2012HSC Revision

Personal Development, & Health, Physical Education

Mariam Taher Core 1 2012-HSC Revision

HSC Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia

1. How are priority issues for Australias health identified?

1.1 Using epidemiology to measure health status. 1.1.1 Epidemiology is used to measure health status of a population: a) What is epidemiology?
It is the study of diseases in a group or populations through the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes

b) Identify sources of epidemiology data.

Epidemiology data comes from many sources, e.g. hospitals, doctors and other health professionals, public and private health insurance providers and health surveys as well as government statistics on information such as births and deaths.

1.1.2

Who would use epidemiological data?

Epidemiology is used by governments, in conjunction with health professionals, to target specific health trends within particular groups or populations. It is used to develop polices and strategies aimed at promoting health of individuals within a population.

EXAMPLE: - International Organisations: World health Organisation (WHO) for monitoring world health. -Government agencies and organisations: The Australian Bureau of statistics (ABS) and the Road Transport Authority (RTA) -Non-government organisations: Australian Drug Foundation- for comparing different subpopulations and how they use particular drugs over time. -Politicians: introducing legislation regarding pool fences to reduce the drowning rates of children under 5 years old in backyard swimming pools. -Governments: to determine their priorities for the health budget.

1.1.3

Identify types of information that epidemiology data could provide to analysts about a given population.
The types of information provided by the data include: - Births - Causes of death - Diseases incidence and prevalence - Frequency and durations of contact with health providers, e.g. doctors, hospitals usage (types of treatment and reason for admission), - Money spent on health care and days absent from work

1.1.4

Discuss the potential limitations of using epidemiological statistics.

The limitations of epidemiological data include: - Lack of reliability of data (e.g. if sources are varied and numerous, or an imprecise method of collection is used) - Poor comprehension of surveys by some individuals - Non-standardised questioning in some surveys - Data may not be complete and thus it doesnt give a full picture of the populations health problems.

1.1.5

Outline uses of epidemiological data concerning the health status of Australians.

Epidemiological data can be used to identify and promote behaviours and strategies which will help to: - Control and prevent diseases

Identify health care needs and allocate (distribute -Give shares of something) resources Describe and compare patterns of health in groups or populations Allow health professionals and governments to establish health priorities.

1.1.6

Measure of epidemiology to determine the health of the community can include data on morbidity, mortality and life expectancy. Outline the meaning of these terms. a) Morbidity(Sickness) refers to patterns of illness, disease and injury that do not result in death but still reduce the quality of life on a temporary or permanent basis.

b) MortalityIt is the number of deaths in a group of people or from a disease over a specific time period, usually one year.

c) Life expectancyIt is the length of time a person is expected to live at any given age. Life expectancy is based on current death rates.

1.1.7 Mortality

Compare differences between mortality and morbidity, giving examples of their uses. Morbidity
Excellent indicators of social and political influences e.g.: - Reflecting attitudes to workplace safety. - Environmental safety. - Recreational - Home safety

Excellent tools in establishing inequities across groups of even counties. Allow comparisons to be drawn across different diseases causes of death e.g.: - Malignant neoplasm - Cardiovascular disease - Injury Infant mortality often use health status because it draws upon many contributing factors, e.g.: - Technology - Neonatal and postnatal care - Available access to care - Socioeconomic status - Isolation

1.1.8

Distinguish between prevalence and incidence of a disease.

Prevalence of a disease is the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time. The incidence of a disease refers to the number of new cases of a disease arising in a population over a given time period.

1.1.9

1.1.10

(Graph questions-page 5)-Life expectancy of Australia a) Outline any trend represented by the two graph lines. b) Outline the significance of the upper line showing life expectancy at age 65. The life expectancy of people in Australia is increasing. Identify reasons to account for this trend.
Australias life expectancy during the first half of the 20th century, improved because: Improvement in living conditions e.g. cleaner water, improved housing, and better sewerage systems. Mass immunisation (medical treatment that allow the body to protect itself from diseases)leads to fewer death rates and rapid decline in infant death rates.

