AN ACADEMIC TRAINING REPORT Undergone

RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD

132 K.V. G.S.S. CHAMBAl, POWER HOUSE, SODALA, JAIPUR

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ITS-1, IT Park, EPIP SITAPURA, JAIPUR , RAJASTHAN-302022

Affiliation: Raj. Tech. University Approval : AICTE, Govt. of India

http://www.gitjaipur.com/support@gitjaipur.com

TRAINING CERTIFICATE

SUBMITTED BY

ASHISH JAIN

BRANCH ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION COLLEGE ID EC08027 UNIVERSITY ID 08EGJEC027 ashish302017@gmail.com M. 9783896069

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PLCC

Power line carrier communication has been found to be the most economical and reliable method of communication for medium and long-distance in a power network. The training is based on communication over existing power lines as well as power transfer between power stations. Power stations supply the electricity to particular domestic area. So PLCC is the method of transmitting information along electrical lines. So there are two tasks, first one is power transfer and the second one is communication. Both tasks are carried out by sending two signals along the same line. The first signal is power signal ranging from 100KV to 400 KV of frequency 50 HZ. Second signal is high frequency carrier signal of frequency in range 20 KHZ to 500 KHZ. Communication means sending speech signals from one end to another. Communication is essential for proper handling and monitoring of power station, speech transmission and power line protection. As communication is very urgent, we cant use mobile communication instead of it because in mobile communication network problems may be arise. So this method enables us to communication between two particular stations called point to point communication. Signals are transmitted along three phase transmission line of high power ratings.

CHAPTER 2 MODULATION

Modulation is necessary for communication. Modulation is the process in which one of the characteristics of carrier signal is varied in accordance of instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal. The characteristics may be amplitude, phase or frequency.

2.1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Amplitude modulation is the process in which amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance of instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal.

2.2.1 WHY AMPLITUDE MODULATION IS PREFERRED

Here we use amplitude modulation. We dont use frequency modulation because frequency range is not so wide so that we can conveniently vary it. Also we dont use phase modulation because at higher amplitude of modulating wave, frequency deviation and phase deviation increase. The resulting wave is called modulated wave. vm=Vmsinwmt vc=Vcsinwct Amplitude of modulated wave A=Vc+Vmsinwmt Net equation of modulated wave is =(Vc+Vmsinwmt)sinwct = Vc (1+Vm/Vcsinwmt)sinwct = Vc(1+msinwmt)sinwct

FIG 2.1 WAVEFORMS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION m=modulation index Vc=amplitude of carrier wave Vm=amplitude of modulating wave vc=instantaneous amplitude of carrier wave vm=instantaneous amplitude of modulating wave wc=carrier frequency, wm=modulating

CHAPTER3 TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

3.1 TRANSMITTER
In order to get modulated wave, modulating signal and carrier signal are fed to the modulator. Modulator gives modulated signal. Carrier signal is generated using local oscillator. Crystal oscillator is used because of its stabilize output waveform. Output of modulator goes to band pass filter. BPF allows to pass a particular band of frequencies and rejects all other frequencies component that lie outside the band. Amplifier is used to amplify the weak signal. Output of amplifier goes to receiving end. Message signal is obtained from yard. Output of receiving end is connected to transmission line through LMU and CC.

FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

3.2 RECEIVER
First of all band pass filter selects a particular band of frequencies. Band pass filter is followed by amplifier, demodulator and audio amplifier. Amplifier is used to amplify the weak signal. Demodulator demodulates it. Audio amplifier amplifies the signal of audio frequency range. Wien bridge amplifier is used as audio amplifier. The output of audio amplifier goes to loud speaker.

FIG 3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER

CHAPTER 4 BASIC CIRCUIT OF PLCC

FIG 4.1 BASIC CIRCUIT OF PLCC

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4.1 COUPLING CAPACITOR

Coupling capacitor is a high voltage capacitor that connected between power line and LMU. Coupling capacitor blocks power signal entering into PLCC panel at the same time it allows to pass carrier signal, So its capacitance is kept in such ways that that the value of 1/wc is negligible for power signals frequency and significant for carrier signal frequency. In other words coupling capacitor exhibits high impedance for power signal and low impedance for carrier signal. In the absence of coupling capacitor, high voltage signal enters into PLCC panel and causes burn of modulator and demodulator circuitry.(since modulator and demodulator circuitry are limited to 10 or 15 volts.) Stack of coupling capacitors are connected in series.

