions; the questions mainly involve some algebraic manipulations of it. In testing H0: = .5 vs. H1: . 5, you will have 57 observations. If x > .5, at what value of x is the absolute value of your test statistic equal to 1.96? 575. In testing H0: = .5 vs. H1: .5, you will have 74 observations. If x < .5, at what value of x is the absolute value of your test statistic equal to 1.96? 576. In testing H0: = .5 vs. H1: .5, suppose that x remains fixed at .51. How many observations will you need in order for the absolute value of your test statistic to equal 1.96? 577. In testing H0: = .5 vs. H1: .5, suppose that x remains fixed at .47. How many observations will you need in order for the absolute value of your test statistic to equal 1.96? 578. It is known that about 20% of iPood devices experience system crashes each month. In a batch of 113 of these 38 have crashed this month. Is this statistically significant? Test H0: = . 2 vs. H1: .2 at = .04. 579. If you flipped a coin 50 times, what is the least number of times it would have to come up heads (or, equivalently, tails) in order for you to conclude (at the = .03 level) that the coin was not fair (i.e., that it the chances of coming up heads was 50-50)?

Chapter 05 580. Calculate the covariance of the data set {(1, 0), (0, 1), (2, -1), (3, 1)}. 581. Calculate the correlation of the data set {(1, 0), (3, 1), (0, -1), (1, 1)}. 582. Standardize the data set {(1, 0), (3, 1), (0, -1), (1, 1)} and then calculate the correlation. 583. If the standard deviation of x and y are 4 and 7 respectively, then what is the correlation between x and y if m11 = 12? 584. What are the possible values of the covariance? 585. What are the possible values of r? 586. What does it mean if r is large and positive?

587. What does it mean if r is nearly zero? 588. What does it mean if r is a large negative number (i.e., not close to zero)? 589. What is the symbol for the correlation coefficient? 590. Express the correlation coefficient in terms of moments. 591. What is the symbol for the covariance? 592. Using sigma notation, give the mathematical formula for the correlation coefficient. 593. Using sigma notation, give the mathematical formula for the covariance. 594. What precisely does the correlation coefficient measure? 595. Give two examples where you would want to know the correlation between two variables. 596. Explain the relationship between covariance and correlation in terms of standardized variables. 597. Explain the relationship between covariance and correlation in terms of moments. 598. Give an example of why correlation does not imply causation. 599. Why cant you take a sample of Californians and a sample of New Yorkers, and measure the correlation between the two groups salaries? 600. Know how to do exercise 5.12 in the book. 601. Know how to do exercise 5.13 in the book. 602. Know how to do exercise 5.20 in the book. 603. Know how to do exercise 5.22 in the book. 604. Know how to do exercise 5.29 in the book. 605. 606. X=1 607. X =2 608. Y 609. 5 610. 2 =1 611. Y 612. 4 613. 1 =2 614. Y 615. 1 616. 7 =3 617. Calculate the joint probability that both X and Y are 2. 618. Calculate the marginal probability that Y = 3. 619. Calculate the probability that Y = 1 given that X = 2. 620. 621. X=1 622. X =2 623. Y 624. 5 625. 2 =1 626. Y 627. 5 628. 8 = 2 or 3 629. Calculate the correlation between X and Y. 630. Give the mathematical formula for . 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a box-and-whiskers plot. Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a cumulative distribution plot. Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a scatterplot. Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a correlation matrix between 3 series. Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a covariance matrix between 3 series.

