19/3/2012

FLUIDS

BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE

TABLE OF CONTENT
Topic

Abstract

Theory

Materials

Procedures

Results

Conclusion

Table 1. A bstract

Objectives of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct and to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent or divergent tube of known geometry for arrange of steady flow rates. The combination of venturi meter complete with manometer andthe hydraulic bench was used. The experiment was conducted in order to find the time taken to collect 5&10L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the pressure difference at all manometer tube (static head), velocity, dynamic head and also the total head. The data was collected at seven adjusted head differences for both convergent and divergent flow. The experiment was run based on the Bernoullis principle. In fluid dynamics, Bernoullis principle states that for an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluids potential energy.

2. Theory
Bernoulli's principle states that for an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.The total head (H) of a flowing liquid is made of an elevation head (Z), pressure head (p/) and velocity head (V2/2g), Bernoulli equation is derived under the following assumptions: fluid is incompressible ( density r is constant ); flow is steady: flow is frictionless (t = 0); along a streamline; Then, it is expressed with the following equation:

The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure head (h), velocity head (hv ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these terms is known as the total head (h*). According to the Bernoullis theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the total head h* at any cross section is constant (based on the assumptions given above). In a real flow due to friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the results will deviate from the theoretical ones.

In our experimental setup, the centerline of all the cross sections we are considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z=0), and thus, all the z values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:

(This is the total head at a cross section).

+ Z1 =

+ Z2 + hf, 1-2

(1)

Where hf, 1-2 is friction loss between 1 and 2 When the Bernoullis tube is along the horizontal plane then Z1 = Z2 If the friction loss between 1 and 2 is small,

+
OR

(2)

(3)

Since equation (1) and (2) of the Bernoullis tube are different in diameter, then the velocity V1 will be different from the velocity V. This is proved by the water levels at point 1 and 2 of the manometer. Bernoullis principle says that the lowest pressure will occur at the narrow region of the tube. We can also sum the difference of the pressure head between two points and compare it against a recorded value. Difference between the theoretical and recorded value is due to frictional losses. If, Vol = Volume of the flow measured from the measuring tank (m3) t = Measuring time (s) A = Cross sectional area (m2) D = Diameter of the Bernoullis tube section (m) Q = Vol/t (m3/s) From the equation (3), we have:

= = ( ( ) ) ( (
The dimension of the equation (4) is in m. Because the diameter of the tube at each particular section along the tubes length is fixed, then we can calculate the pressure drop along the tube, if the flow rate is known. The difference between the theoretical and recorded pressure drop is due to the friction in the tube between these two points. We can compare the total head at any point along the Venturi tube using a total head probe whose total head is shown on tube no. 8 p At the stagnation point in front of the Pitot tube tip Vs = 0 and Zs = Z: (6) OR (5)

( ( ) (

) ) ( ) ) (4)

= =

Velocity head=

(7)

Therefore, the velocity head can be demonstrated by the difference of the total or stagnation pressure head ( / ) measured from Pitot tube and static pressure head ( / ) at that point.

3.Materials and equipments

4. Procedure
I. Check if the drain valve is open and keep it wide open and check whether the outlet pipe goes to the drain. Initiate flow through the Venturi test section by opening inlet valve(s). Check that all manometer tubing are properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps and are air-bubble free. Adjust both (inlet and outlet) valves so that you get the maximum difference in levels . Wait for some time for the level in manometer tube to stabilize (it takes some time for it to reach steady state) After the steady state is achieved, we start collecting the fluid and simultaneously starting the stopwatch The time is measured for a fixed amount of liquid and the flow rate is calculated. Gently push (slide) the Pitot (total head measuring) tube, connected to manometer #8, so that its end reaches the cross section of the Venturi tube at #1, for example. Wait for some time and note down the readings from manometer #8 (or *) and #1. The reading shown by manometer #8(or *) is the sum of the pressure and velocity heads, i.e. the total (or stagnation) head (h*), because the Pitot tube is held against the flow of fluid forcing it to a stop (zero velocity). The reading in manometer #1 measures just the pressure head (h) because it is connected to the Venturi tube pressure tap, which does not obstruct the flow, thus measuring the flow static pressure. Repeat step 7 for other cross sections

II. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

VIII.

5.Result
Volume: 5 (L) Time: 44.87 (s) Flow rate: 0.111 (Lps) 6.686 (Lpm)
2 2 Point no. Meas. Vn V1 / 2g Theoretical Difference Actual total head Head loss

cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

32.9 32.6 30.1 30.8 31.7 32 32.5

0 0.3 2.8 2.1 1.2 0.9 0.4

32.9 32.5 30.4 31.8 32.4 32.7 32.9

0 -0.31% 0.99% 3.14% 2.16% 2.14% 1.22%

33.2 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.1 33.1 32.9

0 -0.1 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3

Total head Vs Static head

34 33 32 31 30 29 28 32.9 32.6 30.1 30.8 31.7 32 32.5

Total head vs pressure head

33.4 33.2 33 32.8 32.6 32.9 32.5 30.4 31.8 32.4 32.7 32.9

Volume: 10 (L) Time: 46.38 (s) Flow rate: 0.216 (Lps) 2.93 (Lpm)

Point no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Meas.

Vn V1 / 2g cm

Theoretical

Difference

Actual total head

Head loss

44.4 43.3 33.1 38 40.3 41.4 42.5

0 1.1 11.3 6.4 4.1 3.3 1.9

44.4 43.3 35 40.2 42.4 43.5 44.4

0 -0.7% 5.43% 5.47% 4.95% 4.83% 4.28%

45.7 45.9 45.7 45.4 45.3 45.2 44.8

0 -0.2 0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9

46 45.5 45 44.5 44 44.4

Total head vs Static head

43.3

33.1

38

40.3

41.4

42.5

Total head vs pressure head

46 45.5 45 44.5 44 44.4 43 35 40.2 42.4 43.5 44.4

Volume: 10 (L) Time: 30 (s) Flow rate: 0.33 (Lps) 20 (Lpm) Point no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 44.1 40.9 14.3 28.1 34.1 36.8 39.5

Meas.

Vn V1 / 2g cm

Theoretical

Difference

Actual total head

Head loss

0 3.2 29.8 16 10 7.3 4.6

44.1 40.9 22.1 34.3 39.5 42 44.1

0 0 35.29% 18.08% 13.67% 12.38% 10.43%

47.5 47.7 47.3 46.4 46.0 45.8 45.2

0 -0.2 0.2 1.1 1.5 1.7 20.

Total head vs Static head

48 47 46 45 44 43 44.1 40.9 14.3 28.1 34.1 36.8 39.5

Total head vs pressure head

48 47 46 45 44 43 44.1 40.9 22.1 34.3 39.5 42 44.1

6. Conclusion
From this experiment we can have proven Bernoullis principle. As the table show the total pressure head remains almost constant ,but as it is an experiment external factors(eg. Parallax , temperature etc) cause a slight variation in values. The conditions for the experiment were that fluid is incompressible ( density r is constant ); flow is steady: flow is frictionless &along a streamline

7. References
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle http://www.scribd.com/doc/23106099/Bernoulli-Lab-Report http://www.core.org.cn/mirrors/MITE/AP%20Physics%20B%20I/course%20files/assig nments/chapter7lab1.pdf