FIG 4.2 ACTUAL VIEW OF COUPLING CAPACITOR

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4.2 PLCC PANEL

It consist modulator and demodulator circuitry. In PLCC each line is having three panels one for speech & data two for speech & tele-protection

FIG 4.3 CABINET AND MODULES

4.3 LIGHTENING ARRESTOR

Lightening Arrestor is used to protect the system from the damaging effect of lightning as well as any high voltage spikes from transmission line. Lightning is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between a rain cloud and the earth.

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FIG 4.4 GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW OF LIGHTENING

It works as an insulator between light and the power line. Since lightning strikes tends to strike the highest object in the structure, the lightening rod is placed at the apex of a tall structure. The typical lightning arrester has a high voltage terminal and a Ground terminal.

FIG 4.5 ACTUAL VIEW OF LIGHTENING ARRESTOR It is connected to the ground by low-resistance cables. Whenever high voltage spikes strikes to the lightening arrestor ,it goes to ground through ground wire.

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FIG 4.6 LOCATION OF LIGHTENING OF ARRESTOR

Thus it prevent from LMU from high AC voltage spikes. Ideal lightening arrestor must possess the following properties. It provides easy way to earth. It should not absorb any current.

4.4 LINE MATCHING UNIT

It is used for proper impedance matching between power line and PLCC panel.

4.4.1 WHY LINE MATCHING UNIT IS REQUIRED

If high frequency wave is not terminate correctly i.e. terminating load is not equal to the characteristic impedance, reflection is occurred. Reflections causes generation of standing wave that is power loss in circuits. To overcome this problem impedance matching is done. LMU is connected between CC and PLCC panel. Coaxial cable is used for interconnection between PLCC and LMU in order to avoid skin effect.

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FIG 4.6 LOCATION OF LMU IN PLCC CIRCUIT

4.5 WAVE TRAP

Wave trap is a parallel combination of a coil, tuning device and lightening arrestor. It offers negligible impedance to power signal at the same time high impedance to carrier signal. Main coil is basically an inductor of ratings in milli henry. It is made of aluminums alloys and designed to carry full load current. Tuning device is a parallel LC circuit. The LC circuit is designed in such a way that it tunes at 50HZ i.e. 50 HZ is the resonance frequency of LC circuit.

=50

Numbers of wave traps are connected in series. Output of wave trap is given to yard. Yard contains step up or step down transformer of high power ratings. Output of yard is internally connected to PLCC panel.

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FIG 4.8 SCHEMATIC VIEW OF WAVE TRAP

FIG 4.9 CIRCUIT OF WAVE TRAP

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FIG 4.10 VERTICAL PEDESTAL, HORIZONTAL PEDESTAL, SUSPENSION PEDESTAL

4.6 EARTH SWITCH

It is used at the time of maintenance of LMU. Before inspection of LMU one must close the switch so that power signal goes to earth.

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CHAPTER 5 TYPE OF COUPLINGS

There are three of couplings.

5.1 PHASE TO GROUND COUPLING

In this type of coupling out of three we use one wire for communication. The wave traps and coupling capacitors are all connected to one conductor of the power line. The remaining two conductors, though not directly connected to the line carry a portion of the carrier energy which is lost.

FIG 5.1 CIRCUIT OF PHASE TO GROUND COUPLING

5.2 PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING

In this type of coupling out of three we use two wires for communication. The advantage of using this coupling is if one wire gets damaged then communication will be carried out using another wire. This type of coupling was formally being used to improve the reliability of communication.
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FIG 5.2 CIRCUIT OF PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING

5.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN P TO P AND P TO G

In phase to phase coupling requirement of CC, LMU and wave traps is two times of phase to ground. Hence phase to phase is more complex and expensive than phase to ground.

Reflections are much greater than in phase to ground. Radiations effect is much greater than in phase to ground. Signal to noise ratio is poor in phase to ground coupling. Phase to ground coupling has higher attenuation unlike phase to phase coupling in which attenuation varies according station condition.

5.4 INTERLINE OR INTER CIRCUIT COUPLING

This is the same as phase to phase coupling with the difference that the two phase is taken from two different transmission line on common towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the two circuits are carrier on two separate sets of towers as it then behaves more like a double phase to ground coupling and is found to be impracticable. This type of coupling is even more reliable than phase-to-phase coupling on the same circuit in that it permits operation with one of the two circuits opened out and founded for maintenance purposes.