=============================================== START OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A1

Chapter 02 636. What is distinctive about an absolute scale (i.e. what kind of information does it preserve, or what kinds of transformations yield another absolute scale)? 637. What is distinctive about a ratio scale (i.e. what kind of information does it preserve, or what kinds of transformations yield another ratio scale)? 638. What is distinctive about an interval scale (i.e. what kind of information does it preserve, or what kinds of transformations yield another interval scale)? 639. What is distinctive about an ordinal scale (i.e. what kind of information does it preserve, or what kinds of transformations yield another ordinal scale)? 640. What is distinctive about a categorical scale (i.e. what kind of information does it preserve, or what kinds of transformations yield another categorical scale)? 641. How are the five scales of measurement that we cover related to one another (i.e., is one sort of scale always an instance of another sort of scale)? 642. Give two examples of something that would be measured on an absolute scale, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples of this scale. 643. Give two examples of something that would be measured on a ratio scale, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples of this scale. 644. Give two examples of something that would be measured on an interval scale, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples of this scale. 645. Give two examples of something that would be measured on an ordinal scale, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples of this scale. 646. Give two examples of something that would be measured on a categorical scale, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples of this scale. 647. Give two examples of something that would be measured with an index, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples. 648. Give two examples of something that would be measured with a time series, and write a sentence or two about why these are good examples. Chapter 03 649. In general, how do you determine the median of a data set? When is the median an element of a data set? When is it not?

650. Describe how the box of a box-and-whisker plot is constructed. How far out do the whiskers extend? 651. What are the outliers (if any) in a box-and-whisker plot? 652. Describe how to determine the three quartile points and the four quartiles of a box-andwhisker plot. 653. Construct a box-and-whiskers plot (by hand) for a relatively small data set, e.g., {-3, 4, 3, 2, 1, -8, 4, 3, 2, 0}. What kind of information does a box-and-whisker plot visually display? Give an example of when and how you might use a box-and-whisker plot. How are relative frequency plots different from cumulative frequency plots? 654. Sketch a relative frequency plot (by hand) for the following data set {32, 16, 21, 22, 21, 19, 24, 26, 31, 27}. Use the categories [ 20], [21 23], [24 27], [28 30], [ 31]. Be sure to label both axes. What kind of information does a relative frequency plot visually display? 655. Give an example of when and how you might use a relative frequency plot. 656. Sketch a cumulative distribution plot (by hand) for the following data set {32, 16, 21, 22, 21, 19, 24, 26, 31, 27}. Use the categories [ 20], [21 23], [24 27], [28 30], [ 31]. Be sure to label both axes. What kind of information does a cumulative distribution plot visually display? 657. Give an example of when you might use a cumulative distribution plot. 658. How are histograms constructed? 659. What is the total area of a histogram? 660. Sketch a histogram (by hand) for the data set: {1, 1, 3, 2, 5, 5, 9, 2, 4, 2} Using the categories [1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8], [9, 10]. Be sure to supply numeric labels on the axes. What kind of information does a histogram visually display? 661. Give an example of when you might use a histogram. 662. How do histograms and relative frequency plots differ? What different kinds of information do histograms and relative frequency plots display? Under what conditions are a histogram and a relative frequency plot identical? Explain your answer. 663. How are absolute frequency plots different from relative frequency plots? 664. Sketch an absolute frequency plot (by hand) for a data set where 5 students are under 18, 10 are 18, 22 are 19, 27 are 20, 15 are 21, 9 are 22, and 4 are over 22. What kind of information does an absolute frequency plot visually display? 665. Give an example of when and how you might use an absolute frequency plot. 666. Sketch an absolute frequency plot (by hand) for a data set where 5 students are under 18, 10 are 18, 22 are 19, 27 are 20, 15 are 21, 9 are 22, and 4 are over 22. 667. Sketch a relative frequency plot (by hand) for a data set where, of the 20 students total, 5 are 18 or under, 3 are 19, 6 are 20, 4 are 21, and 2 are 22 or over. 668. What kind of information does a histogram visually display? 669. Give an example of when and how you might use a histogram. Chapter 04 670. For m1, give: Its name. 671. For the mean, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one. 672. For m1, give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation).

