INDEX

acromegaly, 658
Adelaide Gallery, 1, 4, 36, 41, 57
Adelphi Theatre, 133, 148, 150
Akeley, Carl, 1535, 163, 166
Alberti, Samuel, 445, 47, 200
Altick, Richard, 19, 21, 22, 23, 289, 122,
136
The Shows of London, 5, 21, 80, 116
American Civil War, 16
American Museum of Natural History, 154,
2234, 227
anatomy, 4, 165, 200, 217, 230
anatomical display, 278, 62, 78, 200,
202
anatomical preservation see embalming
process
anatomists, 62, 90, 155, 20810, 216,
229
see also medicine
Anglo-Afghan War, 22
Anglo-Zulu War, 17, 183, 1858, 190
animal exhibition, 1, 14
conditions of, 1423
Performing Animals Bill, 143
RSPCA, 139
see also gorilla
see also The Talking Fish
anthropology, 65, 69, 160, 166
anthropomorphic, 1534
see also hybrid
archaeology, 44, 209, 212
Armstrong, Isobel, 52, 117, 119
astronomy, 10, 82, 84, 1025, 110, 171
Athenaeum, 38, 161
athenaeums, 16, 425
see also exhibition spaces

audience, 12, 11, 12, 17, 45, 46, 55, 63, 84,
903, 95, 1335, 137, 148, 167, 173,
175, 210
engagement, 1011, 14, 82, 87, 8990,
92
experience, 3, 5, 41, 48, 63, 83, 86, 100,
149, 167, 170, 1756, 178, 1812,
203, 206, 20910, 212, 215
interaction, 13, 16, 44, 85, 166, 169, 177,
200, 212
knowingness, 14, 135, 140, 142, 147
knowledge, 2, 12, 55, 109, 136, 147, 192
for lectures, 11, 12, 81, 87, 99, 106, 108,
110
metropolitan, 8, 61, 80
popular, 64, 69, 71, 74, 141, 167
for popular science, 5, 39, 61, 81, 171,
200
reaction, 5, 10, 79, 81, 110, 112, 135,
150, 169, 1767, 192, 212, 216, 220,
230
reading audience, 10, 12, 33, 38, 78, 94,
99, 118, 123, 1278, 140, 151, 156,
1924
relationship to display, 8, 16, 146, 170,
174, 212
regional, 2, 8, 12, 57, 60, 105
scientific, 61, 71, 73, 141, 157, 208, 210
showmans appeal to, 3, 5, 63, 85, 135,
139, 146, 175, 185
variety, 45, 7, 18, 33, 39, 467, 80, 135,
185

Copyright
Ball, Sir Robert, 82, 84, 95
Barnum, Phineas Taylor, 5, 137, 148
Barnum and Baileys Greatest Show on
Earth, 12, 76, 78

277

278

Popular Exhibitions, Science and Showmanship, 18401910

Baudrillard, Jean, 6
Bayley, William Naylor, 35
bazaars, 78, 22, 38, 42, 4653, 556,
5960, 63
Bellon, Richard, 117, 11920
Belfast Newsletter, 10911
Belzoni, Giovanni, 199, 2069
Benjamin, Walter, 6
Benn, John Williams, 86, 93
Bennett, Tony, 21, 120
The Birth of the Museum: History,
Theory, Politics, 16
Birch, Samuel, 215
Blackburn, Henry, 82, 88
Blazek, Rosa and Josepha, 62, 6874
Boys Own Annual, 10
Brewster, David, 119, 172, 17980
Briesky, Auguste, 6971
Brinkman, Paul, 227
British Empire, 27
see also imperialism
British Medical Journal, 64, 77
British Museum, 23, 161, 164, 205, 209,
21516, 219, 222, 228
Bront, Charlotte, 119
Brooke, John, 17980
Buckland, Francis, 1423
Buckstone, John Baldwin, 356,
Bunker, Chang and Eng, 69, 74, 768
Burrows, Jon, 39

cinematograph, 6
civic culture, 2, 89, 16, 38, 42, 49, 546,
58, 60, 102
events, 212, 445, 48, 51, 53, 56, 60,
101
Clements, H. J., 645
Collins, Charles Allston, 1446
Colosseum, 1, 38, 8,
Coggeshall, Arthur, 219, 222, 2258, 230
conjoined twins, 9, 645, 6877
see also Blazek, Rosa and Josepha
see also Bunker, Chang and Eng
see also Helen and Judith
see also Millie Christine
see also Radica and Doodica
conversaziones, 3, 8, 22, 42, 4450, 52,
556, 60, 159
Conniff, Richard, 159
Cooke, George, 167, 1756, 180
Colligan, Collette, 7
Cosmos Institute, 301
Crary, Jonathan, 6
Crimean War, 16, 22, 28, 31
Crookes, William, 1712
Cross, Richard Assheton, 186
Crystal Palace, 13, 19, 21, 22, 29, 378, 86,
11524, 126, 128, 132, 226
see also Great Exhibition
Cullen, Paul, 105, 107, 109
Cunningham, Daniel John, 658

