CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION: PORTABLE OZONE GENERATOR

This article is dedicated to the good health of all readers. It describes an ozone generator for portable use. Ozone gas is nowadays used for treatment of drinking water, disinfection, and airpurification. What one requires is a small and handy unit to be plugged into mains to get ozonated air at suitable pressure flowing out from a tube. It can then be let into environment or bubbled through water or any other polluted liquid. But the gadget must be completely safe to work with. Ozone generators invariably make use of a discharge tube to which a high electric field is applied so as to break down the oxygen present in the air. This phenomenon occurs at or near field strength of 25kV/cm, and the resulting discharge that takes place is known as corona. The corona has a light bluish glow. It is in this corona field that oxygen becomes ozone (O3).

FIG: AIRFLOW THROUGH CYLENDRICAL SPACE OF DISCHARGE TUBE

Ozone has tendency to revert back to its original form in about 10-20 minutes, in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary in any ozone application to generate ozone as and when required for use since it cannot be kept stored the way chlorine is stored (in cylinders). Chlorine is used in our cities to disinfect drinking water supply. It is highly carcinogenic because when it comes into contact with remnants of pesticides in our foodstuff. presence to chlorine. Complete disinfection of water, in any impure form, is realized with an ozone content of 4mg/liter. Ozone generator presented here has capacity of producing 10mg/minute of ozone combined with atmospheric air. This unit can treat five liter of impure water in just two minutes. The discharge tube is supplied air from an air-group, which built into the unit. The unit produces ozonated air at a pressure head of 15-20 cm of water via its outlet. So the exit tube can be let into water container with water up to level of 10-15 cm. Another advantage of this unit is that it is light in weight and carries a very simple control and a micro ammeter showing the ozone concentration. It employs a high voltage of over 5kv at high frequency of 15 kHz to 20 kHz, which would not cause a lethal shock. Shock voltages are not dangerous at these high frequency, while at 50 Hz these high voltage are quiet dangerous. Commercial ozone generator makes use of mains 50 Hz frequency and are thus very dangerous while assembling. Extreme care is required to be exercised by the user while diagnosing any problem with such apparatus. Ozone at higher freq. used here is more efficient and silent in its discharge one can easily assemble this portable ozone generator in a plastics bread box, which all insulated. The air pump used in this project is an aquarium pump .this pump work on mains and has a 50 Hz vibrator attached to a rubber bellows that provide a pulsating air flow. This air flows through the cylindrical space of this discharge tube as shown in fig1. The discharge tube outlet gives ozonated air. It generates halomethanes, which are carcinogenic. That is why ozone is used today in

The circuit as shown in fig generates a controlled high freq AC voltage of above 5kv.the circuit has been designed such that all components used in the circuit are economical and freely available from TV spares shops. The single sided, actual size PCB layout for the complete circuit and its component layout are shown in fig 3&4 respectively. The entire assembly of the unit including the air pump, discharge tube, circuit board, and fuse can be comfortably fitted within the bread box, as shown in fig. because of this compact packaging, no mains transformer is employed. The unit should not be touched after its assembly in the breadbox, nor should its lid be open after plugging into the mains.

1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1.2 PCB LAYOUT:

1.3 PHOTOGRAPH OF PORTABLE OZONE GENERATOR:

CHAPTER 2.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

The PORTABLE OZONE GENERATOR circuit consists of following modules:

2.1 Pulse generator

2.2 Low supply voltage

2.3 Ferrite-core transformer

2.4 The metering circuit 2.5 LED indicator 2.6 AC input 2.7 Concentration of the discharge 2.8 Preparation of the hot electrode

2.1 PULSE GENERATOR The drain of the MOSFET is connected in series with a 33-ohm, 10-watt wire wound resistor (replaced by EFY Lab with 2 x 47-ohm, 10W resistors R13 and R14, in parallel). It is then connected to EHT primary winding of the ferrite core line output A simple pulse generator is realized using two CMOS integrated circuits. The CD4069 is a hex buffer, while CD4011 is a quad NAND gate. Two of the 4069 gates are used to generate 15-20 kHz pulses. The frequency of this oscillator can be varied by 10-Kilo-ohm preset VR1 on the board. The width of the pulse can also be adjusted using preset VR2, but it is left at 33 per cent duty cycle. The circuit uses an RC (resistance-capacitance) feedback for generation of the square-wave oscillations. The 330pF capacitor C1 used here charges during one-half cycle through the 110-ohm resistor R3 and the 1-kilo-ohm width-setting variable resistor VR2. During the other half, capacitor C1 discharges through 10k resistor R2 and the adjustable-frequency preset VR1. Diodes D1 and D2 differentiate between the two half cycles.
6

