Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.

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GENERAL AGRICULTURE STUDY MATERIAL WEATHER AND CROPS The areas of heavy rainfall exist in the windward side of Western Ghats and Khasi Hills and the Himalayas. Rajasthan receiving < 500mm rainfall annually. The average rainfall of 1,050 mm is highest in any part of the world. 85-90% of the rainfall over the country occurs mostly during southwest monsoon. North East monsoon is the main contributor to the amount of rainfall over the Southeast portion of peninsular. The conditions in the State, where the tracks of depression terminate ex: - In Gujarat & Rajasthan tend to be erratic very violent & destructive storms Kalbaishaki of Bengal & Dust storms/Andhis occur over Northwest India. Hailstorms occur one/two occasions in the year, and pose a potential Hazard to Rabi crops. Cyclonic Storms: On an average 2-3 storms may be expected in a year. Western disturbances: These disturbances result in light rains which benefit the Rabi crops. The cold waves are sometimes injurious to vegetables and fruit crops. Variability of rainfall The areas with low/scanty rainfall are generally the areas of the high variability in rainfall. S.d C .V. = -------- X100 X

C V is 60-80 % in Western Rajasthan. Drought Drought is taken to have occurred over an area where annual rainfall is less than 75 % of the normal. When the annual rainfall is 50% of the normal it is called severe drought. The palmer drought index which takes in to account rainfall evapo-transpiration and soil moisture is considered as a comprehensive approach in the problem. Floods: Rainfall exceeding 40-50 cm within 24 hours results in Floods. Evapo-transpiration and water balance. The areas of high annual potential evapo-transpiration are extreme in Rajasthan (Jaisalmer) and the exterior South of T N (Tuticorn). Frosts: The forest hazard is greatest in Punjab. Sunshine: High Humidity and warm temperature are conducive to most plant diseases.
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Weather modification & crop production The technique of cloud seeding aims at correcting the deficiencies of nuclei in the cloud. Silver iodide - cold clouds Sodium chloride - warm clouds In India the cloud seeding experiments were conducted in Jaipur, Agra & Delhi in the monsoon season during the period ranging from 4 9 years.

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SOILS Igneous rocks: - mainly contains feldspars, marphic minerals & quartz. The rocks containing high proportion of quartz Acidic (60-75 % quartz) Ex: granite The rocks containing less proportion of quartz Basic (<50%) Ex: Basalts (Deccan trap). Common igneous rocks Basalts (Basic) & Granite (Acidic) Sedimentary rocks: Derived form igneous rocks & is formed by the consolidation of fragmentary rock materials. Ex: -conglomerate, sandstone. Shale & limestone. Metamorphic rocks: They are formed from the igneous/sedimentary rocks the action of high pressure & intense heat, both resulting in considerable change in texture & mineral composition. Ex: - Gneiss from - granite Quartzite from - quartz/ sandstone Marble from - limestone Slate from - shale Pedology: study of soil formation & soil development Edephology: study of soil in relation to crop husbandry A2 horizon - is called as Elluvial Zone Particle Sizes: International System (mm) USDA (mm) Gravel 2 & above 2 & above Very coarse sand 2 1 -Coarse sand 1 0.5 2 0.2 Medium sand 0.5 0.25 -Fine sand 0.25 0.1 -Very Fine sand 0.1 0.05 -Silt 0.05 0.002 0.02 0.002 Clay < 0.002 < 0.002 Textural classes: The clayey soils hold more moisture but they have high wilting % Density: T A % Pore space (P) =--------- x 100 T T - true density A - apparent density Soil air: 1/3 r d of the pore space in the soil by air & two thirds of it by water constitute most favourable condition for plant growth. Soil water: 1. Hygroscopic water: - 31 atm. & more - Not available to plant - Discontinuous film
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2. Capillary water:

- continuous film - Held by surface tension 0.3 - 31 atm. 3. Gravitational water: - held at below 0.3 bars - Influenced by gravity. F.C.: - held at 0.3 bars to 15 bars It is generally recognized that the capillary water held at tension greater than 15 atm is not available to crops. At this the plants shows the wilting symptoms hence 15 atm is called as wilting point. Soil Structure: Granular structure (spheroidal) is considered very favourable to plant growth. Clay fractions: 1. Kaolinite: - 1: 1 layer silicate -Held together by mutually held oxygen 2.Montmorillonite: - 2:1 (silica to aluminia) - Held together through weak oxygen linkages 3. Illite: - 15 % of silica in silica sheet is replaced by and potassium atoms. Principle minerals of earthcrust: Minerals Feldspars Quartz Micas Clay Kaolinite Illite Montomorillonite Soil having >15% ESP C: N ratio of approximate (%) 48 36 10 CEC (me / 100g) 3-10 10-30 80-150 - Alkali soil aluminium

O.M. 10:1 - 14:1

Average value of C: N ratio of Indian Soils Micro flora Micro fauna NH3 NO3
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- Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Fungi & Algae - protozoa & nematodes NO2

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Nitrosomonas Nitrosofication- 1----------------------------------nitrification ----------------------1 Protozoa are unicellular organisms.