Cahill, Daniel William, 1112, 87, 97114

Caldecott, Charles Henry, 1856, 18994,
1978
Cantor, Geoffrey, 17980
Carlyle, Thomas, 82, 87
cartography, 223
see Wylds Great Globe
Chambers, Robert, 136, 138
see also Vestiges of the Natural History of
Creation
Carnegie, Andrew, 21926, 228, 230,
2334
Carnegie Museum, 220, 2223, 224
celebrity, 1112, 100, 151, 207
children, 335, 49, 59, 76, 91, 99, 11516,
124, 129, 1412, 156, 179
cinema, 39, 94

Daly, Nicholas, 199, 201, 203, 212

Danahay, Martin A., 146
Darwin, Charles, 1389, 156
Darwinian theory, 157, 159, 234
Daston, Lorraine, 1789
Davenport Brothers, 1734
Day, Jasmine, 215
Deane, Bardley, 203
Debord, Guy, 6
de Fraine, John, 79, 88
Denenholz-Morse, Deborah, 146
Derrida, Jacques, 153, 166
Devon and Exeter Graphic Society, 467
Dickens, Charles, 16, 1213, 183, 185,
1947
Bleak House 195
Our Mutual Friend, 16,

Copyright

Index
diorama, 8, 16, 29, 33, 389, 48, 80, 121,
123, 1534, 163
dinosaur see Diplodocus Carnegii
Diplodocus Carnegii, 1718, 21935
displayed people 167, 18398
see also freak shows
see also Zulu shows
Dobler, Herr, 1734
Doyen, Eugene, 747
Du Chaillu, Paul, 14, 137, 154, 15766, 175
Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa, 154, 158, 1605
Durbach, Nadja, 64
During, Simon, 4, 181
education, 2, 1011, 23, 27, 35, 434, 556,
58, 60, 80, 1067, 151, 175, 208
Catholic, 99, 107
exhibition, 36, 56, 60, 65, 116, 119, 135,
1401, 170, 172, 208, 210
groups, 47, 85, 209
lectures, 106, 139
institutions, 7, 38, 234
Edwards, Amelia, 202, 214
Edwards, Steve, 11819
Egyptian Hall, 17, 41, 167, 207, 209, 216
Egyptian mummies 1718, 183, 199217
Egyptology, 199, 2012, 21516
electricity, 1, 578, 823
embalmed bodies, 613, 65, 200, 202, 207,
21214, 216
embalming process, 612, 645, 200, 2089
enfreakment, 9, 13, 200, 203
see also freak shows
ephemera, 3, 9, 13, 64, 1167, 1224, 133,
197
see also print culture
ethnographic display 17, 19, 31, 33
see also displayed people
ethnology, 278, 33, 192
evolution, 38, 138, 146, 1567, 160
Exeter, 4260
exhibition spaces, 2, 16, 212, 41, 55, 81, 98,
160, 183, 205, 210, 220
see also mechanics institutes
see also museums
see also theatres
exhibitionary complex, 21

279

expert culture, 89, 77, 113

magical expertise, 167, 173, 176
medical expertise, 71, 73, 76,
scientific expertise, 45, 49, 557, 5960,
119, 156, 173, 175, 217, 222
Faraday, Professor Michael, 1, 34, 82
Farini see Hunt, William Leonard
Farrar, Frederic, 139
Fay, Anna Eva, 173, 175
femininity, 144, 146, 14950
fetes, 3, 8, 42, 46, 53, 55, 59, 63
Finnegan, Diarmid, xi, 1112, 80, 867,
97114
First World War, 84, 94, 221, 226
Flammarion, Camille, 1712
Foucault, Michel, 9, 15, 21, 62, 155
Franco-Prussian War, 60
freak shows, 35, 910, 1213, 17, 41,
6178, 1378, 141, 143, 200
see also Barnum, Phineas Taylor
see also displayed people
see also enfreakment
Freemans Journal, 97, 99, 1013, 1056,
112
Fuchs, Ernst, 172
Furniss, Harry, 82, 94
Fyfe, Aileen, 4, 10, 117