The second oscillator, shown in Fig.2, also uses the gates from same IC CD4069. It is, however, wired using 0.1uF capacitor C2, instead of the 330pF used in the former oscillator. The 1k pot meter VR3 in the circuit is for ozone output control. This control is brought out, as shown in Fig. 8, for slightly varying the ozone output. This second oscillator works at around 2 kHz. Therefore when the outputs of the two oscillators are combined using the NAND gate N6 of CD4011 (IC2) and inverted by gate N7, one gets a modulated output of high and low frequencies. Such an excitation of the discharge tube has been found to be very efficient and less heat-producing as compared to a plain high frequency or a plain low-frequency excitation. The output pulse train from pin 11 of the CD4011 gate N7, which is of the same polarity after the second inversion (first inversion takes place in gate N6), is sent through the pair of complementary transistors T1 and T2 (2N222 and 2N2907, respectively). These two buffer the signal for giving adequate charging current to drive the gate capacitance of MOSFETs during the leading edges of the square wave. The 15-ohm resistor R11 and switching diode D9 (1N914) are needed to prevent any negative signal input to the power MOSFET IRF840 gate. The power MOSFET is a boon to switch-mode circuit operation. It looks like the 5V regulator 7805 in TO-220 package, with which everyone is familiar. It needs a small aluminum heat-sink. Transformer (LOT)-also referred to as EHT transformer. Switching diode BA159 is also placed in series with the primary, as shown in Fig. 2. The supply is the rectified DC voltage, which is derived form the mains voltage directly. During testing at EFY Lab, the mains voltage was stepped down to 120V AC as mentioned earlier.) An RC series network comprising 33 KPF (3000V rating) capacitor C8 and 100-ohm (10w) resistor R12 is placed across drain-source terminal of the MOSFET. The source terminal of the MOSFET is directly grounded.

2.2 LOW SUPPLY VOLTAGE The ICs 4069 and 4011 and transistors T1&T2, require a low voltage of around of 12v. A separate 12V, 250mA transformer could also be used with a rectifier bridge and filter
7

capacitor to derived the necessary voltage. But, in this compact design, the same is derived from mains using a capacitor and diode pair. The mains supply, through the series limiting resistor of 82-ohm, 1W sends a current via 0.47muf ,400v polyester capacitor replaced at EFY lab with two such capacitor c4&c5 in parallel and diode D8 to change 100uf capacitor C6 during positive half cycle. Zener diode D7, with break down voltage of 12V, limits the voltage across capacitor c6 to 12V. Diode D6 provide an easy path during negative half cycle of the AC input .the stable 12V dc supply developed across capacitor C6 is used for the ICs and the transistors to 2N2222 and 2N2907.

2.3 FERRITE-CORE TRANSFORMER The ferrite core transformer used here is the commonly available B&W television transformer, known as LOT (line output transformers. AT2070 type used in the circuit has a high-voltage winding for the EHT of the picture tube. This EHT is connected to the electrode (aluminum foil) of the ozone discharge tube.

LED INDICATOR CIRCUIT The LOT used should be two-limb type, i.e., the low-voltage windings should be on the left limb of the ferrite core, and the EHT winding (primary and secondary), which is generally expose potted, on the right limb. The LOT should have an external EHT diode and not an internally wired EHT diode, as is common in color television LOTs. The reason being that only AC voltage is needed here. Further, it is necessary to remove any coupling between the two limbs, which may be present in the LOT windings. A connection from the left limb to the right limb is used to
8

increase the mutual coupling. In the circuit presented here that coupling leads to overcurrents in the event of any discharge tube sparking, thereby damaging the 1RF840 instantly. It is therefore necessary to cut off the connection linking the two limb windings before installation. Preferably, a 1.00 ohm, 2W resistor may be wired in the place of this cut, if an improved performance of ozone generation is desire.