Nitrobacter

Land capability classification Arable land Class - I II III years. V - restrict their use to pasture/adoptable tree species. - productive & suitable for intensive cropping. - used for raising many cultivated crops. - need careful management IV - the cultivation of crop is restricted to once in 3-4

VI - restricted to pasture & silviculture. VII - restrict their use for grazing. VIII - use is restricted to recreation / wild life. Alluvial soils: This is the largest & most important soil group of India contributing the largest share to its agricultural wealth.

Two types 1. Khadar 2. Bhangar - newer alluvium of sandy. - older alluvium of more clayey.

Black soils; Maharastra has maximum black soil area in India. Red soils: Tamil Nadu has maximum red soil area in India. cultivated area) Clay fraction is rich in Kaolinite. Colour is due to Hydration of the ferric oxide in them.
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(2/3 r d of

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Lateritic soils: All Lateritic soils are very poor in lime and magnesia and are deficient in Nitrogen. Desert soil Most predominant component of the desert sand is quartz

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Acid tolerant crops: Cereals Maize Rice Wheat Barley Oats Saline & alkali soils: 7 m ha area has gone out of cultivation. Saline soils are also called as- white alkali soils Sodic soils are also called as - black alkali soils Legumes Groundnut Soybean Berseem Lentil miscellaneous Sugarcane Potato Tea

Reclamation Acid soils Basic soils - lime - gypsum

Saline soils - sulphuric pyrite and also gypsum

WATER RESOURCES Average annual rainfall is about 120 cm (India) and that of global is 99 cm. Water source of the country - 178 M Ha M Ground water runoff is roughly assessed at about - 45 mham

The utilizable flow has been estimated to be 66.6 mham Ground water recharge in the country as a whole works out at10% of the total rainfall. Total volume of surface water presently utilized for irrigation is about - 23.5 mham. The total volume of ground water presently used for irrigation is estimated about 10.5 mham. The present total utilization of surface water for irrigation may then be taken as - 23.31 (23.50) mham.
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As regards the net area sown - 142mha

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LAND UTILIZATION Total geographical area - 328 mha, the land use statistics is available only for 306 mha constituting 98% of the total. Technical committee in co-ordination of agricultural statistics set up in 1948 by Ministry of food & agriculture. Arable land allow land = net area sown + current of allows + other of

Potential land available = available land+ cultivable waste + permanent postures & grazing land Net area sown

% Potential land exploited =

--------------------- x

100

Potential land Net area sown % Arable land = ------------------- x100

Arable land 65.9 mha (21.6 %) Net area sown - 141.16 mha (46.1%) -167.4 mha

Gross cropped area

Reporting area: MH has highest net sown area in the country. The gross cropped area is highest in UP followed by MP & MH.

UP has largest gross irrigated area in the country which is about 21.6 % of the country as a whole, followed by Punjab - 11.0 and AP - 10.95 In case of food grains - UP has highest irrigated area % followed by AP (11.7%) and Punjab (9.7 %) Non food grains 16.1 % - 22.3 -

- irrigated area UP 19.2% and Punjab

State producing highest agricultural produce - UP (21.6%) Total geographical area (highest) - Rajasthan

Area under forest (highest) - Madhya Pradesh

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Land put to non cultural uses (highest) - Andra Pradesh Barren & uncultivated land (highest) - Rajasthan Net area sown (highest) - Madhya Pradesh

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Extent of soil erosion It is estimated that out of 305.9 mha of reporting area 145 mha is in need of conservation measures. Gullies are the most spectacular evidence of the destruction of soil. Wind erosion Saltation: the major portion of the soil carried by wind is moved in a series of short bounces called Saltation. The soil carried in a Saltation consists of fine particles ranging from 0.1 0.5 mm in diameter.

Mechanical measures of erosion control: 1. Basin listing : Basin listing consists in making of small interrupted basins along the contour with a special implement called a basin -lister. 2. Subsoiling : This method consists in breaking with a subsoiler the hard and impermeable subsoil to conserve more rainwater by improving the physical conditions of a soil. 3. Contour Bunding: This consists in making a comparatively narrow based embankment at intervals across the slope of the land on a level that is along the contour. It is an important measure that conserves soil and water in arid & semiarid areas. Slope - 3-6 % 4. Bench terracing : It consists of a series of platforms having suitable vertical drops along contours or on suitable graded lines across the general slope of the land. The vertical drop may vary from 60 180 cm depending upon slope and soil condition. Slope - 16 33% Water sources: The southwesterly monsoon contributes over 80 % to the total precipitation. Shallow well derive their water supply from the surrounding area through seepage, percolation, high water table etc. Deep wells depend for their water on aquifers.
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Salt tolerance crop: 1. Tolerant sps (>5000 ppm): Barley, sugarcane, date- palm, grape, kale, cotton, rhodes, grass, sesbania 2. Semi tolerant sps (< 2500 ppm 5000): Rice, sorghum, maize, Barley, sunflower, Lucerne, berseem/guar, safflower, onion, wheat, bajra. 3. Sensitive sps (< 2500 ppm): potato, tomato peas, cabbage, grapes, orange,