Copyright
gender, 7, 478, 146
geography, 160
see British Empire
see Wylds Great Globe
geology, 33, 85, 97, 1056, 108, 11011
Gillespie, T. H., 139, 143
Gladstone, William, 1578
Goodall, Jane, 136
gorilla, 14, 137, 15366
Gough, John Bartholomew, 88, 901, 93
Granville, Augustus Bozzi, 208
Gray, John Edward, 1614
Great Exhibition, 1213, 21, 22, 38, 11532
see also Crystal Palace
Grossmith, George, 82, 89, 93
Hankins, Thomas, 179
Haraway, Donna, 146, 153
Hatcher, John Bell, 222, 22930

280

Popular Exhibitions, Science and Showmanship, 18401910

Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse, 2267

Hay, Oliver Perry, 2289
Hearder, Jonathan, 45, 53, 5660
Heath, William, 56
Helen and Judith, 701
Helmholtz, Hermann Von, 172
Hewitt, Martin, xi, 11, 45, 7995, 99, 111,
113
Holland, William, 22130, 232
Hogg, Jabez, 52
Houdini, Harry, 173, 1758, 180
Hunt, Verity, xi, 1213, 33, 11532, 179
Hunt, William Leonard, 1856, 191, 1967
Hurley, Kelly, 203
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 5, 823, 8890,
157, 1612
hybrid
animal, 136, 146, 159
exhibition, 79, 22, 379
human, 146, 159, 200
print, 117, 129, 132, 161, 166
see also anthropomorphic
Hyde, Ralph, 21

Lancet, 64, 77
lecture hall, 867, 91, 97, 183
lecturing, 1011, 39, 456, 589, 7995
see also audience
see also lecturer
lecturer, 45, 8, 1012, 14, 16, 24, 41, 45,
5660, 79, 8195, 97, 99, 1026,
11112, 114, 122, 142, 185, 199200,
207, 209, 220
wages, 59, 94
see also Cahill, Daniel William
see also popularizers of science
see also showmen
Leicester Square, 1, 8, 19, 213, 2730,
336, 39, 117, 122
Lent, Theodore, 61, 65
Lever, Sir Ashton, 28
Lightman, Bernard, xixii, 4, 7, 910,
1939, 63, 85, 113, 117, 121, 172, 178
Linley, Margaret, 7
Livingstone, David, 98

Copyright
illusion see magic
illustration, 11, 46, 7981, 836, 8891,
945, 123, 133, 160, 163, 167, 174,
186, 232
imperialism 1617, 121, 2023, 234
see also British Empire
Indian Mutiny, 16, 31
Isaacs, Nathaniel, 1934
Jesup, Morris K., 224, 232
Johnson, Samuel
Dictionary of the English Language, 6
Jones, Thomas Mason, 82
Kaffir see Xhosa
Kane, Eileen, 66
Kember, Joe, xi, 118
kinematograph, 77
knowingness, 5, 14, 135, 137, 147, 151
see also showmanship
Kochanek, Lisa, 64
labourers, 13, 23, 1269, 146, 228
see also working class
Lamb, Charles, 59

MacDonald, Sharon, 1516

McDougall, William, 1756, 180
McHold, Heather, 71
MacIlwaine, William, 11011
Mackenzie, Peter, 8890, 923
Mackintosh, Daniel, 85
magic, 15, 16782, 200
magic lantern, 1011, 38, 41, 456, 49,
5960, 835, 945
Magrath, Cornelius, 62, 658, 70
Maskelyne, John, 15, 1679, 1736, 180
Mayhew, Henry, 116, 1201, 123
mechanics institutes, 2, 11, 16, 424, 81, 84,
98, 1058, 112, 205
see also exhibition spaces
medical journals, 645, 78, 192
see also British Medical Journal
see also Lancet
medicine, 5, 89, 12, 6178, 176, 194,
2078, 210, 213
medical spaces, 61, 63, 1056, 108, 200,
209
see also anatomy
Merrick, Joseph, 64
microscope, 8, 42, 447, 49, 523
see also optical devices

Index
middle class, 39, 44, 47, 556, 129, 169
Miller, John, xii, 14, 61, 137, 15366, 175,
192
Millie Christine, 63, 6971
mimesis, 14, 135, 1389, 142, 149, 1537,
Mitchell, Sarah, 69
modernity, 67
Montserrat, Dominic, 210, 212, 216
Morus, Iwan Rhys, 2, 4, 7, 135, 169, 171,
181, 200
Moser, Stephanie, 205
Mller, Max, 139
museum, 2, 78, 167, 21, 28, 38, 138,
1545, 163, 183, 197, 2001, 203, 205,
21415, 217, 21935
see also American Museum of Natural
History
see also Bennett, Tony
see also British Museum
see also exhibition spaces
see also natural history display