673. For m1, give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) 674. For m1, give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. 675. For m1, give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 676. For m1 calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 677. For m1, give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) When data (e.g., household incomes, annual profits) are grouped into categories, what is the cell mark of each category? 678. For m2, give: Its name 679. For the variance, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 680. For m2, give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation) 681. For m2, give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) 682. For m2, give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. 683. For m2, give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 684. What does a large value of m2 indicate about a data set? 685. What does a small value of m2 indicate about a data set? 686. For m2, calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 687. For m2, give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) 688. For m2 , give: Its name 689. For the standard deviation, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 690. For m2 , give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation) 691. For m2 , give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) 692. For m2 , give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. 693. For m2 , give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 694. For m2 , calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 695. For m2 , give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) 696. For m3, give: Its name 697. For the unstandardized skew, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 698. For m3, give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation)

699. For m3, give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) 700. For m3, give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. 701. For m3, give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 702. What does a large positive value of m3 indicate about a data set? 703. Can m3 ever be negative? If so, what does a large negative value of m3 indicate about a data set? 704. What does a small absolute value of m3 indicate about a data set? 705. For m3, calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set, {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 706. For m3, give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) 707. Why do we often standardize m3? 708. For m4, give: Its name 709. For the unstandardized kurtosis, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 710. For m4, give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation) 711. For m4, give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) 712. For m4, give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. 713. For m4, give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 714. Describe what a large positive value of m4 indicates about a data set. 715. Can m4 ever be negative? Why or why not? 716. Describe what a small value of m4 indicates about a data set. 717. For m4, calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 718. For m4, give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) 719. Why do we often standardize m4? 720. For 1 , give: Its name 721. For the standardized skew, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 722. For 1 , give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation) 723. For 1 , give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) For 1 , give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. For 1 , give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 724. For 1 , calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 725. For 1 , give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) 726. Describe what a large value of 1 indicates about a data set. Describe what a small (absolute) value of 1 indicates about a data set.

 Describe what a large negative value (i.e. a negative value whose absolute size is large) of 1 indicates about a data set. 727. For 2 , give: Its name 728. For the standardized kurtosis, give: Its symbol or symbols, if there is more than one 729. For 2 , give: Its mathematical formula (using sigma notation) 730. For 2 , give: A one sentence characterization of what feature(s) of a data set it measures. (Dont just give the name; describe what it is designed to characterize.) For 2 , give: A brief description of how you could make it larger by altering the data set. For 2 , give: A brief description of how you could make it smaller by altering the data set. 731. For 2 , calculate its value, in the way we do it in class (i.e., showing your work at each step), for a small data set {3, 4, -5, 8, 4}. 732. For 2 , give: At least two real life examples where knowing that moment would provide you with valuable information. (Be sure to be able to explain why your examples are good ones.) Describe what a large value of 2 indicates about a data set. Describe what a small value of 2 indicates about a data set. 733. m3 is 24, and m2 is 7; what is 1 ? 734. m3 is 24, and the standard deviation is 7; what is 1 ? 735. 1 is 2, and m2 is 7; what is m3? 736. 1 is -2, and m2 is 7; what is m3? 1 is -2, and m3 is 17; what is m2? 1 is 2, and m3 is 17; what is the standard deviation? If the unstandardized skew is 30, and the variance is 17, what is the standardized skew? m4 is 24, and m2 is 7; what is 2 ? m4 is 24, and the standard deviation is 7; what is 2 ? 2 is 2, and m2 is 7; what is m4? 743. 2 is 2, and m2 is 7; what is m4? 744. 2 is 2, and m4 is 17; what is m2? 745. 2 is 2, and m4 is 17; what is the standard deviation? 746. If the(unstandardized) kurtosis is 40, and the standard deviation is 3, what is the standardized kurtosis? 747. For a data set x, give the formula for the standardization of the ith data point xi. xi x Suppose zi = . Calculate z . m2 ( x ) xi x Suppose zi = . Calculate m2 ( z ) . m2 ( x ) What is the relation between 1 and m3? What is the relation between 2 and m4? What is the primary purpose of standardizing scores? 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742.