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Boron toxicity tolerant: 1. Tolerant sps: (2-4 ppm): - datepalm, sugar beet, Lucerne, onion, turnip, cabbage, and lettuce 2. Semi-tolerant (1-2 ppm): - wheat, maize, sunflower, potato, tomato, peas & sweet potato 3.Sensitive crops (0.3-1 ppm): cherry, walnut Water requirement application = barley, cotton,

- Apple, apricot, grape, orange, consumptive use of water +

Losses+ special needs 1 cubic foot of water - 62.4 lb 1 cubic foot /sec = one cusec = 448.83 gallons = 0.99 acre. inch/hr = 100 tons 1 Acre inch of water = 101 tons gallons = 12.8 cubic meter = 22,660

Sprinkler method: can be adopted in the case of almost all crops and is specially suited to shallow sandy soils of uneven topography, where leveling is not practicable. Drip irrigation: - first initiated in Israel. Critical stages of rice: - tillering and flowering Water need for rice: 1000 1500 mm 1500 2000 mm 2000 2500 mm WHEAT: Optimum moisture range - 100 60 % of availability. Critical stage - crown root initiation (CRI) Maize: Flowering Grain development - 3 weeks after sowing (21-25 days) Conditions heavy soils, high water table, kharif medium soils, kharif light soils, long duration varieties.

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Critical stages: - Early vegetative period - 30-40 weeks after Sowing - Tasselling - 45-50 weeks after sowing

Maize is highly sensitive to excess water Sorghum: Critical stages: - pre-flowering and grain development Kharif legumes pea. - kidney bean -Green gram (Mung), pigeon -Black gram (mash) Rabi legumes: - gram, lentil, pea and Indian bean. Critical stages of pulses: pod development. - early vegetative growth, flowering, and can

Sunflower and mustard are relatively hardy crops withstand more unfavourable conditions that other.

Cotton: - extremely sensitive to excess moisture and lack of aeration. Optimum soil moisture is necessary during the stages of flowering and ball formation. Sugarcane: - only vegetative importance. (Formative stage) growth is the economic

Tobacco: - water with a high chloride content, affects the leaf, burning quality and hence is unsuitable for irrigation. Potato: - stolonization and tuber formation stages during 2060 days growth are critical. Onion And Garlic: - bulbing is most important critical stage. Tomato, watermelon & Muskmelon: - excessive irrigation during ripening results in fruit cracking and hence it should be avoided.

SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZER USE Cations K Ca Mg Fe Zn

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form of uptake by plants K+ Ca++ Mg++ Fe+++ Zn++

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Anions N P S Cl NO 3 - , NH 4 + H 2 Po 4 SO 4 Cl -

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3 mechanisms of absorption of nutrients : 1. Mass flow / convection 2. Diffusion 3. Contact exchange and root interception. Mass flow /convection nutrient uptake. is considered to be important of

Nutrient ions such as nitrate, chloride & sulphate are not absorbed by the soil colloids and remain mainly in solution. Such nutrient ions area absorbed by the roots along with soil. Diffusion: This mechanism is predominant in supplying most of the phosphorous and potassium to plant roots. Plant Nutrients & Their Functions. Source Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Others - CO2 - air & water - water - air, soil & both - soil - N, P, K - Ca, Mg, S - Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B Mo, Cl

Primary nutrients Secondary nutrients

Trace elements / micronutrients

Primary and secondary elements are known as major elements. Nitrogen: Excess _ lodging in cereals -Delays maturation of plant. Deficiency - reddening of leaves in cotton. Phosphorus: Function; - formation of grains. Offsets harmful effects of excess nitrogen in plants. Deficiency: - purplish / reddish discoloration of the stem
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- Abnormal increase in the sugar content and the Formation of anthocynin Potassium: Function: 1. Enhance ability of a plant to resist pest, diseases and other abnormal condition 2. Formation of starch and in the production and translocation of sugars and is thus of special value of water rich crops.

Plants can take-up and store potassium in much larger quantities than what is needed for optimum growth. This is called luxury consumption. Deficiency: - firing along the edges in maize leaves Calcium: Function: - Constituent of cell wall (calcium pectate - Involved in cell division Excess - favours scab in potato Deficiency - commonly associated with acidity. Magnesium Function: - constituent of chlorophyll - Necessary for formation of oil. Deficiency: - in maize intraveinal chlorosis. Sulphur: Function: - Important constituent of straw and plant stalk. Fe: Deficiency: - gray speck Marsh spot - maize - sugarcane (sugar beet) Constituent of AAS - methionine and cysteine.