281

palaeontology, 219, 222, 224, 229, 234

Palmer, Frank, 221
panorama, 1, 3, 8, 1112, 16, 21, 29, 33,
35, 389, 42, 48, 55, 80, 117, 1204,
1267, 129, 132, 179, 197
Park, Katherine, 1789
Pastrana, Julia, 61, 65, 78
Paxton, Joseph, 115, 124
Pepper, John Henry, 10, 57, 176, 200
Peppers Ghost, 82, 93, 169
performance, 2, 45, 11, 1315, 18, 35, 44,
52, 57, 101, 1356, 13940, 1468,
16982, 208
animal, 1, 135, 139, 1423, 146, 151
lecturer, 15, 86, 913, 95, 100
live, 183, 190, 1925, 198
and optical display, 56, 60
platform, 99, 112, 114, 148
popular, 289, 59, 135, 167
rhetorical, 100, 102, 108, 110, 112
of science, 45, 13, 52, 135, 171, 200
variety, 2, 4, 28, 43, 135, 1812
see also audience
see also showmanship
see also theatricality
performers, 35, 614, 78, 823, 1734,
1845, 18990, 1978
Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, 205, 20910,
21213, 215
Pettit, Fiona, xii, 9, 17, 6178, 183
philanthropy, 17, 48, 183, 189, 195, 233
philosophical instruments, 48, 501, 53,
578
see also optical device
photography, 11, 16, 449, 512, 546, 64,
120
phrenology, 208
platform culture, 11, 7980, 879, 92,
98100, 102, 11014
Planch, James Robinson, 356
Playfair, William Smoult, 701
Plunkett, John, xii, 8, 9, 118, 22, 38, 4160,
63, 172
Plymouth, 4260
Poe, Edgar Allen, 21213
polariscope, 467, 53
see also optical devices

Copyright

Napoleonic Wars, 48
natural history display, 1718, 85, 141, 154,
21921
see also museum
natural theology, 1067, 11213, 179
Newman, John Henry, 86, 102, 1059, 113
Newton, Robert, 43
Nieuwland, Ilja, xii, 17, 33, 21935
Nye, David E., 118

objectivity, 15, 61, 63, 66, 68, 16970, 172,

177, 179, 181, 208
OConnor, Ralph, 4, 15, 21, 122, 178
optical device 2, 10, 21, 38, 42, 449, 523,
56, 60, 120
see also magic lantern
see also microscope
see also philosophical instruments
see also polariscope
see also stereoscope
see also visuality
Ord, George, 162, 164
ORell, Max, 82, 86, 89, 912
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 223, 227, 229
Owen, Richard, 82, 1568, 161, 1635, 226

282

Popular Exhibitions, Science and Showmanship, 18401910

popularizers of science, 12, 5, 711, 14, 18,

389, 55, 60, 63, 823, 858, 113, 136
see also lecturing
see also showmen
press coverage, 12, 11, 1314, 17, 23, 36,
45, 55, 578, 6970, 73, 89, 99, 105,
109, 112, 118, 133, 1356, 14951,
173, 186, 207, 216, 21920, 2234,
226, 232, 2345
see also print culture
print culture, 12, 89, 99, 1178, 133,
14950, 186, 221, 2236
see also ephemera
see also medical journals
see also press coverage
provincial exhibitions 4160
Punch, 335, 104, 122, 1278, 141, 145,
149, 151, 195, 223
Qureshi, Sadiah, xii, 167, 31, 147, 18398,
220

Schauta, Friedrich, 73
Schiff, Jacob H., 224
scientific exhibition, 65, 77, 80, 85, 230
and entertainment, 389, 119, 1356,
154, 16970, 200, 206, 20810
sance, 3, 15, 16777, 1802
see also spiritualism
Secord, James, A., 10, 16, 38, 178
Semonin, Paul, 234
Senckenberg Museum, 224, 232
sensation, 67, 29, 33, 39, 135, 178, 181, 200
Sexton, George, 15, 167, 169, 173, 176
showmanship, 16, 13, 18, 60, 635, 135,
1379, 1479, 151, 169, 2069
showmen, 25, 7, 9, 11, 1418, 36, 39, 56,
605, 71, 77, 127, 1357, 139, 142,
1479, 151, 1846, 18993, 197, 200,
207, 20910, 220
see also Barnum, Phineas Taylor
see also Farini
see also lecturing
see also popularizers of science
Silverman, Robert, 179
slavery, 184, 1901, 195, 198
Smith, Albert, 80, 82, 92, 122
Smith, Horace, 199200, 212
Sokolov, Professor J., 61
spectacle, 3, 59, 12, 21, 33, 36, 41, 54,
578, 65, 779, 80, 84, 101, 1223,
169, 17881, 198
animal, 1367, 146
bodily, 9, 65, 68, 778, 1367, 149, 213,
215
and education, 116, 208
lecturer, 11, 868, 99, 112, 173
popular, 9, 634, 123, 136, 170, 235
and science, 8, 38, 41, 154, 16972,
1768, 1802, 206, 213, 2157
size, 8, 24, 118, 169
variety, 910, 42, 16970, 1801
visual, 42, 52, 55, 58, 170, 1738
see also visuality
spiritualism, 3, 15, 87, 16782
Stafford, Barbara, 1789
stereoscope, 523
see also optical devices
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Uncle Toms Cabin, 195