 Why is the standardization of scores often used in the social sciences? 748. If we make the transformation yi = a + bxi , calculate y in terms of x . 749. If we make the transformation y i = 7 + 3xi , and x = 20, what is y ? 750. If we make the transformation y i = 7 + 3xi , and the variance of x is 15, what is the variance of y? 751. If we make the transformation y i = 7 + 3xi , and the standard deviation of x is 15, what is the standard deviation of y? If we make the transformation yi = a + bxi , calculate that m2(y) = b2m2(x). You do not need to calculate the value of y . You can simply insert this value (expressed in terms of the corresponding x-value. If we make the transformation yi = a + bxi , calculate the standardization of yi in terms of xi, x , and m2(x), to show that it is simply the standardization of xi. You do not need to calculate values of y or m2(y) (or m2 ( y ) ). You can simply insert these values (expressed in terms of the corresponding x-values. 752. If you standardize a data set, what is its new mean? 753. If you standardize a data set, what is its new standard deviation? If you standardize a data set, what is its new m3? If a data set is platykurtotic, what do we know about it? If a data set is leptokurtotic, what do we know about it? Which is more likely to contain outliers: a platykurtotic or leptokurtotic data set? Explain your answer. Much software calculates the standard deviation like we have been doing, except that where we divide by n, the software divides by n1. How would you transform such a calculation to get the correct value for m2? You have a data set with 17 observations. Your software calculated the standard deviation as 8. However, your software calculates the standard deviation like we have been doing, except that where we divide by n, the software divides by n1. Calculate the correct value for m2. You have a data set with 17 observations. Your software calculated the standard deviation as 8. However, your software calculates the standard deviation like we have been doing, except that where we divide by n, the software divides by n1. Calculate the correct value for m2 . 754. Calculate the standardizations of {1, 2, -4, 3}. 755. Calculate the standardization of the value 3 as it occurs in the data set {1, 2, -4, 3}, and again as it occurs in the data set {3, 5, 8, 7, 2} What would you write the white syntax bar if you wanted to restrict your sample to those observations for which the variable (series) x was greater than or equal to 6 but less than 12? Describe how you would use Eviews to construct a histogram for the series x. END OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A1 =================================================== =========================================== START OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A2

Chapter 06 Note: Unless explicitly specified otherwise, assume that all events (A, B, etc.) have probabilities strictly greater than 0 and strictly less than 1. 756. What is a sample space (you can give a definition, or just say what it is)? 757. What is an event (you can give a definition, or just say what it is)? 758. In a given trial or experiment, how many of the possible outcomes in the sample space can occur at one time? How many must occur at one time? 759. What are the three axioms of probability? 760. What is the general formula for the probability of event A or B occurring, where A and B might be any events whatsoever? 761. Which, if any, of the purported assignment of probabilities to the outcomes in a sample space are possible? Why or why not? Table 1 Outcomes in the sample space E E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 1 pr1 .2 .2 .1 .05 .05 .1 .3 0 pr2 .3 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 pr3 .3 .05 .04 .05 .1 .1 .1 .1 pr4 .2 .2 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 762. Give the definition of an event for a given sample space {e1,,en}. 763. For the sample space {a, b, c}, list all the possible events. 764. What would you write in the white syntax bar if you wanted to create a new variable y such that: y = 200 .1x (where x is another (series) variable)? 765. What would you write in the white syntax bar if you wanted to display the mean of x? 766. What would you write in the white syntax bar if you wanted to display the standard deviation of x? What would you write in the white syntax bar if you wanted to display the standardized skew of x? What would you write in the white syntax bar if you wanted to display the standardized kurtosis of x? What is the major advantage of statistical independence discussed in the slides? 767. Explain why Axiom 3 has the restriction it does (you can draw a picture as part of your explanation, if you like). Table 2 Outcomes in the sample space E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 pr .2 .3 .1 .05 .05 .1 .2 A = {E1, E2}, B = {E2, E3, E4}, C = {E3, E4, E6}, D = {E2, E7, E6}, F = {E1, E7} 768. 769. 770. 771. Using Table 2, show your work as you calculate pr(A or B) and pr(B or C). Using Table 2, show your work as you calculate pr(A and B) and pr(B and C). Using Table 2, show your work as you calculate pr(A|B) and pr(B|A). Using Table 2, show your work as you calculate pr(not A) and pr(not B).