2.4 THE METERING CIRCUIT This employs a simple low-cost 100uA meter used as VU-meter in audio amplifiers and is freely available. Either the edge-mounting type or the plain type may be used. It has a clear front plastic case of 25 sq. cm which is easily mounted on the front side of the plastic box, with a suitable small cut made in the box with drill and free saw.

METERING CIRCUIT

The meter has a top which can be easily removed and replaced, as it is snug fit Removal of the meter top exposes the meter scale, which can be redrawn in per cent of 0-1 gm/hour O3.

2.5 LED INDICATOR

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The indicator LED on panel gets its current through a single turn wound on the top limb of the ferrite transformer. The current is rectified by a IN4003 diode and filtered by a 10uF, 16V capacitor which supplied the current through 1-kilo-ohm series resister to the LED. The glowing of the LED indicates that the circuit is working.

2.6 AC INPUT The AC mains supply is at 230V AC and has a fuse of 500 mA in series. A switch can be wired in series with the same, though the same is not shown in the circuit here.

2.7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE DISCHARGE TUBE An aluminum tube of 20cm length and about 1cm diameter is taken. Antenna scrap tube can be used, provided the same does not have kinks, bends or burrs. Fig7 shows the construction of the discharge tube. This aluminum tube is blocked on the inside with a small amount of m-seal compound so that no air can pass directly through its middle hole. M-seal comes in a pack of two parts. The sealing compound is prepaid as and when required, by taking equal quantity of the two and mixing them together thoroughly. One of the compounds is black and the other is of cream color. Two are taken, each about 1cc, and the mixed well. This mixture is inserted into the tube with a pencil and spread to attach to the inside wake of aluminum tube, blocking any air path. Then, two side holes of 2mm diameter are made on the tube at the two ends, about 3cm from each end. These holes can be on the opposite face of the aluminum tube.

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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF DISCHARGE TUBE

To provide the discharge gap, a thin walled glass tube, commonly used as chemistry test tube, is required. Its should have an inner diameter about 1.2-1.5mm greater then that of the aluminum tube, that is if a10mm outer die aluminum tube is taken, glass tube of 11.5mm inner diameter should be used. This will ensure the best performance with an air gap of 0.75mm all around. If the gape is 0.6mm, it is still better, but then the metal tube should be extremely perfect. The glass tube is cut such that it covers the length of the aluminum tube, expect for about 1.5cm at each end. Thus if a20cm long aluminum tube is taken, the glass tube will be 17cm long. The metal tube should be able to go freely in it. Now, the glass tube may be rotated over gas burner to soften the ends of the tube. It should now be made chamfered on to the metal tube, such that, at the edges, the glass tube fits the metal tube should be able to slide over the aluminum tube. After the glass tube is so positioned over the metal tube, the ends of the glass tube are taped using Teflon tape. The tube assembly, with the glass envelop taped, is held its edge, leaving about 15cm free at either end, and clamped to the wall of the plastic box, as shown in fig. Clamps meant for TV antenna, which are made of plastic moldings, can be used for this purpose.

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2.8 PREPARATION OF THE HOT ELECTRODE The hot electrode, to which a voltage greater than 6,000 volts is applied at high frequency, is made by closely wrapping plain aluminum foil around the outer side of the glass tube. The foil is wrapped leaving 1 cm uncovered area on either ends of the tube. The foil is to be taped for tightness on the outer glass, using cellulose tape and a piece of Tefloninsulated wire connected to the aluminum foil brought out. This wire is connected to the EHT lead from the LOT on the circuit board.
1.

Now apply 12v supply at the end of the LOT winding in the place of the mains

rectified 200v DC, as shown in fig2. For testing, one is not required to use 230v directly at all. The same 12v or the unregulated 12v prior to the 7812 regulator can be connected. In the fig2 BA159 anode is shown connected to the mains rectifier supply at the positive terminal of the 100uf, 400v electrolytic capacitor. But, for the present, connect unregulated 12V to the circuit at the anode of BA159. 2. After switching on the supply, observe the voltage on the EHT winding, which come from the LOT, on a DC multimeter kept at its maximum range. The meter should show a deflection of above 500v. 3. The presets in the circuit can be adjusted to tune the ferret transformer, for this voltage to be maximum. Then, adjust 1kohm potentiometer VR3 so that it shows the possibility of varying the voltage over limited range, above threshold value.
4.