Yellow diseases - spinach and beans White streak Dry spot Leaf spot - field peas - field peas - field peas
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Cu: Deficiency - dieback in citrus

Zn: - is taken up by the plant in the ionic form/ complex with chelating agent. Ex: EDTA. Deficiency: - white bud Khaira - maize - rice content the Zn

In calcareous soils and soils with high P deficiency is commonly observed. Boron: Deficiency: - Yellow and resetting Snakehead - walnut - tomatoes - apples - Lucerne

Pitting of fruits

Die back & corking of fruits

Hollow stem and bronzing of curd in cauliflower Brown heart Molybdenum: Deficiency: species. - whip tail in cauliflower, broccoli and other Brassica - table beets and turnip

Chlorine: - In 1954 chlorine was proved as essential micronutrient. Deficiency: - bronze discoloration in tomatoes. Na: - not an essential element but the presence is considered to be beneficial. N Most commonly used organic manure in India - FYM Sewage, sludge and activated dry contains N 4-7 % - 0.5 %

P 2 O 5 2.1 4.2 % K 2 O 0.5 0.7% Tree leaves of pongamia, (Karanj/Honge) N 3.69 %

P 2 O 5 2.41% K 2 O 2.42 % Crop Synonyms

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Cowpea Cluster bean Horsegram Mothbean Greengram Blackgram Redgram

chavli, lobia guar Kulthi Mutki, moth mung, mug urd, urid (mush) arhar

Calcium sulphate /gypsum and supper phosphate have proved most promising in preventing the escape of ammonia. Folding 7,000 sheep for on night is said to add equivalent of 149.3 quintals of cattle dung. Calcium nitrate - also known as Chilean nitrate. Ammonium sulphate widely used fertilizer in the country. Nitrochalk: - is the trade name of a product formed by mixing ammonium nitrate with 40% lime stone /Dolomite. Non- proteinaceous organic nitrogen Urea. CROPPING PATTERNS Among post monsoon crops (rabi) wheat, sorghum & gram Largest area under Kharif maize is in UP The area under the Kharif Jowar in India is highest in Maharashtra. Ragi is mainly concentrated in Karnataka. Bajra is drought resistant crop. The Rajasthan has maximum area (4.6 mha) of Bajra (2/3 of total area of India). G/N - Gujarat is producing maximum G/N (24.4 %)

Cotton - Maharashtra shares 36% of the total cotton area followed by Gujarat. Hot water treatment for seed borne diseases - 54 o c for 1 min. Bordeaux mixture - CuSO4 + CaCO 3 Millardet Burgundy mixture - CuSO4+ Na 2 CO 3 Mason Systemic fungicides
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Oxanthin derivatives - plantavax Vitavax

- oxycarboxin -for rusts - carboxin - for smuts

Agrimycin 100 is the mixture of streptomycin + tetracycline

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Diseases and Causal organisms Rice Brown spot Stem root Sheath blight Foot rot/ bakanae Bunt False smut Leaf smut Ultra disease - cochliobolus miyabeanus - Leptosphaeria salvini - Rhizoctonia solani - Gibberella fujikuroi - Neovossia horrida - Ustilaginoidea virens - Entyloma Oryzae - Ditylenchus angustus

Bacteria blight - Xanthomonas Oryzae Yellow dwarf - Mycoplasm

Leaf yellowing -Virus Pan sukh (dry leaf disease) -Physiological Khaira Wheat: Black mould Pythium root rot Foot rot Hill bund Karnal bund Flagsmut Loosesmut Stemrugt -Cladosporium herbarum -Pythium graminicolum -Zn def

-Helmisthosporium sativum -Tilletia foetida & T caries -Neouossia indica -Urocystis tritici -Ustilago tritici -Puccinea graminis tritici -Puccinia glumarum Puccinia recondita Erysiphe graminis

Stripe rust (yellow rust) Leaf / Brown rust Powdery mildews Earcocle

-Anguina Tritici
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Molya/cereal cyst nematode -Heterodera avenae Insecticidal property of DDT in 1939 by Paul Muller Two breeding seasons of Lucusts 1) winter spring 2) Summer Monsoon Ectoparasitic nematodes Spiral nematodes Lance nematodes Ring nematodes Hemicriconemoides Stunt nematodes Sheath nematodes Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus Hoplolaimus Cericonemoides, Tylenchonemoides Hemicycliophora

Semiendoparatic nematodes: Citrus nematode Reniform nematode Endoparasites: Roof knot Nematode (RKN)-Meloidogyne sp Cyst nematode Roof lesion nematode Heterodera, Globadera Pratylenchus Anguina tritici Aphelenchoides sp Ditylenchus sp Tylenchus semipenctrans Rotylenchus reniformis

Seed parasites nematode Foliar nematode Stem & Bulb nematode -

SL-120 RKN resistant tomato variety released from IARI Bladed harrows are also called as Bakharas/guntakas. Agricultural produce Grading and Marketing Act (APGMA) Central Agmark lab Nagpur & there are about 16 regional labs.