772. 773. 774.

Using Table 2, show your work as you calculate pr((not C) and B) and pr(D and (not F)) Using Table 2, show your work as you determine whether A and D are independent. Using Table 2, show your work as you determine whether A and F are independent.

Do exercise 6.3 in the book. Do exercise 6.6 in the book. Do exercise 6.7 in the book. Do exercise 6.8 in the book. Do exercise 6.9 in the book. Do exercise 6.18 in the book. Do exercise 6.25 in the book. Do exercise 6.26 in the book. Do exercise 6.27 in the book. Do exercise 6.28 in the book. Do exercise 6.36 in the book. 775. What is the formula for the conditional probability of event A occurring, given that event B occurs? 776. Give the definition of statistical independence of two events. 777. Give the definition of statistical independence of two random variables. Give the definition of statistical independence of n random variables. 778. Prove that if both A and B have non-zero probabilities, and if A is statistically independent of B, then B is statistically independent of A. 779. What does i.i.d. stand for? Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A) < pr(A|B). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A) = pr(A|B). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A) > pr(A|B). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A|B) < pr(B|A). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A|B) = pr(B|A). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(A|B) > pr(B|A). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(B) < pr(A|B). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(B) = pr(A|B). Draw a table that defines a sample space and assigns probabilities to each elementary outcome, and define two events A and B. Do the calculations to show that pr(B) > pr(A|B). 780. Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A) < pr(A | B). 781. Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A) = pr(A | B). 782. Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A) > pr(A | B). 783. Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A|B) < pr(B|A).

784. 785. 786. 787. 788.

Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A|B) = pr(B|A). Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(A|B) > pr(B|A). Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(B) < pr(A | B). Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(B) = pr(A | B). Draw a diagram, and explain how it shows a case where pr(B) > pr(A | B).

For the next series of questions, assume that the sample space contains 50 elementary events {e1, , e50}, and that each of them are equiprobable: pr(ei) = .02. Also assume that H = {e1, e2, e3, e4, e5}. Define an event E, and calculate the relevant probabilities that show that: 789. pr(H) > pr(H | E). 790. pr(H) = pr(H | E). 791. pr(H) < pr(H | E). 792. pr(E) > pr(H | E). 793. pr(E) = pr(H | E). 794. pr(E) < pr(H | E). 795. pr(E | H) > pr(H | E). 796. pr(E | H) = pr(H | E). 797. pr(E | H) < pr(H | E). 798. What does Bayes' Theorem say (give the formula)? 799. Prove that pr(A | B) = pr(A)pr(B | A)/Pr(B). 800. For any events A and B, pr(A | B) > pr(A & B); explain. 801. Write a sentence or two describing what Simpsons paradox is (do not just give an example). 802. Give a numerical example of Simpsons paradox, and calculate the relevant values to show that it is an example. 803. Explain the conditions that make Simpsons paradox occur. 804. Explain why Simpsons Paradoxes sometimes occur in Economics. 805. Give a real life example of where in Economics a Simpsons paradox might occur, and explain why it might. 806. You are worried about your chances of getting a job once you have graduated from UCI with a BA. A friend who knows some statistics, tries to reassure you by pointing out that only 1.7% of young adults both have BAs and are unemployed. Probabilistically speaking, should this information by itself comfort you? Why or why not? If not, explain what additional information would. 807. You are worried about your chances of getting a job once you have graduated from UCI. A friend who knows some statistics, warns you that if you randomly select an unemployed young adult, there is almost a 20% chance that she has a BA. Probabilistically speaking, should this information by itself alarm you? Why or why not? If not, explain what additional information would. Chapter 07 808. Calculate 12! (show your work by showing explicitly what it is you calculated). 809. How many ways are there to order 10 of 10 objects (show your work by showing explicitly what it is you calculated)?