Copyright
Radcliffe, Caroline, xiii, 1314, 17, 13351,
154, 160, 169, 172, 183
Radica and Doodica, 62, 747
rational recreation, 4, 10, 15, 212, 33, 39,
43, 49, 5860, 801, 116, 138, 169,
173, 200
Reade, Winwood, 15960
religion,
and lecturing, 11, 81, 8892
see also Cahill, Daniel William
see also Roman Catholicism
Ritvo, Harriet, 1389, 146
Rogers, Beverley, xiii, 17, 183, 199217
Roman Catholicism, 12, 97114
Roscoe, Henry, 83
Royal Geographical Society, 22, 157, 159
Royal Institution, 11, 17, 82, 139, 2089
Royal Panopticon of Science and Art, 1,
2930, 38
Royal Polytechnic, 1, 8, 29, 38, 41, 45, 57,
80, 82, 84, 86, 176
Ruskin, John, 867
Rylance, Rick, 65
Sala, George Augustus, 124, 126
Savage, Thomas, 1556

Index
Sullivan, Jill, xiii, 8, 9, 118, 22, 38, 4160,
63, 172
Swanzy, H. R., 66, 68
Talking Fish, The, 1314, 17, 13351, 160,
169, 172
taxidermy, 153, 156, 1645
temperance see religion
theatre, 356, 39, 183, 210
see also exhibition spaces
theatricality 134, 17, 33, 913, 135,
14751, 160, 199, 20710, 212
see also performance
Timbs, John, 14, 5
Toole, John Lawrence, 148
Topham, Jonathan, 15
topicality, 6, 167, 31, 147, 184, 1917
Tornier, Gustav, 22930, 232, 234
travel, 33, 59, 84, 11921, 202, 227
travel literature, 121, 161, 186, 1924
travellers, 30, 82, 123, 1478, 157, 161,
185, 2012, 206, 209, 290
Trevelyan, Helen, 143
Tromp, Marlene, 13
Tuffins, Titus, 1479
Turner, Frank, 98
Tyndall, John, 823, 879, 923, 173

283
and optical devices, 212, 42, 456, 48,
534, 56
and spectacle, 10, 42, 52, 55, 58, 169,
178
and verbal, 11, 132
see also optical devices
see also spectacle

Waterton, Charles, 156, 1612, 164

Wedgwood, Frances Julia, 139
Whewell, William, 119
White, Paul, 180
Whitehead, William, 104
Wilde, Oscar, 82, 86
Wieczorkiewicz, Anna, 215
Willis, Martin, xiii, 15, 61, 139, 154,
16782
Wilson, Andrew, 82
Winter, Alison, 13,
women, 33, 44, 478, 146, 149
audience, 47, 108
wonder, 171, 17881
Wood, John George, 10, 52, 82, 856,
164
working class, 128, 150, 191, 1956
audience, 39, 434, 85
see also labourers
working conditions, 1269
Wylds Great Globe, 78, 1939, 121, 132
Wyld, James, 212, 121
Wyman, Jeffries, 1556

Copyright

Ulsterman, 11011
upper class, 43, 47, 99
audience, 17, 80, 138, 141, 1967, 210,
21314

Van Dijk, Jos, 76

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,
10, 38
Villiers, Frederic, 82, 86
Vincent, Henry, 82, 87, 923
visuality, 56, 910, 13, 21, 467, 524,
5860, 76, 802, 945, 113, 116, 122,
124, 179, 198
media, 49, 56, 99, 120

Xhosa, 16, 1836

Yates, Edmund, 82
Yates, Edward, 92
Young, Paul, 21, 116, 121
zoos, 143, 183
zoology, 1, 135, 146, 1546, 159, 166,
230
Zulus 1617, 18, 147, 149, 18398, 220