SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Static Var Compensators (SVCs), the most important FACTS devices, have been used for a number of years to improve transmission line economics by resolving dynamic voltage problems. The accuracy, availability and fast response enable SVCs to provide high performance steady state and transient voltage control compared with classical shunt compensation. SVCs are also used to dampen power swings, improve transient stability, and reduce system losses by optimized reactive power control. When a VSC is interfaced to a transmission system it has to: (i) operate at the line frequency, and (ii) produce a balanced set of sinusoidal voltages. Therefore, a VSC coupled to the transmission system has only two control degrees of freedom - it can vary the magnitude and the phase angle of its output voltage relative to the system voltage.

Donsin

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Donsin

Typically an SVC comprises a bank of individually switched capacitors in conjunction with a thyristor controlled air- or iron-cored reactor. By means of phase angle modulation switched by the thyristors, the reactor may be variably switched into the circuit, and so provide a continuously variable MVAr injection (or absorption) to the electrical network. 24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Donsin

A VSC interfaced to a transmission line - P, Q exchange The SVC two control degrees of freedom can be mapped into freedom to exchange active and reactive power with the transmission system. The amount of exchanged reactive power is limited only by the current capacity of the converter switches, while the active power coupled to (from) the line has to be supplied from (delivered to) the DC terminals, as shown symbolically in the Figure.

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Ia Ib Ic Va Vb Vc

ITCRc ICc
Donsin

ITCRb ITCR2

ITCRa ITCR3 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR)

ICb C2 n

ICa C3

ITCR1

C1

Bank of capacitors Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Coarse voltage control is provided by the capacitors; the thyristorcontrolled reactor is to provide smooth control. Chopping the reactor into the circuit in this manner injects undesirable odd-order harmonics and so banks of high-power filters are usually provided to smooth the waveform. Since the filters themselves are capacitive, they also contribute to the net MVAr injection. Other arrangements such as a thyristor-switched reactor and thyristorswitched capacitors are also practical. Voltage regulation is provided by means of a closed-loop controller. Remote supervisory control and manual adjustment of the voltage setpoint are also common. The main advantage of SVCs over simple mechanically-switched compensation schemes is their near-instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason they are often operated at close to their zero-point in order to maximise the MVAr reserves they can rapidly provide when required. They are in general cheaper and require lower maintenance than dynamic compensation schemes such as synchronous compensators.

Donsin

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

Q VSVC Q C L VSVC BTSC(C) BTCR(L) Q Q

Q
Donsin

I SVC = jBSVCV
BTSC()

Where:
XC 2 ( ) + sin 2 XCXL

VSVC

BSVC = BTSC BTCR = XL = L XC =

24/08/2007

XL

1 C
VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

VSVC Vmax Vmin
System reactive Load characteristic

Donsin

Capacitive rating

Inductive rating ISVC

SVC voltage/current characteristic with system load

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

bus k + VDC ma EvR IvR

Vk

E vR vR

YvR

bus k

Ik k
Vkk

Donsin

VSC connected to the AC network via a shunt-connected transformer

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)

SVC (Static Var Compensators)

bus k Vk IcR bus m Vm

+ VDC -

ma

Donsin

Ik k
Vkk

E cR cR

Im m
Vm m

VSC connected to the AC network via a series-connected transformer

24/08/2007

VIGO (Spain)