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5.3 FIG CIRCUIT OF INTER LINE COUPLING

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CHAPTER 6 SPECIFICATIONS OF PLCC

6.1 GENERAL
Carrier frequency range Gross Channel band width Useful AF band :- 20 to 500 KHZ :- 4 KHZ :- 300 to 3,700 KHZ

6.2 PERMISSIBLE ROOM TEMPERATURE IN CLIMATES

Data guaranteed within reliable Operation Guarantee :- 0 to 45 degree Centigrade :- 20 to 45 degree Centigrade

6.3 TRANSMITTER
Peak envelope power Side band power :- 25W :- 15 W

6.3.2 POWER SUPPLY

DC supply A.C. supply :- 49 TO 60V (-10/+25%) :- 230, 50 HZ

Power consumption :- <80W

6.4 OTHER
Value of inductance in tuning device :- 0.5 to 500 uH Value of capacitance in tuning device :- 4400 to 5500 PF

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CHAPTER 7 OTHER PARAMETER

7.1 TYPES OF TELEPHONE NETWORK

There are two methods of telephone network.

7.1.1 SIMPLEX METHOD

In this type of network one person either speak or listen at a time. This is achieved by press to talk switch. For this network one carrier frequency is sent along transmission line.

7.1.2 DUPLEX METHOD

In this type of network person can speak or listen simultaneously. For this network two carrier frequency is sent along transmission line. This arrangement is costlier than simplex method. Duplex method is generally used in present PLCC equipment.

7.2 TELE PROTECTION

If power line breaks at the channel, it may be dangerous. So we turned off the supply voltage along that particular wire using relay equipment.

7.3 EFFECT OF BAD WEATHER

Losses increase for all inclement weather conditions The worst offender is when heavy frost is formed on the line Because of the skin effect, the carrier signal tries to propagate on the ice instead of the conductor. The attenuation can change as much as 4:1 depending on the frequency.
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 The worst condition is a light rain with the presence of contaminants on the insulators

7.4 BATTERY CHARGER

PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) works on rectified AC or main, when main supply goes off. We use of a device for proper functioning of PLCC, called battery charger. This is the device that provided supply to the PLCC equipment for uninterrupted working. It provides DC to the panel by battery of 48 V. In this type 24 batteries are connected in series and individually per battery has approximately 2V capacities.

FIG 7.1 ACTUAL VIEW OF BATTERY CHARGER

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CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PLCC

8.1 ADVANTAGE
1. No separate wires are needed for communication purposes, as the power lined themselves carry power as well as communication signals. Hence the cost of constructing separate telephone lines is saved. 2. When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the conditions, which might seriously damage telephone lines. 3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations. 4. Power line has large cross-sectional areas resulting in very low resistance per unit length. Consequently the carries singles suffer much less attenuation than when they travel on usual telephone lines of equal lengths. 5. Power lines are well insulated to provide only negligible leakage between conductors and ground even in adverse weather conditions. 6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance, which results in smaller attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a considerable extension.

8.2 DISADVANTAGE Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them
against high voltages and currents on the lines.

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 Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases attenuation and creates other problems. High voltage lines have transformer connections, attenuate carrier currents. Substation equipment adversely affect the carrier currents. Noise introduced by power lines is far more then in case of telephone lines. This is due to the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes. It is obvious that an effective power lines carrier system must overcome these and many other difficulties.

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CHAPTER 9 HOW CAN YOU GET JOBS IN RRVPNL

In order get jobs in RRVPNL, RRVPNL conduct a written exam twice or thrice in a decade. Exam is based on technical knowledge of your field. Salary ranging from 25000 to 30000 thousand. They will pay 10000 thousands per month in training period. Job vacancies are announced in leading newspaper of Rajasthan and on job alert websites.

9.1 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

1 Candidate must hold a B.TECH/B.E degree of AICTE recognized college. 2 Aggregate percentages in B.TECH is 55% or more. 3 The candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must have not attained the age of 35 years

9.2 SELECTION PROCEDURE

A written competitive examination comprising of objective type questions shall be conducted. The standard and syllabus of the examination will be of the level of Graduation Degree in Engineering (Electrical/Mechanical/Civil/PLCC/C&I/Fire Fighting). The medium of the written examination will be 'English' only. The question paper shall be of Two and half hours duration of 125 marks consisting of 100 questions of objective type (multiple choice questions) of the respective discipline with four options of answers and 25 questions of 'General awareness' with specific reference to Rajasthan State with four options of answers. There shall be no negative marking. Minimum passing marks for male candidates of UR category shall be 35% marks. For the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC/BC/SBC (Non creamy-layer)/PH and for all female candidates, it will be 25% marks.

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REFERENCES

PRINCIPLE OF CARRIER COMMUNICATION N.N. BISWAS

MANUAL OF R.S.E.B

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