1878 - Sea customs Act. 1955 - Essential Commodity Act. NAFED - National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation.
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Differed liabilities Debt equity ratio = -----------------------Net worth AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION Community development programme 1952 The word extension was first used in USA Extension education is - Informal education - 1953

National Extension Service (NES)

Community development and extension Service in India Stage I - pre-independence Era: Sevagram Shantiniketan Marthandam Gurugaon - Mahatma Gandhi - Rabindranath Tagore - Spencer Hatch - F.L. Brayne (1886-1974)

Department of Agriculture 1871 June 1905 IARI PUSA Bihar Royal Commission on Agriculture 1928 Stage II : post independent Era ( 1947 53 ) Etawah Pilot project - (1948-52) - Albert Mayer Community development project (1952 Oct 2) Stage III : community Service Era (1953 60 ) development and National Extension

National extension service was inaugurated on 2 n d Oct 1953 In 1958 panchayat raj was introduced as recommended by the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. IADP - Intensive Agriculture Development Programme First Agriculture University (Rudrapur) SFDA FYP - GBPUAT - 1960 pantnagar

- Small Farmers Development Agency started under 4 t h

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Bhoodan & Gramdhan Acts: started in early 1950s Acharya Vinobha Bhave initiated this movement. The first attempt to prevent further fragmentation was made in Maharashtra (1947) Minimum Wages Act - 1948 Insecticide Act - 1968 & Insecticide Rules - 1971 Karnataka Cotton control Act - 1974 Seeds Act -1966 seed rules - 1968

Karnataka land improvement Act - 1966 Karnataka Agriculture pests & Disease Act - 1974 Fertilizers order - May 1973 Destructive insect pest act - 1914 Agricultural produce act - 1937 Taccavi loans - started in 1973

National co-operative development corporation act 1962 Wheat RICE Oryza sativa - cosmopolitan (Asian rice)
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Common bread wheat - T. aestivum Macaroni wheat - T. durum Indogangetic plains form the most important wheat area Soil - well-drained clayey loam. Spacing - 22.5 cm between rows. Varieties - medium long duration duration - sonalika Most critical stage - CRI stage Weedicide 2-4 D Phalaris minor - graminaceous problematic weed. Storage < 10% moisture content - kalyan sona Short

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Ooryza glabarima Fruit - caryopsis

- confined to Africa

Rice is considered as short day plant West Bengal has highest rice area PH - 5- 8.5 Spacing 20-25 cm Nursery area 10% of main field (1/10 t h of total area) Seed rate - 40-50 kg/ha In calcareous soils - Fe is deficit, so FeSO 4 is added. Dapog nursery - used especially in place where there is assured water supply & when early transplanting is needed & 3040 m2 area is required to raise enough seedlings to transplant 1 ha area. Water requirement is high than any other crop of similar duration. About 37-75 acre-inches of water is needed. Maize Oats Grown in Rabi - mostly for fodder Black gram - Urd, mash Bengalgram
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Native to America Highest production- UP With the average yield maze ranks first among cereals Nutritionally superior opaque 2 composites - Shakti Rattan Protina These opaque 2 composites are rich in essential AAS life lysine & Tryptophan Pulses are deficit in methionine & Tryptophan Cereals are deficit in Lysine & Tryptophan Used in the manufacture of Beer & Whisky

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Germinated seeds are recommended to cure scurvy. Malic and oxalic acids collected from green leaves are prescribed for intestinal disorders. Greengram Highest production MP Horsegram Highest production AP Lentil Highest production MP Moth bean Highest production Rajasthan Peas Highest production UP Pigeon pea (Red gram/ arhar) Highest production MH Potato Native South America Occupies largest area under any single vegetable in the world Kufiri Jyothi. Best method of starting potato is cold stores at 2.2 C at 75-80 % RH

Tea Popularly known as health herb Soils - acidic pH 4-6

Spacing - 120x75 cm - 10000 plants / ha 1 1 year old nursery seedlings are used for planting in the field. Shade trees (dadapa) - oak (Gravelea robusta ) Erythrina lithosperma Acacia Albizzia State: UPASI: Assam United Planters Association of Southern India Chinchona Coffee
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P O., Coimbatore dist., T.N.

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State - Karnataka Cocoa : gods Coconut Tree of heaven - coconut India ranks 2 n d w.r.t. Coconut production. Groundnut Native - Brazil Oil content - 44-50% Oil is extensively used as cooking medium and vanaspati ghee. - both as refined oil Theobroma cocoa, Theobrama means The food of

Groundnut is predominantly self-pollinated crop. Peg which later swells to become the pod. Groundnut is raised mostly as rainfed Kharif crop. The application of 500 kg gypsum / ha at the pegging stage will enhance pod formation. Safe moisture content is not more than - 5 %

Damp nuts of stored will ferment and allow the development of poisonous moulds Ex:- Aspergillus falvus - produce Aflatoxin in Kernels Indian mustard raya/ laha - Brassica Juncea - commonly called as rai /