810. How many ways are there to order k of n objects (k < n) (show your work by showing explicitly what it is you calculated)? 811. How many ways are there to order 4 of 10 objects (show your work by showing explicitly what it is you calculated)? 812. How many ways are there to pick out (unordered) 6 objects from a group of 12? n 813. Give the mathematical formula for . k 9 814. Calculate by hand (show your work). 4 n 815. What does express; i.e., say in words what general information this gives you (dont k just give its mathematical formula)? 1 3 816. What does express; i.e., say in words what general information this gives you (dont 6 just give its mathematical formula)? nn) n ( 1 (n ) ( k+ ) 2L n 1 817. Is it true that = ? If so, calculate a proof of this; if not, give k k ! a counterexample. 818. The next few questions refer to this set of (former) students. {Ryan, Enrique, Mallory, Muhammad, Arsen, Kristine, Tevan, Adir, Tiffany} 819. How many students are there? 820. How many ways can these students be ordered? 821. How many groups of 3 students are there? 822. You are hosting a movie party, where there will be 8 persons in a room with 8 places to sit. How many different ways are there to seat the people? 823. You are hosting a movie party, where there will be 8 persons in a room with 10 places to sit. How many different ways are there to seat the people? You are hosting a movie party, where there will be 14 persons. You have 10 chairs up front, and the remaining four people will need to sit on the couch in the back. How many possibilities do you have for selecting 4 people to sit on the couch? nn 1 ) ( +) ( ) 2L n k 1 (n Explain how equals the number of ways that you can select k ! (unordered) k objects from a set of n objects. n Explain how equals the number of ways that you can select (unordered) k objects from a k set of n objects. n n 824. In words, explain why: = k n k . n n 825. Calculate that: = k n k The next few questions refer to this set of (actual) students.

{Arash, Omar, Angeline, Rochelle, Joseph, Jennifer, Lindsay, Artin, Amanda, Kristina, Christopher} How many groups of 6 students are there that contain Rochelle, Artin, and Kristina? What is the probability of randomly selecting 7 students, and getting Jennifer and Omar in your group? Suppose you identify each student by the first letter of their first name (i.e., you dont distinguish students whose first name starts with the same first letter). How many ways can these students be ordered now? There is a class of 20 with 13 boys and 7 girls. How many ways are there to form a committee of 3 boys and 3 girls? There is a class of 20 with 13 boys and 7 girls. A committee will be formed by randomly selecting 6 persons. What is the probability that the committee will have 3 boys and 3 girls? 826. Give a real-life example where you would want to use the binomial coefficient (just to find a number, not to calculate a probability). 827. Give a real-life example where you would want to calculate a probability using binomial coefficients (not in the context of a binomial distribution). 828. Give the mathematical formula for (the pmf of) the binomial distribution; i.e., for pr(Y = k). 12 829. If Y ~ B.3 , calculate pr(Y = 4). 830. 831. 832. 833. 834. 835. 836. 837. 838.
12 If Y ~ B.3 , calculate pr(Y 2). 12 If Y ~ B.3 , calculate pr(Y > 10). 12 If Y ~ B.3 , calculate pr(3 < Y 6). n For the binomial distribution B p , what are the possible values for p? n For the binomial distribution B p , what are the possible values for n? n If Y ~ B p , what are the possible values of Y? 6 If Y ~ B.2 , what are the possible values for Y? n If Y ~ B p , what is the sample space for Y? 6 If Y ~ B.2 , is the sample space for Y?

