Question 1 Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distributing of ideas, goods,

and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. International marketing is the extension of these activities with different political, cultural, and legal system, as well as unfamiliar economic conditions, advertising media, and distribution channels. Ethonocentric approach is relatively easy to adopt. The firm simply markets its goods in international markets using the same marketing mix it uses domestically, thereby avoiding the expense of devoloping new marketing techniques to serve foreign customers. When some firms first internationalize, they adopt this approach. Polycentric approach is far more costly because international marketers attempt to customize the firms marketing mix in each market the firm enters in order to mee the idiosyncratic needsof customers in that market. Customization may increase the firms customers will be more willing to buty and more willing to pay a higher price for a product that exactly meets their needs than a product that does not. The geocentric approach calls for standardization of the marketing mix, allowing the firm to provides essentially the same product or service in different markets and to use essentially the same marketing approach to sell that product or service globally. Coca Cola was one of the first to adopt this approach. It sells its popular soft drink worldwide and uses essentially the same packaging, produc, and advertising themes everywhere. There is advantages and disadvantages of standardization international marketing. The advantages are reduces marketing cost, results in economies of scale production, promote efficiency of R&D and facilitates centralized control of marketing. Disadvantages of standardized international marketing are ignore local differences, ignore local marketing initiative, ignore other differences and ignore differenct conditions of product use. For customized international marketing, there are also advantages and disadvantages. The advantages, acknowledge local differences, promote local differences, account for other differences and reflect different conditions of product use. The disadvantages, increasing marketing cost, creates inefficiency in R&D, reduce economies scale in production and inhibits centralized control of marketing. There is five mode of transportation and each of it have their own advantages and disadvantages. First, train. It is safe, reliable and inexpensive but it has limited rail and routes and slow. Example that what train can transport , grains or automobiles. Second, airplane. It is safe, reliable and fast but it is also expensive and limited access. Product example would be jewelry and medicine. Third, truck. It is versatile and inexpensive. But it only can carry limited item because of it small size. Usually it carry consumer goods. Fourth is ship. It is inexpensive, and good for large product. But it transport very slow and indirect. Usually it carries automobiles or furniture. The fifth and last one, electronic media, and it is fast. But this mode it unusable for many products. Sample product would be information. Conclusion

Question 4 Human resource management is the set of activities directeed at attracting, developing and maintaining the effective workforce necessary to achieve a firm`s objectives. HRM includes recruiting and selecting nonmanagers and managers, providing training, and devolopment, appraising performance and providing compensation and benefits The staffing issues confronting international HR managers can be divided into tow broad categories, one is recruiting, training and retaining managerial and executive employees. The other one is recruiting, training, and retaining nonmanagerial employees. For managerial employees strategic and developmental issues are primary importance. For nonmanagerial workers differences in cultural, political, and legal conditions, among countries may be of greater significance. Parent country national (PCN) are residents of the international business home country. Use of PCNs in MNC foreign operation provides many advantages to the firm. Because PCNs share a common culture and educational background with corporate headquarters staff, the facilitate communication and coordination with corporate headquarters. Some firms rely on the ethonocentric staffing model, whereby they primarily use PCN to staff higher level foreign position. This approach is based on the assumption that home office perspecitves should take precendence over local perspectives and that exptriate PCN will be most effective. Host country nationals (HCN) are residents of the host country. HCN are commonly used by international businesses to fill middle level and lower level jobs, but they also often appear in magerial and professional positions. Experienced MNC's such as Intel and IBM often hire HCNs instead of transfering home country employees to work in professional position in the firms foreign operation. Other international firms follow a polycentric staffing model, they emphasize the use of HCN in the belief that HCN know the localmarket best. International firm also may hire Third country nationals (TCN), who are not citizens of the firms home country or of the host country. TCN are most likely to be used in upper level or technical positions. TCN collectively are known as expatriates, or people working and residing countries other than their native country. The geocentric staffing model put PCN, HCN and TCN on an equal footing. Firms that adopt this approach want to hire the best person available, regaldess of where that individual comes from. The starting point of compensation is a cost of living allowance. This allowance is intended to offset differences in the cost of living in the home and host countries. The premise is that a manager who accepts a foreign assignment in entitled to the same standard of living the manager enjoyed at home. Sometimes firms find they must supplement base pay to get a manager to accept and assignment in a relatively unattractive location. A hardship premium or foreign service premium, this supplement is essentially and inducement to the individual to accept the international assignment.

Question 2

Operation management is the set of activities an organization uses to transform different kind of inputs ( materials, labor) into final goods and services. International operation management refers to transformation related activities of an international firm. The international operation management process consist of three activities which is acquisition of resources, location decision and logistic and materials management. Under acquisition of resources, it have supply chain management. Supply chain management is the set of process and steps a firm uses to acquire the various resources it needs to create its products. SCM clearly affects product cost, product quality and internal demand for capital. Vertical intergration is the extent to which a firm either provides its own resources or obtains from other sources. Firm that practice relatively high levels of vertical intergration are engaged in every step of the operation management process as goods are developed, transformed, packaged and sold to customers. Make or buy decision, the firm can make the inputs itself, or it can buy them from outside suppliers. The make or buy decision can be influenced by a firms size, scope of operation, and technological expertise an by the nature of its product. Under location decision, we have 4 points which is country related issues, product related issues, government policies and organizational issues. Country related issues, several features of countries can influence the decision about where to locate an international facility. Chief among these are resource availability and cost, infrastructure, and country of origin marketing effects/ Prouct related issues, characteristic also may influence the location decision. Among the more important of these are the product's value to weight ration and the required production technology. Government policies, also may play a role in the location decision expecially important are the stability of the political process, national trade policies, economic development incentives and the existence of foreign trade zone. Organizational issues, an international firm`s business strategy and organizational structure also may affect the location decision. Inventory management policies are important considerations as well. Under logistic and materials management, we have flow of materials, transportation options, inventory levels and packaging. International logistic is the management of the flow of materials, parts, supplies and other resources from supplier to the firm, the flow of materials, parts, supplies and other resources within and between units of the firm itself, and the flow of finished producst, services, goods and other resources from the firm to customers. The first twe sets of activities usually are called materials management and the third set often is called distribution. Factors that affecting advertising, the message it wants to convey, the media available for conveying the message and the extent to which the firm wants to globalize its advertising effort. The message of an advertisement is the facts or impressions the advertiser wants to convey to potential customers.the choice of message is an important reflection of the way the firm sees its products and services and the way it wanst them to be seen by customers. The medium, is the communication channel used by the advertiser to convey a message. A firms international marketing manager must alter the media used to convey its message from market to market based on availability, legal restrictions, standards of living and others. Global versus local advertising, a firm must also decide whether advertising for its product or sercice can be the same eerywhere or must be tailored to each local market the firm serves. Factors affecting pricing policies