Now, the 12v transformer supply can be disconnected. The 12v low voltage

generation part has to be separately tested. For this, remove the connection to the LOT from the MOSFET. Also remove the CMOS IC from socket. Then, on the PCB, one cans easily check for zener voltage of 12v. if this voltage is less then 12v, adjust the value of 82ohm series each register to lesser value, say, 68ohm.

12

ELECTRODE PHOTOGRAPH (Having Aluminum tube &foil connected with transformer)

ASSEMBLING THE UNIT The unit is easy to assemble. First, the circuit board is fixed on the bottom of the box with plastics bushes and screw. If screws are not needed externally, the bushes can be pasted on the box. Then, clamps are fixed for discharge tube polythene tubes are fitted to the glass tube ends. At the bottom of box, the air pump, with its outer plastics casing removed, is fixed to the bottom with a screw. The inside of the diaphragm pump is shown in fig8. The casing of the pump is not needed for two reasons: to save space needed for fixing it within the bread box, and the vibrator part is now accessible. A small plastics sheet is fixed by applying glue to the vibrate armature, show that it serve as a simple fan for the inside. The mains supply is connected to the PCB in parallel with the supply to the air pump. But now this connection is removed and only the pump is made to work. The end of the aquarium air pump, which produce air under pressure, is connected by a short length of tube to the croaked glass tube of the discharge tube assembly. The other end of the tube is fixed to another similar polythen tube of adequate length.
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Now, after allowing the air pump to work, one must check whether there is adequate draft of air through the tube connected to the air pump, without any linkage. Any air leakages prior to tube enter or through the Teflon tape seals, o through the inner metal tube can be easily detected with figures or soap bubble test. The leaks have to be plugged and all air that comes out the pump should go through the annular gap of the discharge path and exit through the outlet tube. After this check, the matter connection is made from the boards 1kohm shunt discharge resistor R15, with series diode D11 and current limiting resistor R16. The meter is fixed, as stated earlier, to the front small edge of the box, which also accommodates the LED and ozone output control port meter. The LED is wired along with diodeD12, resistor R7, and capacitor C9as shown in figure. The lid, on the outside, may be pasted with the waning label danger-do not open when in use After the whole assembly is checked and mains supply is given, one can watch the matter reading and green LED on the panel. The glowing led indicates that the circuit, along with LOT, is working and the meter shows that there is discharge. The sound of the air pump will be heard of course, but one can also hear the hissing corona sound distinctly. If lights are off, blue glow may also be seen on watching from the end of the glass. A smell like that of rotten fish from the tube indicates presence of ozone. The meter reading needs calibration now.

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CHAPTER 3.

EXPLANATION OF IC CD4069UBC HEX INVERTER

3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The CD4069UB consists of six inverter circuits and is manufactured using complementary MOS (CMOS) to achieve wide power supply operating range, low power consumption, high noise immunity, and symmetric controlled rise and fall times. This device is intended for all general purpose inverter applications where the special characteristics of the MM74C901, MM74C907, and CD4049A Hex Inverter/Buffers are not required. In those applications requiring larger noise immunity the MM74C14 or MM74C914 Hex Schmitt Trigger is suggested. All inputs are protected from damage due to static discharge by diode clamps to VDD and VSS.

3.2 FEATURES Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V to 15V High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD typ. Low power TTL compatibility: Fan out of 2 driving 74L or 1 driving 74LS Equivalent to MM74C04

15

3.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

3.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM

16

3.5 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (NOTE 1) (Note 2)

1. DC Supply Voltage (VDD) 2. Input Voltage (VIN) 3. Storage Temperature Range (TS)

-0.5V to +18 VDC -0.5V to VDD +0.5 VDC -65C to +150C

4. Power Dissipation (PD)

Dual-In-Line Small Outline

700 mW 500 mW

5. Lead Temperature (TL)

(Soldering, 10 seconds)

260C

3.6 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (NOTE 2)

1. DC Supply Voltage (VDD).3V to 15VDC 2. Input Voltage (VIN)..0V to VDD VDC 3. Operating Temperature Range (TA)...-40C to +85C

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the safety of the device cannot be guaranteed. They are not meant to imply that the devices should be operated at these limits. The table of Recommended Operating Conditions and Electrical Characteristics table provide conditions for actual device operation. Note 2: VSS = 0V unless otherwise specified.

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CHAPTER 4.