In latter half of 20th century, the major death cause changed from infant mortality to cardiovascular disease. Still, there was a decrease in life expectancy due to: Healthier lifestyle and living conditions Lower death rate from infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer and traffic accidents. Increased level of education and thus public awareness of health risk e.g. smoking and lung cancer, sunlight and melanoma (associated with skin cancer). Increase levels of prevention and screening. Improvement in technology and medical research e.g. antibiotics and other drugs, scans and surgical techniques. Improvement in management of health and aged care.

1.1.11

1.1.12 1.1.13

(table question-page 6)- life expectancy at birth in 2007 a) Compare life expectancy for men and women in Australia in2007. b) Based on these figures, identify where Australia ranks in life expectancy compared tp the countries listed and suggest reasons to account for this. (table-page 7)- From the table below identify difference in the mortality rates for males and female for the top five causes of death. From your studies of epidemiology, answer the following. a) Has the overall death rate increased, decreased or stayed stable over the last 10 years?
Overall the death rate has declined over the last 10 years, however from 2005 to 2008 it remain stable. The death rate for men has remained consistently higher for men than for women, although the gap is decreasing,

b) Has the prevalence of the leading causes of death increased, decreased or stayed stable over the last 10 years?
Over the last 10 years there has been a decrease in deaths for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. In the same period there has been an increase in deaths from dementia and Alzheimers disease (brain Disease that leads to dementia).

1.1 Identifying priority health issues. 1.2.1 Identify priority health issues is difficult as different people have different ideas as to what is most important. Epidemiology data is used, but other criteria must be also considered. a) Suggest reasons why it is important to prioritise health issues.
Resources are limited. All health issues are important, but it is not possible to fund every suggested initiative designed to improve the health of a population, so it is essential to prioritise.

b) Identify the five criteria used in Australia for identifying priority health issues.
Principle of social justice Priority population groups Prevalence of conditions The potential for prevention and early intervention Costs to individual and the community.

1.2.2 Social justice is one criteria used to determine priority health issues in Australia. Outline what is meant by social justice.
Social justice is the principle of treating everyone equally regardless of such factors as race, religion, socioeconomic level and gender. This means that everyone should receive the same quality health

services, clean water supply and sanitation. It may involve supporting disadvantaged groups to a greater degree than any others so that they may reach health equal to that of the general population.

1.2.3 The principles of social justice are supportive environments, equity and diversity. Explain the meaning of these principles to illustrate your understanding of each. a) Supportive environment
Supportive environment means that the social, political and environmental conditions should help the individual or community to achieve optimal health.

b) Equity
Equity means the distribution of resources to ensure that all individuals/groups achieve healthy outcomes (some groups may need greater resources than others). It involves creating equal opportunities for all people to achieve health.

c) Diversity
Diversity is recognising the cultural, religious and other differences of all groups in society so that may be allocated resources to achieve optimal health outcomes.

1.2.4 Another criterion for identifying priority health issues is the prevalence of the condition. Explain what is meant be this term and why it is important.
Prevalence of a condition refers to how common a health issues is at a particular time. Prevalence of a condition is indicated by the number of cases of morbidity for a particular disease or health issue within a given population or at a specific time. Determining the current health status allows the identification of risk factors and an understanding of the overall burden of the health issues on the community. With this knowledge, the government , health professionals and communities can allocate resources to decrease the economic and social burden on society.

1.2.5 Describe the potential costs an individual may incur (to become subject to) as a result of ill health.
Potential cost to the individual can be monetary, psychological, and physiological. Monetary costs include cost for health care services and loss of income. Psychological costs can include emotional distress and depression. Physiological costs can include loss of quality of life and even death. Family and friendship can break down due to any or all of the other cost.