Origin of B.juncea - China Taramira is native to - North Africa & Europe Oil content of rape seed & mustard - 30 48 % India occupies first position w.r.t. Area & production. Sesamum Primary center of origin. ranks first Linseed MP ranks first Castor India ranks first AP ranks first Saf flower MH ranks first
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Africa India ranks first.UP

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Sunflower Native USA Country _ Russia Niger State MP Country _ India Sugarcane UP have largest acres under sugarcane (57%) Yield/ha - TN Ek sali - Dec Feb Oct - Nov Adsali - July - Aug -MH - AP - 18-month crop - 200 300 cm

Water requirement Cotton

AICRP on cotton 1967, Short staple - 9.5 mm 25.4 mm Medium staple - 13mm 40mm Long staple - 25.4mm 63mm

The group now recognized in India is Superior long staple Long staple Superior medium staple Medium staple Short staple - 27mm & above - 24.5 26 - 22 24 - 20- 21.5 - <19

First co-operative cotton sales society was opened at Gadag in Mysore in 1917. 1 bale = 170 kg Staple length classification upto Long Medium Short Tobacco India ranks 3 r d after USA & China AP ranks first Central Tobacco Committee - 1945
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1961 62 24 & above 18 21 17 & below

after 1961 62 24 & above 20 24 19 & below

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Topping & Suckering Removal of flower head alone/ along with some of the top leaves of the plant is known as topping. After topping, the axillary buds grow and their removal is known as Suckering. Banana: State - TN Desuckering Mango: Veneer grafting has been found to be best method of mango propagation. The graft joint should be at least 15cm above the ground. The application of Ethrel (200 ppm) from September onwards has been found to induce flowering in Mango in Karnataka by the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research. Harvesting - June to Aug in Northern India. Guava UP has largest area L 49 (Allahabad safeda) variety Pomegranate _ MH Avocado - rich in protein & Fat Apple Rootstock Use M. IX dwarfing rootstock for propagating dwarf apple trees. - Malling Merton - rootstocks are recommended where Vegetables Daily minimum requirement of veg - 284 g/ day / head Veg gardens are classified into 6 types. Spices King of spices - pepper Queen of spices - cardamom Fruits of cardamom - small trilocular capsules. Hoshomin the queen of China first introduced sericulture in China Outbreak of pebrine disease - 1857 to 1895 The cocoons of erisilkworm cannot be ruled as they produce cocoon with small opening.
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- removal of daughter suckers.

- seedless

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Entomology (General Agriculture) Per hectare consumption of pesticides in India 440 gm/ha

Pesticides consumption is maximum in Andhra Pradesh (19%) Per hectare consumption is maximum in Tamil Nadu Consumption of pesticides in India 1994-95 (metric tons) Imported Indigenous Total 6266 55191 61357

Maximum consumption of pesticides Imported Carbaryl followed by Chlorpyriphos Indigenous B H C followed by Monocropophos & Endosulfon Export of Agro Chemicals: Maximum (in terms of Rupees) Cypermethrin followed by Endosulfon, Aluminium Phosphide & Lindane. The top Agro-business company Novartis (Ciba + Sandoz) Production of Agro-Chemicals 1995-96 (000 tons) B H C Monocrotophos Endosulfon 25 9 6.8

Total Production of pesticides in India 88,890 tons (1994-95) 82,000 tons (1995-96) No. of pesticides registered in India 143 (as on 31.3.95) No. of Technical grade pesticides manufactured in India 66 Pigeon Pea: - 2nd most important pulses after Chickpea. Origin India Maximum area and Production M H Groundnut: - Critical stage Pegging Origin Brazil Rice: - Area -43.2 million hectare
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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Production 82 mt Origin Hindustan India ranks first in area and 2 n d in production Maximum area and production West Bengal Rice grain in known as caryopsis Rice is short day plant Dapog method Introduced from Philiphines 30-40 m area is needed Nitrification inhibitors N-serve, ST, DCA Slow release N fertilizers S coated/neem coated/Lac coated useful Critical stage Tillering to flowering Water requirement 100-120 cm Herbicides Propanil @ 1-1.5 kg/ha Butachlon @ 1-2 kg/ha

Father of Hybrid rice Prof. Long Ping Yuan First rice hybrid COH R-1/MGR-1 WHEAT: Bread wheat Club wheat Macaroni wheat Einkorn wheat Emmer wheat India area Production T.Aestivum Tritium compactum -T.durum T. monococcum -T.dicoccum -25 mha -65 mt

India is 2 n d largest producer only after China Wheat is Worlds leading cereal Maximum area & production of wheat Uttar Pradesh Critical stage CRI stage Operations Topping & Suckering Nipping 30

Tobacco

- Gram (Bengal gram)

Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Tripping Xanthomonas Bacterial Blight of rice Bacterial leaf streak of rice Bacterial blight of cowpea vignicola Citrus canker Black rot of crucifers Sugarcane gummosis vascularum Angular leaf spot of cotton malvacearum Leaf spot & Blight of beans Leaf spot of Tomato Vesicatoria Leaf spot of red gram Leaf spot of Bajra annamalaiensis Leaf blotch of Bajra Bacterial blight of Banana Leaf spot of pomegranate Leaf spot of cluster bean cyamopsidis Bacterial pustule of soybean Bacterial bllight of sesamum Pseudomonas Brown rot of potato solanacearum ) Bacterial wilt of Brinjal Bacterial wilt of Tomato Moko disease of Banana

- Lucerne (Alfalfa)

Xanthomonas Oryzae oryzae Xanthomonas oryzae oryzicola Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas oxonopodis citri Xanthomonas Campestris Campestris Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas axonopodis phaseoli Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas campestries cajani Xanthomonas campestris

Xanthomonas campestris Penniseti Xanthomonas campestris musarum Xanthomonas axonopodis punicae Xanthomonas compestris Xanthomonas axonopodis phaseoli - sojens Xanthomonas campestris sesami

Ralstonia solanacearum

(= pseudomonas

Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia solanacearum Ralstonia solanacearum

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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Wild fire of tobacco Bacterial stalk rot of maize Leaf stripe of sorghum Leaf spot of mango Angular leafspot of tobacco Leaf spot of grape Erwinia Stalk rot of maize dissolvens ) soft rot of vegetable fire blight of apple Black leg of potato Clavibacter Yellow ear of wheat Ring rot of potato spidonicum Stem & fruit canker of tomato michiganensis Agrobacterium Crown gall of stone fruits Streptomyces Potato scab Herbicides 2-4 DB

pseudomonas syringae tabaci pseudomonas lapsa pseudomonas lapsa pseudomonas mongiferae indicae pseudomonas anguluta pseudomonas viticola

Enterobacter

dissolvens

Erwinia

Erwinia caratovora caratovora Erwinia amylovora Erwinia caratovora abroseptica

Rathayibacter tritici Clavibacter michiganensis Clavibacter michiganensis

Agrobacterium tumefacines

streptomyces scabis

- can be used in pulse crops

Propanil - selective contact herbicide (used in Rice) Paraquat - non-selective contact herbicide used in non-cropped areas. Glyphosate Rice - non-selective translocated herbicide

- propanil, 2-4 D, Butachlor

Wheat - Isoproturon, sulfosulfuron, clodinofos

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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Weight of top 15 cm soil 2.25 x 10kg/ha STATISTICS Probability of an event any number lying between 0-1 Positive Binomial distribution Variance< mean Negative Binomial distribution Variance> mean Binomial distribution variance < mean Poisson distribution variance = mean Normal distribution mean, median & mode are equal (Coincide at a single point) Limiting value of correlation coefficient -1 to =1 Limiting value of multiple co-relation coefficient 0 to 1 S.E = -----n CV = ---------- x X CRD (completely randomized block design) is mostly used for lab experiments. Nipping: - is the process of plucking the apical buds of the crop at 30-40 DAS. It is done in Gram safflower, which promotes lateral branching, more flowers & pod yield. No. of soil orders 12 Short day plants - soyabean, s/c, rice, tobacco LDP wheat, oats, sugarcane, raddish, lettuce tomato, bulk wheat , maize & sun flower 100

Day neutral

True seeds of s/c are called as FLUFF Artificial s/c ripeners polaris, sodium metasylicate, cycoul. TMO technology mission on oilseeds
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-May 1986 (mha)

Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

ultimate irrigation potential irrigation potential created Irrigation potential utilized Net irrigated area Irrigated area (%) granite , Basalt limestone,

- 92

148

55 35 %

82

Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks conglomerate Metamorphic rocks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 0.05%

quartz, sandstone

shale,

gneiss, quartz, marble, slate 2.5 - 2.7 g/cc 1.4 1.8 g/cc

True/particle density Apparent/bulk density

First hybrid rice WHR 1/ MGR 1 (1994) Density of water is highest at - 4c ( 1.02 g/cc ) 1959 60 Urea was first produced at Sindri ( Bihar) ICPH 8 first pigeon pea hybrid 1 km = 100 ha 1 ft = 28.32 lbs 1 ban = 10 dynes/cm = 0.1 Mpa C.N ratio 0.M = 10:1 Indian soils = 14 :1 Most of Indian soils are deficit in N & contains about

13. Taking in to account the total land resources ( 328 mha) , the availability of land / head in India = 0.58 ha 14. Australia - 59 ha Graded bunding - if rainfall is - 780 cm Zing terracing - 3- 10% slope Bench terracing - 6-33% slope 1871 Department of Agriculture
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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

1963 1972 1995 1998 -

N S C I C R I S A T Institutional Village Level Programme National Agricultural Technology Project N C A (National commission on

1976 Agriculture) 1926 -

R C A (Royal Commission on Agriculture)

Project Directors A I C R P N R C National Bureaus

10 78 10 4

During 2001-02 1. 2. 3. Cloud Seeding: Silver iodide Sodium Chloride cold clouds Warm of soil are GDP (Agricultural Share) (Exports) 16.18% 25.00% (15.30%) (27.00%)

Distribution of certified seeds 100 lakh tons

Crumb and granular structure (Spheroidal) considered as favourable to plant growth.