EXPLANATION OF IC CD4011 CMOS NAND GATES

4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION: High voltage types(20-Volt Rating) Quad 2 Input CD4011B Dual 4 Input - CD4012B Triple 3 Input CD4023B CD4011 NAND gates provide the system designer with direct implementation of the NAND function and supplement the existing family of CMOS gates. All inputs and outputs are buffered. The CD4011B type is supplied in 14-lead hermetic dual in line ceramic packages(D and F suffixes), 14-lead dual in line plastic packages(E suffix), and in chip form(H suffix).

4.2 FEATURES:
1. Propagation Delay Time = 60 ns (typ.) at CL = 50pF, VDD=10V

2. Buffered Inputs and outputs 3. Standardized symmetrical output characteristics 4. Maximum input current of 1microA at 18v over full package temperature range; 100nA at 18v and 25c. 5. 100% tested for quiescent current at 20v 6. 5v, 10v, and 15v parameter rating
18

7. Noise margin (over full package temperature range: 1V at VDD = 5V 2V at VDD = 10V 2.5V at VDD = 15V

8. Meets all requirements of JEDEC tentative Standard Specifications for Description of B series CMOS Devices

4.3 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

4.4 TERMINAL ASSIGNMENTS:

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4.5 MAXIMUM RATINGS, ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM VALUES: 1. DC SUPPLY VOLTAGE RANGE, (VDD):
Voltage referenced to VSS terminal......-0.5 to +20V 2. INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE, ALL INPUTS........-0.5 TO VDD +0.5V 3. DC INPUT CURRENT, ANY ONE INPUT....+-10MA

4. POWER DISSIPATION PER PACKAGE (PD):

For TA = -55c to 100c...500mW For TA = +100c to 125c...Derate linearity at 12mW/c to 200mW

5. DEVICE DISSIPATION PER OUTPUT TRANSISTOR

FOR TA = full package temperature range (ALL package types).100mW 6. OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE (TA)..-55C TO +125C 7. STORAGE TEMPERATURE RANGE (TSTG)..-65C TO +150C

8. LEAD TEMPERATURE (DURING SOLDERING):

At distance 1/16 +- 1/32 inch (1.59 +- 0.79mm) from case for 10s max..+265c

4.6 SCHEMATIC AND LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR CD4011B

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*All inputs are protected by CMOS protection network 1 of 4 gates (numbers in parentheses are terminal numbers for other gates)

21

CHAPTER 5.

AQUARIUM PUMP

PHOTOGRAPH OF AUARIUM PUMP

5.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE When the alternating current is applied to the electromagnet, the actuating rod moves first in the direction of the arrow as shown in Fig A and then in the direction of the arrow as shown in Fig B, by the magnetic attraction and repellent forces exerted between the electromagnet and the permanent magnets attached to the rod. The rod vibrates at the same frequency as that of the power supply and changes the volume of space enclosed between the casing and the diaphragm.

22

5.2 FEATURES Quiet Operation Low Power Consumption, Vibration, Pulsation and Starting Current Oil-less Contamination Free Design Long Life Automatic Pressure Limitation Fast Reliable Shipments/Delivery Thermal Protection Over Pressurization Protection

23

5.3 APPLICATIONS Aeration Air Purification Air Sampling Bubble Bath Gas Analyzer Liquid Agitation Medical & Scientific Equipment Pneumatic Beds Air Mattresses Wastewater Treatment Aerobic Treatment Air Cleaners Aquarium Ozoning Equipment Sequential Compression Devices Lift Station Equipment Air Massager

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CHAPTER 6.