1.2.6 Describe potential costs to the community that may be attributed to the poor health of an individual.
Potential costs to the community can be both direct and indirect. Direct costs include money spent on health care services such as treatment, diagnose, rehabilitation, research, prescription, and education. Indirect costs include days off work which may affect both the employer and other employees; and the affect the individuals behaviour of other people.

1.2.7 Resources are allocated to the prevention and early intervention of diseases. a) Discuss why this is important.
Preventing a disease or attacking it in its early stages can lessen its impact upon society. The financial burden on both community (diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation) is reduced, together with the social impact (pain, suffering and anxiety). Resources are needed to prevent diseases and also for early intervention, but these will be less than if the disease is allowed to take hold and spread through the community.

b) Explain why this is of particular significance in Australia.

The majority of Australias health problems can be attributed to poor lifestyle choices. If an individual can change their life style they can decrease their chances of contracting a disease or experiencing unsafe behaviour. Prevention and early intervention could provide significant improvements in health. However, this is often difficult to achieve without envoironmental changes and outside support.

c) Identify changes an individual can make to minimise the chances of contracting a preventable chronic disease, injury or mental health problem/illness.
People have potential for change. As individual can make sound health choices regarding: Nutrition, Exercise Drug-taking, Have regular health check-ups, Avoid exposure to carcinogens Take safe precautions

1.2.8 Describe criteria used to identify national health priority issues (NHPIs).
These include the following: Prevalence of the condition (current levels of morbidity and mortality). Cost to the individual and to the community due to ill health. Can be measured in monetary and social terms. Priority population (exhibit higher levels of the priority issues than the general population). Potential for prevention and early intervention. Social justice-allows individual to have an equal opportunities (Supportive environment, diversity, and equity).

2. What are the priority issues for improving Australias health?

2.1 Groups experiencing health inequities.
There are six populations who experience lower levels of health than the general population.

2.1.1

An important step in improving the health of Australians is to identify health inequities within the population. a) Describe what is meant by health inequity.
Health inequities occurs when individuals or communities experience relatively high levels of a disease, or other health issues, due to circumstances which are often beyond their control. For example, some groups have shorter life expectancies, poor access to health services, higher levels of avoidable risk factors and/or reduced ability to make health lifestyle choices.

b) The six groups that experience lower levels of health than the general population.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders

Rural and isolated

Low socioeconomic status

Disabled

Elderly

Migrants

2.1.2

Determinants of health can be classed as sociocultural, socioeconomic or environmental. Identify examples of each type. a) Sociocultural determinants.
These include peers, family, media, culture and religion.

b) Socioeconomic determinants.
These include employment, income and education.

c) Environmental determinants.
These include geographical location, access to health services and resources.

2.1.3

Aboriginal and Torres Strait people. a) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trend of ATSI people
Lower life expectancy then non-indigenous Australians. Indigenous males live 18.7 years less than non-Indigenous Australians. Indigenous females live 18.2 years less than non-Indigenous Australians. Infant rate is 4times the national average. They have higher morbidity rates for Cardiovascular disease, cancer, motor vehicle accidents, homicide, suicide, respiratory diseases, eye and ear diseases, and nutritional disease such as diabetes.

b) Identify Sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants that influenced them.

Sociocultural determinants: Moving them from their land in the past. Cultural dislocation. Family separation (including forced). Socioeconomic determinants: Experience low socioeconomic status which is reflected in low income, high unemployment and low educational levels reached, Poor quality and overcrowded housing, Drug- taking (smoking and drinking), Poor diets (high saturated fat and low in nutrients), Greater exposure to violence. Environmental determinants: Living in remote areas,

Their physical environment including housing, water supple, and sanitation available. Protection from environmental threats .e.g. pests and climate extremes. Increase the level of education and awareness of health issues and healthy lifestyle practices through prevention and health promotion initiatives e.g. improving nutrition and reducing disease risk factors. Cultural awareness and reconciliation programs. Increasing the funding for health care services and facilities.

c) Suggest strategies to deal with health inequities of ATSI people.

