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By Transmission technology
broadcast network,multi-access network,point-to-point network
By geographic size
LAN, MAN, WAN
By network topologies
tree,ring,star,mesh,fully-connected mesh,survivable mesh,interconnected rings
By function type
backbone network,access network,hierarchical network,internetwork,gateway
Network Classification -2
By transmission technology
Broadcast Networks
A single communication channel is shared by all hosts A host sends packets on the channel, which are then received by all hosts. An address field within a packet is used to identify the intended receiver Special address: Broadcast address
Network Classification -3
By transmission technology
Point-to-Point Networks Each communication channel links up two hosts. To go from one host to another, intermediate hosts may need to be traversed (routing)
Multicast Networks
Similar to the broadcast networks but the channel is shared by a number of host in the same multicast group Special address: multicast address
Network Classification -4
By geographic size
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Broadcast Networks
Distributed control, e.g. Ethernet Centralized control, e.g. Token Ring
Network Classification -5
By geographic size
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
DQDB ( Distributed Queue Dual Bus)
Two buses /cables as broadcast medium
Switching Networks
Each switched-port is independent and has dedicated bandwidth
Network Classification -6
By geographic size
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Spans large geographical area (Country or continent) Connects subnets in a local area (LAN).
Network Classification -7
By network topologies
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Possible topologies for connecting subnets: (Often irregular and depends on geographic characteristics.)
Network Classification -8
By functional type
Backbone network Access network Hierarchical network Inter-networks
a network of networks e.g.Internet connects WANs and LANs,compatible or incompatible systems
Network Classification -9
By transmitted data type
Circuit switching
Need to establish a real physical end-to-end channel.
Message switching
Store and forward a whole message by the routers.
Packet switching
Message is broken into small packets for faster forwarding. Each incoming data packet contains a connection ID. The packet is routed according to the ID. The ID is either an address or a VC identifier. Two types of packet switching -datagram or virtual circuit
Gateway
Connect two incompatible networks
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Protocol Layering -1
Principles of protocol layering Protocol hierarchies Protocol processing
Timing of events in (a) circuit switching (b) message switching (c) packet switching
Dr. W Yao, Brunel University EE5302 Network Design and Management 13 Dr. W Yao, Brunel University EE5302 Network Design and Management 14
Protocol Layering
Principles of protocol layering
Why layering ?
breakdown the complexity
Protocol Layering
Principles of protocol layering
Assignment of functions at various layers
In order to achieve a certain quality of services (like SNR, bit error rate etc.),certain quality measure (error detection, flow control,congestion control etc.) must be implemented in network Which layers these functions are implemented could seriously affect the overall performance and behavior of the network Try to avoid function replications at various layers
Impossible to achieve in practice E.g.,should error be handled in each layer ? Should flow control be handled in layer 2 ? Should CRC be done at layer 2, layer 3 and layer 4 ? Too much function replications make the protocol stack thick and bulky and useless (lessons learned from OSI)
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Protocol Layering
Protocol Hierarchies
Network systems are broken down into multiple layers Each layer offers a well-defined interface to provide services to the upper layers
Protocol Layering
Protocol Hierarchies
A protocol is defined at each layer for exchanging information between two peers Network architecture
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Protocol Layering
Protocol Processing
Headers are added and removed A message may be broken down into multiple segments
Protocol Layering
Protocol processing
A protocol layer provides services to upper layers.
Types of Services
Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless Services Connection setup required? Analogy:Telephone versus Postal Mail
Reliable versus Unreliable Services
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Concerns about the transmission of raw bits (0 and 1) over a physical communication channel (copper wire,fiber optic cable, wireless media)
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http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Monito r/3131/ne/7nenotes.html#X.25
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X.25
Speed peaks at 64 Kbps - Newer versions can be up to 2 Mbps A set of protocols incorporated in a packet-switching network Uses switches circuits and routes as available to provide the best routing at any particular time. The situation is always changing Uses telephone lines - slow - MUCH error checking => this is a major disadvantage Synchronous packet-mode host or other device and the public data network (PDN) over a dedicated or leased-line circuit DTC/DCE interface A PAD is also needed - Packet Assembler / Disassembler X.25 gateway is needed between the LAN and the Public Data Network
ISDN
Basic Rate (BRI) is 3 data channels 2 for 64 Kbps - 64 Kbps channels are known as B (Bearer) channels, carry voice, data or image 1 for 16 Kbps - the 16 Kbps channel is D channel which carries signaling and link management data This makes a total of 144 Kbps of bandwidth. basic rate is called 2B+D The two B channels can be used together for 128 Kbps data stream Primary Rate (PRI) ISDN takes the entire bandwidth of a T1 link by providing 23 B Channels at 64 Kbps 1 D Channel at 64 Kbps
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ISDN
ISDN is a dial-up service, not dedicated, not bandwidth on demand Right now, ISDN is about 5 times as fast as the fastest modem You can transmit voice and data with ISDN
Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switching technology, like X.25 Uses variable-length packets It establishes a logical path that's called a Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) between end-points.
PVCs take fixed paths, so a PVC is the equivalent of a dedicated line in a packet-switched network. network nodes don't have to waste time calculating routes. Frame relay connections operate at speeds between 56 Kbps and 1.544 Mbps
The PVC transmits at Data Link Layer Frame Relay uses a PVC, the entire path from end to end is known => faster, because
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Frame Relay
Can supply bandwidth on demand Frame relay connections to a network require you to
Use a frame relay-compatible CSU/DSU to create the physical connection to the WAN, Use a router or bridge to move traffic from the LAN to the WAN, and the WAN to the LAN, as needed.
ATM
Fixed-sized packets (cell) over broadband and base-band LANs or WANs 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps or more ATM can accommodate
voice, data, fax, real-time video, CD-quality audio, imaging, and multi-megabit data transmission.
Summary
Frame relay costs less than a dedicated line or an ATM connection Provides data transmission rates of up to 1.544 Mbps over conventional or fiber optic media.
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ATM
ATM Technology
Broadband cell relay method that transmit data in 53-byte cells rather than in variable-length frames This uniform cell size is a big factor for speed
uniformity is easier to switch, route and buffer
ATM
Any media type is OK Media recommended
T3 (45 Mbps) FDDI (100 Mbps) Fiber channel (155 Mbps) OC3 SONET (155 Mbps)
Cell consists of 48 bytes of application infomation and 5 bytes of ATM header data
a consistent uniform package
In theory, ATM supports up to 1.2 Gigabits per second, but can transmit normally at 155 Mbps Can be used in LANs and WANs
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