7 The next few questions refer to the table for the cumulative distribution function (cdf) for B.3 . Y= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 F(y) = .082 .329 .647 .874 .971 .996 .999 1 839. What is F(2)? 840. What is pr(Y < 4)? 841. What is pr(Y 4)? 842. What is pr(Y = 5)? 843. What is pr (Y > 3)? 844. What is pr (Y 3)? What is pr(1 < Y < 4)? What is pr(1 Y < 4)? What is pr(1 < Y 4)?

What is pr(1 Y 4)?

845. Give two real-life examples where you would want to use the binomial distribution to calculate a probability. 846. The slides list five conditions that (collectively) characterize a binomial distribution; what are they? 847. What is the mathematical formula for the cumulative distribution function of the binomial distribution? 848. What is the symbol for the mean of a probability distribution? 849. What is the symbol for the variance of a probability distribution? 850. What is the symbol for the standard deviation of a probability distribution? 851. What is the mathematical formula (in sigma notation) for the mean of a discrete probability distribution? 852. What is the mathematical formula (in sigma notation) for the variance of a discrete probability distribution? 853. What is the formula (in expectation notation) for the mean of a discrete probability distribution? 854. What is the formula (in expectation notation) for the variance of a discrete probability distribution? 855. Suppose pr(X = 1) = p, and pr(X = 0) = (1 p). Calculate the mean of X. 856. Suppose pr(X = 1) = p, and pr(X = 0) = (1 p). Calculate the variance of X. 857. Suppose pr(X = 1) = .3, and pr(X = 0) = .7. Calculate the mean of X. 858. Suppose pr(X = 1) = .3, and pr(X = 0) = .7 Calculate the variance of X. 859. For any given person, there is a 25% chance of having a certain inherited genetic trait. There are five unrelated persons in a room. Calculate the probability that three of them have the trait. 860. For any given person, there is a 25% chance of having a certain inherited genetic trait. There are five siblings in a room. Explain why you cant use the binomial distribution to calculate the probability that three of them have the trait. 861. What is the mean of the binomial distribution with parameters n and p? 862. What is the mean of the binomial distribution with parameters 4 and .8? 863. What is the variance of the binomial distribution with parameters n and p? 864. What is the variance of the binomial distribution with parameters 4 and .8? Do exercise 7.3 in the book. Do exercise 7.4 in the book. Do exercise 7.9 (a and b only) in the book. Do exercise 7.10 in the book. Do exercise 7.18 in the book (a, b, d, f only; assume all trials are independent). Do exercise 7.21 in the book Do exercise 7.22 in the book. Do exercise 7.23 in the book. n Give the specific definition of the expectation of Y, where Y ~ B p . Be specific: include the limits on the sigma, and be exact enough so that your definition applies only when Y has the distribution it does (i.e., dont just use things like pr(Y = k)).

n Give the specific definition of the mean of Y, where Y ~ B p . Be specific: include the limits on the sigma, and be exact enough so that your definition applies only when Y has the distribution it does (i.e., dont just use things like pr(Y = k)). n Give the specific definition of the variance of Y, where Y ~ B p . Be specific: include the limits on the sigma, and be exact enough so that your definition applies only when Y has the distribution it does (i.e., dont just use things such as pr(Y = k)). n Give the specific definition of the standard deviation of Y, where Y ~ B p . Be specific: include the limits on the sigma, and be exact enough so that your definition applies only when Y has the distribution it does (i.e., dont just use things like pr(Y = k)). 865. Give a formula that expresses the linearity of expectations. n 866. Use the linearity of expectations to calculate the mean of B p (i.e., solve for the expression of the mean given in class). 7 867. Use the linearity of expectations to calculate the mean of B.4 . n Use the linearity of expectations to calculate the variance of B p (i.e., solve for the expression of the variance given in class and on the slides). 7 868. Use the linearity of expectations to calculate the variance of B.4 . 3 Calculate the mean of B p directly (do not use the linearity of expectations; solve for the