2.1.4

Health and the socioeconomic status of individual. a) Identify types of data which can be used to define socioeconomic status.
Socioeconomic status is based on levels of income, education, employment and housing.

b) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trends for socioeconomically disadvantaged people (low socioeconomics).
People from lower socioeconomic status have higher levels of morbidity Than the general population. Infant mortality is higher than the general population. Lower levels of education (less information) Higher levels of unemployment Lower income (cant afford health services of basic necessities) Greater levels of drug-taking (more smoking and drinking) Poor diet Making less use of preventive health service (health check-ups, diagnostic services, and immunisation).

c) Outline factors that influence these trends.

d) Suggest strategies to tackle health inequities of socioeconomically disadvantaged people.

Increase the level of education and awareness of health issues and healthy lifestyle practices through prevention and health promotion initiatives. Correct the imbalance in access to health services by increasing the funding care services and facilities in disadvantaged areas.

2.1.5

People in rural and remote areas. a) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trends of people living in rural and remote areas.
Higher levels of mortality and morbidity from injury, suicide, and mental health problems than the general population.

b) Identify factors that have influenced these trends.

Feeling of isolation and depression leading to mental problems. Severe weather e.g. droughts and flooding. Geographic isolation. Insufficient health professionals in rural areas. Manual labour Exposure to heavy machinery resulting to high level of injuries.

c) Suggest strategies to deal with health inequities of people living in rural and remote areas. 2.1.6 Overseas-born Australian. a) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trends for overseas-born Australians. b) Identify factors that have influenced these trends. c) Suggest strategies to tackle health inequities of overseas-born Australians. Elderly. a) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trends of the elderly. b) Identify factors that have influence these trends. c) Suggest strategies to deal with health inequities of the elderly. People with disabilities. a) Outline the current mortality and morbidity trends of the people with disabilities. b) Identify factors that have influenced these trends. c) Suggest strategies to tackle health inequities of people with disabilities.

2.1.7

2.1.8

2.2 High level of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems. 2.2.1 Complete the following diagram to show the main preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problem in Australia.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Mantal health problems and Illnesses

Cancer (Skin, breat, lung)

diabetes

Respiratory Disease

Injury

2.2.2

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic but preventable health problem. It is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in Australia. a) Describe what is meant by cardiovascular disease.
It is a degenerative disease that affects the heart and blood vessels of the circulatory system. It includes: Coronary disease =blockage of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart walls. Peripheral vascular disease =disease of blood vessels. Stroke =interruption of blood supply to brain cells. The cause of most cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis, the formation of plaque of fatty tissue on the inside walls of blood vessels.

b) Describe the extent of cardiovascular disease in Australia.

In Australia, CVD is the leading cause of death and sickness, and is responsible for 32% of all deaths. At present the incidence of CVD, mortality and morbidity are decreasing.

2.2.3
-

For Cardiovascular disease, describe the following factors. a) Modifiable risk factors and protective factors.
smoking raised blood fats (caused by diet high in saturated fats and raised cholesterol level) hypertension obesity physical inactivity

b) Non-modifiable risk factors.

Family history Gender (males have a higher incidence than females) Age (as an individual becomes older, the chance of contracting CVD increases)

c) Protective factors.
Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke Regular physical activity A diet low in cholesterol, salt and alcohol Maintaining a healthy weight Recognising history of heart disease in the family and modifying diet and exercise regimes accordingly Monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels and making and necessary adjustments Decreasing levels wherever possible Being proactive to early signs or symptoms of the disease.

