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Introduction
Global Pricing is lot more complex than domestic pricing due to:
International Currency Fluctuations Price Escalations due to Tariffs Difficulties to access credit risks Price controls, Anti-dumping laws Regulation on transfer pricing Methods of payment
Pricing Basics
Basic Principle of pricing considers:
Costs or Cost-Plus formula Experience Curve Pricing I.e costs go down as more units are produced Competition Pricing: Discount or premium pricing w.r.t competition Demand factored pricing
For Global Pricing, there are several other factors to be considered in addition to the basics
Currency Factors
Global companies have to sell in local currency. This exposes company to exchange risks To minimize risks, firms use hedging, swaps or other financial instruments There may be additional constrains such as inability to freely convert local currency to other currencies, limitations on foreign exchange transfers etc
Currency Fluctuations
Exchange Rates are never constant, appreciating or depreciating currency affects profitability. Exchange rates affects exporters ability to competitively price their products in the long run If exchange rates remain unfavorable for a long time, Firm may:
Chose to manufacture locally instead of exporting Or chose to supply from a different country Or withdraw from that market Or increase price if possible
Transfer Pricing
MNCs have to determine transfer prices, I.e. the prices charged on subsidiaries for products, components and supplies. Transfer pricing must be:
Fair for local subsidiarys performance measurement Help repatriate profits Satisfy local tax laws governing transfer pricing
Global firms are setting up market related transfer prices to satisfy local laws
Guidelines Contd
Prepare Internal & External documentation Simulate pricing audit by outside advisors Spot check the process within the company Evaluate year-end tax position against goals Prepare tax returns
Price Coordination
MNCs have to coordinate prices in different geographic market such that:
Eliminate gray trade & other distribution channel conflicts It does not limit local subsidiaries performance or abilities Remain competitive in local markets Pricing strategy is a part for global marketing strategy
Counter trade can arise from counter purchase agreements to buy back a part of local production for the right to export into that country
Product Buyback e.g : Hundai exporting cars from India Third goods buy back e.g: Pepsi exporting potato chips from India
Turnkey Pricing
Turnkey Projects are usually of 2 types:
Bundled Pricing : Entire project is priced as one bundle Unbundled Pricing: Components of the project is priced individually
Profit Sharing or Penalties for nonperformance is usually used in pricing strategy Component prices are based on competitive positions, market entry decisions and FSA factors
Global Coordination
Pricing disparities between regions leads to Gray Market or parallel Imports
E.g: Cameras imported to US from Singapore or Japan is cheaper than the official price from the Japanese subsidiary
Gray markets leads to channel conflicts and loss of goodwill Gray markets also results in after sales service problems
Low
Informal Coordination
Low
Centralization
Formalization
Geocentric Pricing
Use a regional (global) standard pricing Plus a local markup. Base price is derived from cost plus formula Affected by local tax laws leading to gray markets Pricing an entire product line is a problem. Markup on one product in one country may not be inline with other products Ideal for FTA zones