LOT 2070 EHT TRANSFORMER

The transformer stamped 2070 produced by us from local market did not have a separate EHT (only) potted limb. EHT transformer (NO. 2095) which gave the rated EHT at about 160V AC itself and not at 230V AC. In most CTV the horizontal output section feeding the EHT primary employs a supply voltage of 110 to 165 DC. It is therefore obvious that in most EHT transformers the peak primary voltage is limited to 160V (at line frequency of 15625Hz). An anode voltage of the order of 15 KV is needed for sufficient brightness in black and white picture tubes. Thos is known as HV or EHT (Extra High Tension) supply. To obtain such a high voltage by stepping up the mains voltage with the transformer is almost impossible and prohibitive in cost. A novel method used for obtaining EHT source. During retrace intervals of horizontal scanning in T.V., high voltage pulses of amplitude between 6 to 9 KV are developed across the primary winding the horizontal output transformer winding to about 10to 15 KV and then fed to a high voltage rectifier. The output of the rectifier is filtered to provide required dc voltage. Such an arrangement does not load very much the horizontal output stage because the current demand from this high voltage source is less than 1 mA. The horizontal output circuit is so designed, that in addition to providing EHT source, the energy stored in the horizontal deflection coils during retrace is tapped through a diode called damper diode to charge a capacitor. The voltage thus developed across the capacitor, actually adds 200 to300 volts to normal B + voltage to give a boosted B + supply of 400 to 700 V. This arrangement makes the horizontal deflection circuit very efficient. 6.1 TRANSFORMER
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A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up by making NS more than NP or stepped down, by making it less. Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical 'machines', with some large units able to transfer 99.75% of their input power to their output. Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry.

6.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES The transformer is based on two principles: firstly that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field extends into the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.
26

AN IDEAL STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER SHOWING MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE CORE

A simplified transformer design is shown to the left. A current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron; this ensures that most of the magnetic field lines produced by the primary current are within the iron and pass through the secondary coil as well as the primary coil.

6.3 INDUCTION LAW The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of induction, which states that:

where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time
27

according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation[5] for stepping up or stepping down the voltage

6.4 IDEAL POWER EQUATION

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power. Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS giving the ideal transformer equation

28

If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is decreased (stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation. The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of

This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be

6.5 DETAILED OPERATION The simplified description above neglects several complicating factors, in particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit. Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetising current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetising current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field. The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop,
29

and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.

6.6 APPLICATIONS A key application of transformers is to reduce the current before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Most wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and therefore low-current) form for transmission and back again afterwards, transformers enable economic transmission of power over long distances. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from points of demand. All but a fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it reaches the consumer. Transformers are used extensively in consumer electronic products to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. In these kind of applications the transformer may also act as a key safety component that electrically isolates the end user from direct contact with the potentially lethal supply voltage.

CHAPTER 7.

CALIBRATION

30

There are two ways to do the calibration. One is by using an ozone gas analyzer, which is an expensive instrument. So, the method, which is economical, is described here. Potassium iodide (KI) solution is converted to iodine gas by ozone. Taken a known quantity of KI solution and bubble the ozonated air from ozone generator through it, for a definite time ( 1 minute). The free liberated iodine can be estimated by titration experiment with Thiosulphate. Thus, by knowing how much iodine has been librated, one can find how much ozone has been absorbed in the solution by quantitative analysis. This gives the gas output from the tube in mg/liter. The gas output can be found by finding the time taken to replace 1 liter of water by the bubbling gas. After estimating the output of the unit, marks are made on the meter. This is a prototype marking which can be followed in other units of similar design.

CHAPTER 8.

TESTING

31

Prior to operation of the circuit board for ozone generation, it is required to test the circuit properly. This can be one as follows: 1. The low-voltage pulse generation part has to be tested first. For this, in place of the

mains derived 12-volt supply, a separate 12V supply derived using an external 12-0-12 volt ampere transformer and a 12-voltage regulator can be used. The two oscillators should have frequencies in the specified range and the presets should be able to adjust them over the range mentioned. Otherwise, slight alteration of resistor values may be needed. The 3300pF capacitor used should be of good ceramic or polyester type, with a rating of 100V or more. 3 Then, using a CRO, the pulse train should be observed at the junction of two bipolar transistors. Next, MOSFET IRF 840 is connected in the circuit.

CHAPTER 9.

USAGE

The unit can be used where a 230V AC mains supply outlet is available. The ozone generated can be let into air or bubbled through the solution or water being treated using
32

ceramic diffusers (available from aquarium equipment shops). The time rating of this unit is very short. Since there is no fan employed for cooling; both the discharge tube and circuit board transistor may quickly heat up. The tested rating at ambient temperature of 25 degree C is 5 minutes. This time is sufficient for all the applications described below.
1.