2.2.4

Use example to show the determinants of cardiovascular disease can be socioeconomic, sociocultural and environmental. a) Sociocultural.
Changes in values can affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

For example, media campaigns have helped to change attitude to smoking making it less acceptable and a reduction in smoking has helped to bring about a decrease in the incidence of CVD. People at higher risks of CVD include those with the family history of the disease, those with a lower socioeconomic status, Asia and also Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

b) Socioeconomic.
People with lower socioeconomic status tend to have lower income so they are lees able to afford healthy food; with less education, they may be also unaware of the value of good health choices and how to access health services.

c) Environmental.
People in rural and remote areas may have less access than city dwellers to doctors, medical service and technology, e.g. electrocardiograms (ECG). In a medical emergency it takes them longer to receive help as they may have to travel long distances.

2.2.5

Outline the actions an individual can take to reduce the chance of contracting cardiovascular disease.
Eat in moderation, monitoring to maintain a well-balanced diet, low level of saturated fats and salt. Maintain a healthy weight. Avoid smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke. Regular physical aerobic exercise. Manage stress. Have regular health checks (cholesterol levels, blood pressure, circulatory checks).

2.2.6

Justify the inclusion of cardiovascular disease as a priority issue health for Australia.
CVD is the most prevalent in terms of both mortality and morbidity statistics. Most predisposing factors causing CVD are modifiable; therefore the individual has the potential to change these behaviours. CVD is overrepresented in certain populations groups and these people quite often do not experience the same levels of social justice that they are due. CVD costs both individual and the community huge amounts of money and resources, thus putting a burden on all area on all areas of society.

2.2.7 Another health priority area is cancer. Factors Cancer Cancer refers to a group of diseases that cause Nature of the problem
uncontrolled cell growth and spread, abnormal cells, thus producing tumours. Tumour can be benign (harmless-stays within a boundary limit) or malignant (cancerous-spreads fast and infects other cells). Cancer affects 1 in 4 females and 1 in 3 males by the age of 75. Cancer in more common in men than in women, except between the age of 25 and 54 were the incidence is higher in women than in men. Cancer is a major cause of death, the lung cancer being the most common cause- rate decreases for men and increases for women. Cancer mortality rates are decreasing due to

Trends (the extent of the problem)

Risk factors-for groups at risk from breast, lung and skin cancers.

Protective factors for breast, lung and skin cancer.

improvements in early detection and treatment. Cancer morbidity is increasing in both males and females. The most common cancers in females are Breast cancer, melanoma, lung and colorectal cancers. The most common cancers in males are prostate, colorectal, melanoma, and lung cancer. Modifiable risk factors: - Exposure to carcinogens such as cigarettes smoke, UV-Rays, and industrial chemicals, - poor diets that are high in fats and low fibre, - Excessive alcohol consumption, - Obesity, - Lack of exercise, - Multiple sexual partners, and early for first sexual intercourse. Non-modifiable risk factors: - Gender, - Age, - Family, - History, - Fair skin colour. - Risk cancer is specific to the type of cancer. Breast cancer: - Highest risk is for women who are obese; have never given birth; are over 50 years old; have a family history of breast cancer; starter menstruating early and had late menopause. Lung Cancer: - Highest risks are for cigarettes smokers; those exposed to dangerous chemicals, e.g. asbestos, those over 50 years old. Skin Cancer: - Highest risk is for those with fair skin; those experiencing intermittent (irregular) sun exposure; those living with in areas with high hours of sunlight at lower latitude. Breast cancer: - Eat a balanced diet high in fruit and vegetables and low in fats. - Self-examination of body areas, e.g. breast, and be aware of signs and symptoms. - Regular mammograms after 50 years of age. Lung Cancer: - Avoid smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke. - Avoid hazardous chemicals, e.g. Asbestos. Skin cancer: - Reduce sun exposure (hat, protective clothing, and sunglasses). - Monitor all skin, or mole changes.