expression of the mean given in class and on the slides). 3 869. Calculate the mean of B.3 directly (do not use the linearity of expectations). 3 Calculate the variance of B p directly (do not use the linearity of expectations; solve for the expression of the variance given in class and on the slides). 3 870. Calculate the variance of B.3 directly (do not use the linearity of expectations). 3 Calculate the standard deviation of B p directly (do not use the linearity of expectations; solve for the expression of the variance given in class). 3 871. Calculate the standard deviation of B.3 directly (do not use the linearity of expectations). 872. Use F, the cumulative probability distribution for a binomial distribution, to express the probability of getting c or fewer successes. 873. Use F, the cumulative probability distribution for a binomial distribution, to express the probability of getting c or more successes. n Explain how it is that expresses the number of ways of selecting k objects (unordered) k from a set of n objects. What question does (the mass function of the) binomial distribution address? X= 1 3 probability .3 .4 874. Calculate the mean of X. 875. Calculate the variance of X. 876. Calculate the standard deviation of X 877. Calculate pr(X 4). 878. Calculate pr(3 X 4). 4 .2 5 .1

879. If X, Y, and Z are statistically independent, and E[X] = 5, E[Y] = 7 and E[Z] = 2, then if W = 4 + 2X +3Y +Z, then what is for W? If X, Y, and Z are statistically independent, and E[(X E[X])2] = 2, E[(Y E[Y])2] = 1 and 2 E[(Z E[Z])2] = 5, then if W = X +Y + Z, then what is for W? If X, Y, and Z are statistically independent, and E[(X E[X])2] = 2, E[(Y E[Y])2] = 1 and E[(Z E[Z])2] = 5, then if W = X +Y + Z, then what is for W? 880. If X1, Xn are i.i.d., and E[X1] = , then what is the mean of Y, where Y = X1 + X2 + +Xn? 881. If X1, Xn are i.i.d., and E[X1] = , then what is the mean of Y, where Y = (1/n)X1 + (1/n)X2 ++(1/n)Xn? 882. If X1, X20 are i.i.d., and E[X1] = 5, then what is the mean of Y, where Y = X1 + X2 + +X20? 883. If X1, X20 are i.i.d., and E[X1] = 5, then what is the mean of Y, where Y = (1/20)X1 + (1/20)X2 ++(1/20)X20? 884. What is the relationship between a Bernoulli process and the associated binomially distributed random variable? 8 Let F(x) be the cumulative probability function for the distribution B.4 . Calculate F(3). 8 For the distribution B.4 , calculate the probability of getting a 6 or higher.
n Suppose X ~ B p , and you calculated the probabilities of all the outcomes of X, but then you forgot the value of p. How could you use (one or more of) these probabilities and the value of n to find p? 8 Suppose X ~ B p , and pr(X = 8) = .007. What is the value of p (as always, show your work)? At your job, each day 15% of the employees are randomly selected for a screening procedure designed to check for blind, unthinking allegiance to corporate values. In the last 5 days, you have been selected 3 times, and you are beginning to suspect that you are being singled out for special attention. If there really is only a 15% chance of your being selected, then what is the probability of your being selected 3 or more times in the last 5 days? [Comment: This is the underlying logic of statistical testing, to be covered in 15B.] On incoming international flights, the TSA now randomly inspects 22% of all checked bags. Youve heard rumors of laxity at LAX. As a business traveler who frequently travels to Dubai (to buy), you have made 13 round trips there since this policy was implemented (always flying back into LAX). However, your bags have been opened for inspection only 2 times. If the TSA really is inspecting 22% of the bags, what is the probability that yours would have only been inspected 2 or fewer times? [Comment: This is the underlying logic of statistical testing, to be covered in 15B.]

END OF NEED TO KNOWS FOR TEST A2 =====================================================