Water disinfection. Water disinfection means the removal, deactivation or killing of

pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill. Sterilization is a process related to disinfection. However, during the sterilization process all present microorganisms are killed, both harmful and harmless microorganisms. Chemical inactivation of microbiological contamination in natural or untreated water is usually one of the final steps to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. Combinations of water purification steps (oxidation, coagulation, settling, disinfection, filtration) cause (drinking) water to be safe after production. As an extra measure many countries apply a second disinfection step at the end of the water purification process, in order to protect the water from microbiological contamination in the water distribution system. Usually one uses a different kind of disinfectant from the one earlier in the process, during this disinfection process. The secondary disinfection makes sure that bacteria will not multiply in the water during distribution. Bacteria can remain in the water after the first disinfection step or can end up in the water during back flushing of contaminated water (which can contain groundwater bacteria as a result of cracks in the plumbing). The impure water can be disinfected by bubbling ozone through it for a time so that estimated 4 mg/liter is dissolved.
2.

Air purification. You can purify the air of your room by letting out ozonated air

upward into it for five minutes, with a fan running. Portable air ozone sensors monitors detector instrument, checking generator equipment applications gas leaks dissolved water analyzer. Eco Sensors low cost portable ozone sensors and ozone monitors detector analyzers, thousands used worldwide.
3.

Mosquito repulsion. Same as above, but please shut the windows soon after
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switching off the ozone generator. This operation is to be done in the morning to drive

away the mosquitoes and in the early evening at around 5 pm to prevent them from coming in. The operation may carry at midnight when malaria mosquito normally attacks.
4.

Bleaching. The stains of ink on clothes can be breached by applying ozone gas. On

bubbling ozone into the diluted ink contained in a test tube, the water becomes clear within a short time.
5.

Pollutant treatment. Ozone in large quantities can be used for treating polluted

water in industry, along with bacterial treatment. The BOD (biological oxygen demand) can be brought down to 30 with ozone only.
6. 7.

Mouth washing. You may ozone 200 cc of water and use it for gargling. Vegetable cleaning. Only ozonated water should be used for cleaning vegetables

like cabbage, tomatoes, and carrot. Chlorinated water is harmful.

8. Skin would healing. An exposure to the ozone gas quickly heals skin wounds and

rashes. You may apply ozonated olive oil to speed up healing. There are many other uses of ozone which one can try. The gas should not, however, be inhaled directly, continuously.

CHAPTER 10.

COMPONENT LIST

1. ICs 1.1 CD4069 hex inverter 1.2 CD4001 quad 2-input NAND gate 2. TRANSISTORs
2.1

2N2222 npn Transistor

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2.2 2N2907 pnp Transistor 2.3 IRF840 n-channel MOSFET 3. DIODEs 3.1 1N914 detector diode 3.2 1N4007 rectifier diode 3.3 BA159 switching diode 3.4 12V, 1W Zener diode 3.5 1N4001 rectifier diode 3.6 Green LED 4. RESISTORs 4.1 100 kilo-ohm resistor 4.2 10 kilo-ohm resistor 4.3 110 ohm resistor 4.4 1 kilo-ohm resistor 4.5 2.2 ohm,10W resistor 4.6 10 kilo-ohm, 10W 4.7 6.8 kilo-ohm 4.8 15 ohm 4.9 100 ohm, 10W
4.10

47 ohm, 10W fusible resistor

4.11 4.7 kilo-ohm 5. VARIABLE RESISTOR

5.1

10 kilo-ohm preset

5.2 1 kilo-ohm preset 5.3 1 kilo-ohm potentiometer 6. CAPACITOR 6.1 3300 pF ceramic disk 6.2 0.1 microF ceramic disk 6.3 100 p, 40V electrolytic 6.4 0.47 microF, 400V polyster 6.5 100 microF, 35V electrolytic 6.6 3.3 kpF, 3000V polyster/mica 6.7 10 micro,16V electrolytic
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7. LOT 2070 EHT Transformer 8. ALUMINUM TUBE 8.1 Length = 20 cm. 8.2 Diameter = 1 cm. 9. Glass tube 9.1 Length = 17 cm. 9.2 Diameter = 1.2 cm. 10. HT electrode aluminum foil 11. M-seal
12.

Teflon tape

13. Aquarium Pump 14. Flexible Polythene Pipe

Note-: All over cost of project components is only 5000/- Rs.

CHAPTER 11.

REFERENCE

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/ http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.datasheet.com/

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http://www.alldatasheet.com/ http://www.encyclopedia.com/ http://www.gerionline.org http://www.efy.com http://www.esnips.com

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