Determinants: -Sociocultural -Socioeconomic -Environmental

Reasons for inclusion of cancer as a national health priority issue (NHPI)

Have regular health check-ups by a doctor. Sociocultural: - Cultural background is important, e.g. higher incidence of lung cancer in Aboriginal and Torres Islander peoples. - Increased risk with a family history of cancer. - Cultural values and attitudes can ba important, e.g. it friends and family support reducing sun exposure to protect against skin cancer or promote sunbathing. Socioeconomic: - Income, occupation, education, wealth, employment, can all affect cancer rates. - People with lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of cancer. - Occupations with exposure to carcinogen, e.g. asbestos, are more are risk. - Low education levels are linked to poor choices and less access to health services. Environmental: - Exposure to UV radiation, tobacco smoke, toxins in the work place, home or environments will increase the risks of developing cancer. - Those living rural and remote areas have less access to screening and other health services. Cancer has the second largest prevalence for both mortality and morbidity statistics. Many predisposing factors causing cancer are modifiable, and the individual has the potential to change these behaviours. Cancer is a overrepresented in certain population groups and these people quite often experience the same levels off social justice. Cancer costs both individuals and the community large amounts of money and resources, thus putting burden of all areas of society.

2.2.8 Factors Diabetes

Information about National Health Priority. Nature of the Problem

Diabetes is a disease that affects the pancreas, the organ that regulates the production of insulin. If insulin production is compromised, this affects blood glucose levels; and glucose cannot be used by cells by energy, leading to fatigue. There are three types of diabetes; Type 1, type 2

Incidence, trends and priority groups

Mortality rate due to diabetes is stable. It increases with age. Morbidity is increasing- the incidence and prevalence of diabetes (type 2 specifically) has increased in the last 20 years. Priority population- Elderly, obese, and ATSI People.

Respiratory disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPDI))

and gestational. Type 2 diabetes is most common. Asthma is a chronic disease causing episodes of wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath due to narrowing of the trachea and the airways within the lungs and obstruction to air flow. The underlying problem is usually inflammation of the air passages, which tends to overreact by narrowing too often and too much in response to a wide range of triggers. The symptoms of asthma are variable and usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatments.

Increasing mortality and morbidity. Priority population- asthma: 0 to 15 years; COPD-elderly.

Injury Mental health problems and illnesses 2.2.9

Diabetes- Information about this National Health Priority. Diabetes

Factors Risk factors Protective factors Determinants: -Sociocultural -socioeconomic -environmental Reasons for inclusion as national health priority issue.

2.2.10

Explain reasons why the government and health authorities need to recognise the importance of social, economic, and environmental determinants on the health status of an individual. 2.3 A growing and ageing population. 2.3.1 Table Questionsa) b) 2.3.2 Outline what is meant by healthy ageing.
Healthy ageing is where individuals take a proactive approach to their health as they get older, maintaining a better quality of life while ageing. This includes: Engaging in physical exercise.

- Engage in mental stimulation. - Having regular check-ups. - Be involved in social interactions. This reduces the risk of illnesses and diseases and improves physical, mental and emotional health during the ageing process.

2.3.3

Identify structures that support an individuals ability to maintain good health as they age.

Government agencies: - The government structures legislations (e.g. no smoking areas) - Allocates funding for home nursing, state-run hospitals, bulk-billing and PBS (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) subsides health care services. Community groups: - Meal on wheel (who distributes free meals for the elderly) - Ways ( who provide mental health support/counselling) - Local clubs also provide facilities for classes and interest group meeting. Non-government agencies: - National Heart Foundation - The NSW Cancer Council

2.3.4

Examine the reasons for increasing numbers of people living with chronic disease and or disability.
-Because of the improvement in technology those that would have previously died from an accident or disease (e.g. cancer, stroke and heart attack), may now survive but live in constant pain or with a disability.

2.3.5

Carers and volunteers make a substantial contribution to the care of the elderly in Australia. Discuss the potential limitation of relying on volunteers and carers to assist the elderly.

Volunteers are not reportable to an employer so consequently people can be left in distress waiting for a person to assist them. The qualifications and the integrity of these people may be questioned, depending on the criteria used to engage their services. Carers and volunteers are ageing along with the rest of the population, so the number available to help others is decreasing. This will impact on the elderly people who wish to stay in their own home and need support in order to do so.