Percentage of forest area to geographical area is highest in Japan (69%), while that of India is 22% Water erosion: 3 forms, sheet, Rill, Gully erosion Wind erosion: There are 3 types of soil movement Particle Size 1) Saltation 2) Suspension 0.1-0.55 mm in diameter Major process < 0.1 mm
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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

3) Surface creep

> 0.5 mm 48% P2O5

DAP 18% N, 46% P2O5 OR 16% N CAN 25-28% N

Ammonium nitrate 33-35 % N It is explosive (1994-95) 328.73 mha 68.39 mha (22.40%) 142.82 mha 188.15 mha 131.70 % 55 mha 82 mha N 10.3 mt P 2.97 mt K 1.02 mt Total 14.3 mt

Statistics Geographical area Forests Net area sown Gross area sown Cropping intensity Net irrigated area

Gross irrigated area Fertilizers:

Average ha consumption of fertilizers India World Avg. Punjab 86 kg/ha 86 kg/ha states

158 kg/ha (Highest with respect to excluding UTs (Union Territories)) 542 kg/ha

Netherlands

Gross capital formation in Agriculture 9.4 % Uttar Pradesh Contributes maximum food grain production (42 mt) and has maximum area and production of wheat, maize, sugar cane, potato, mango West Bengal has maximum area and production of Rice, Jute and Mesta Maharashtra has maximum area and production of warse cereals, jowar, pigeon pea and cotton Madhya Pradesh maximum area and production of pulses, chickpea, oilseeds and soyabean Groundnut highest area Andhra Pradesh
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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Production Gujarat Sugarcane area & production West Bengal Productivity Tamil Nadu Rice and Wheat Productivity is highest in Punjab Water requirement Rice Sugarcane Sugarcane Origin Thincane India 100-120 cm 200-300 cm

Thickcane Area 4mha Production 279 mt

New Guinea

Seed rate 30.35 thousand setts 3 buded 2 buded 75,000 1 single 1,25,000 Herbicides 2-4 D (75-80 gt) Atrazine Brix nad refactometer 17-18 ideal stage for harvest

GENERAL Fibrinogen is the precursor of Fibrio Fertilizin is an (hormone) chemical substance produced by the egg during fertilization which attract the sperm First geneticist who had received Nobel Prize T H Morgan Agroclimate Zones Agroecological Zones Agroclimatic regions Fobrinogen Trypsinogen 15 21 126

Fibrin Trypsin

First enzyme crystalized urease by Sumner Metallovitamin B 1 2 (Cobalamine) First aromatic hybrid Rice Pusa basmati 1
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Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

First Basmati Pusa RH 10 Stomata less (Astomatal) plant potamogaton & submerged plants Central molecule controlling cell division aquatic plant cycline Father of Physiology Stephan Hales Pollination by bats Chiropterophylly Most of the Indian soils are deficit in Nitorgen and Zn India is the largest producer of Mango, Banana, Sapota and Cauliflower Elements absorbed in complex form Na Plant uptake maximum amount of K from soil amount all elements (Luxury consumption) Indian soils are usually poor in OM & nitrogen White Revolution Blue Revolution Round Revolution Silver Revolution Brown Revolution Orange Revolution Yellow Revolution Green Revolution Grey Revolution Milk Potato Eggs & Poultry Biomass (fertilizer production) Onion Fishery

Oilseeds Wheat & Rice I T in Agriculture

Fertilizer having explosive nature Ammonium nitrate 50 % of Indian soils are deficit in Zn(among micro nutrients) Neutral fertilizer CAN Calcium Ammonium Nitrate Crop Sugarcane Tobacco Potato State West Bengal Andhra Pradesh (48.00) Uttar Pradesh
38

(%) (51.00)

(33.60)

Abid Hussain, MSc, Horticulture, abid.tnau@gmail.com

Jute Coconut Rubber Cashew Tea Coffee Onion Chillies Coriander

West Bengal Kerala Kerala Kerala West Bengal Kerala Maharashtra

(60.00) (68.30) (92.80) (67.40)

(18.50)

Andhra Pradesh (26.90) Andhra Pradesh (36.00) Weed Control

The crops like sudangrass, sorghum and cowpea are good competitors while crops like linseed, groundnut and lentil are poor competitors Prickly pear opuntia spp Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Grass carp feed on guatic weeds

Eradication of prickly pear by using the cochineal insects Doctylopius tomentosus in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu is best example of Biological Control in India Parthenium Cyperus Echinochloa Orobanchae Compositae family Cyperaccae Graminae Orobanchaceae

Argemone mexicana Papaveraccae Striga Scrophulariaceae

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