2.3.6

Examine the effected of an ageing population on health care services.

Escalating health budget as the populations continue to grow. Great pressure is placed on health care services (especially ones used by the elderly). Aging population will put an enormous strain on health care services. Consequently elderly people access a greater percentage of health services than a general population. Types of services that may get affected are: - Admissions to hospital - Diagnostic equipment - Prescriptions - Transportation (ambulance) - Palliative care

3. What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better health for all Australians?
3.1 Health care in Australia. 3.1.1 Outline the role of the health care system in Australia.
The primary role of health care system in Australia is to provide quality health care services and facilities to meet the needs of all Australians. The Fundamental roles are diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and care for people will illness or injury.

3.1.2

In Australia, health care facilities can be classified as providing either institutional or non-institutional care. Distinguish between institutional and non-institutional health care services.
Institutional service: - Services of public and private hospitals - Psychiatric hospitals - Nursing homes Non-institutional service- these mostly occur outside the walls on the institution but may be linked through funding and even staffing: - Medical services provided by practitioners ( including; practitioners, pharmaceutical services) - Community service (includes; providing food and shelter for the homeless) - Health promotion programs - Medical devices.

3.1.3

Examine the responsibility of the commonwealth, state, and local governments for health facilities and services.
The federal government are responsible for: - Planning national health policies - Collecting taxes to fund the health system - Guiding state health policy - Allocating money for special projects and promotions - Maintain standard of health - Contribute funds towards high level residential care, public hospitals, medical services and health research. The State and territory government are responsible for: - Planning and delivering specific health promotions and disease preventions and treatments - Allocate money towards public hospitals, dental and family health services-health programs e.g. rehabilitation, mental and womans health; home and community care; and the inspection and licensing of institutions and personnel. The local government (given responsibilities by the state government): - Implementing and monitoring a large range of activities and programs e.g. waste disposal, hygiene standards in restaurants, building standards, immunisation, and Meal on Wheel.

3.1.4

The principles of social justice require that all Australians should have equal access to affordable, high quality medical services. Describe how the

pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and the PBS Safety Net reflects the ideology of social justice.
The PBS provides common wealth subsidence prescription drugs to all Australian residence. There is a further subsidy for individuals who may not be able to access medications due monetary constraints, e.g. Pensioners, invalids and those on low income. The PBS Safety Net means that individuals with a chronic health complaint that requires ongoing medications can access free prescriptions medication once they reach a certain amount deemed by Medicare. Both these services work on the notion that no person should be precluded from nessary medication due to low income.

3.1.5

There are claims of inequities in the Australian health system for some sections of the community. Discuss implications of such claims and how these inequities might impact on an individuals health status. Compare the types of health care services likely to be accessed by the young person and an elderly person.

3.1.6

Young person (adolescence): - Immunisation, - Check-ups, - Treatment for illness, - Dentistry service - Possible emergency treatment for trauma. Elderly person: - Access opticians, - Diagnostic services, - Pathology, - Hospitalisation for treatment of a disease, along with pharmaceuticals. - Ill health my result in rehabilitation after surgery, larger amounts of pharmaceuticals, longer hospitalisations, nursing services and possible a nursing home.

3.1.7

Compare the health care services provided to those who live in urban and rural areas.
People who live in rural areas are disadvantaged when it comes to the level of health services provided. In general there are less non-institutional health care services available in rural than urban areas, e.g.: -

3.1.8 3.1.9

What does the term advocacy mean in relation to health promotion? Explain what is meant by the following statement and justify your response. At present in Australia society we have a sickness system not a health care system. Explain why prevention is better than cure for both financial and social reasons.

3.1.10

3.1.11

Describe the support structures an individual can access for a degenerative disease, Identify new treatments and technologies that have impacted on health care.

3.1.12

3.1.13