36 | Kennedys Inaugural Address, 1961

1. What messages did Kennedy send to the USSR in this address? What message did he send to Cuba? a. USSR: Finally to those nations who make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction engulf all humanity. b. Cuba: To our sister republics south of the border, we offer a special pledge in a new alliance for progress to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. Let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. 2. Which portions of Kennedys address would you categorize as typical Cold War rhetoric? a. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. b. ...its hour of maximum danger. c. I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago. d. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds... 3. Which portions of Kennedys address would you characterize as holding out hope for better relations between the US and USSR? Why? a. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. Direct statement to the USSR that talks about focusing on commonalities and not issues. 4. What attitude did Kennedy adopt toward developing nations caught in the crossfire of the Cold War? a. Kennedy pledged his effort to help them for whatever period is required because it was the right thing to do. 5. What challenges did Kennedy present to Americans and to the other peoples of the world? a. To the Americans: Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. Ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. b. To the others: Ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.

39 | Kennedys Peace Speech at American University, June 1963

1. How did the tone and substance of this speech differ from that of Kennedys Inaugural Address? How do you account for the difference? a. The tone of the address is different because of the way that the substance is brought across. 2. What examples of conciliatory language can you find in Kennedys speech? What examples of Cold War rhetoric remain? a. I speak of peace, therefore, as the necessary rational end of rational men. b. I speak of peace because of the new face of war. Total war makes no sense in an age when great powers can maintain large and relatively invulnerable nuclear forces 3. What reasoning did Kennedy use to persuade Americans of the need for a test ban despite their mistrust of Moscow?

a. The reasoning he used is that America should be the forerunner in the process and that they have common interests because they breathe the same air. 4. How did Kennedy explain his contention that Moscow could be counted on to abide by such a treaty? a. They have an interest in just peace and not having an arms race. 5. How did Kennedy demonstrate the good faith of the US in his proposal for a treaty? a. He said that they would never be the first ones to start a war.

40 | Kennedys Berlin Speech: Ich bin ein Berliner, June 1963

1. How did the tone of Kennedys Berlin address differ from that of his speech American University? Why would he deliver so strident an anti-communist address so soon after his Peace Speech. a. He was coming off of a tumultuous month and this was his chance to have an emotional rallying call. 2. In what ways did Kennedys speech make us of the propaganda advantage granted by the West by the building of the Berlin Wall? a. The wall was turned into a symbol and that was very important for the peace process. 3. In the context of this address, how would Kennedy define the crucial issue preventing resolution of the German Question? a. The crucial issue was not allowing democracy to form because of the German Question of what would happen to East Berlin. 4. Listening to this speech only sixteen days after Kennedys American University speech, what might Khrushchev have thought? a. Khrushchev was confused 5. What examples of Cold War rhetoric were present in this speech? What sort of threats were absent from it? 6. How did this address forecast the eventual solution of the German Question and the end of the Cold War?

41 | The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: August 1963

1. Why was the requirement for international inspection the focus of Soviet objections to a ban on nuclear testing? 2. Why were underground tests not covered by the treaty? For what reasons would the Soviets be pleased with this exclusion? 3. Why were outer space tests covered by the treaty, despite the fact that existing technology could not perform such tests? 4. What was paragraph 2 of Article 1 attempting to prevent?

42 | The Sino-Soviet Split: 1960-1963

1. What was the nature of the dispute between the Soviet and Chinese Communists? What were the main issues involved? 2. Who were the actual revisionists referred to in Long Live Leninism, and why did the Chinese Communists resent them? 3. How and why did the Chinese position on peaceful coexistence differ from the Soviet position?

4. At the 22nd Party Congress, why did Khrushchev attack Albania? Why did he not criticize China directly? Why did the Chinese object to the attack on Albania?

Walker | Outline of Chapters

1. PM Harold Macmillans message to newly elected Kennedy: Macmillan made clear his conviction that economics lay at the very heart of the confrontation with Communism. a. The new form of capitalism: This new form would make the fullest use of our resources and result in a steady expansion of our economic strength. If it failed, Macmillan said Communism would triumph because it would seem like a better option to the people. (i.e. THE MIXED ECONOMY depends on a blend of private enterprise and strategic intervention by the state) 2. Summary of the growing U.S. Defense budget: The defense budget was for the first two decade of the Cold War about half the size of the entire British economy and the ability to control and direct this amount of money also gave them a large amount of power. 3. Examples of the industrial geographic shift to the south and west: Shifting the defense industries to the Sunbelt. 4. U.S. and gold: At the end of WWII, the US held 60% of the worlds gold reserves. By 1949, the USs share rose to 72% because of repayment of loans. 5. Growth of U.S. standing army: The army grew because of the Korean and Vietnam war but the standing army stood at around 1 million strong. 6. Examples of the interdependence of the Western world: Investment by American companies in the Western world private - $150 billion a year. They were not made by government but by entrepreneurs. 7. Growth of the multinational: 8. Moscows study of Kennedys inaugural address: 9. Kennedys new crash program a. Modification of the retaliation doctrine: Conventional forces of men and ships and warplanes were to be increased, along with the airlift capacity to deploy them. b. New crises in the Congo, Laos and Angola: c. Yuri Gregarin 10. Bay of Pigs a. How it failed b. Castros response to the invasion c. Contradiction the invasion represented with Kennedys Latin America policy

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14. 15. 16. 17.

d. Le Monde and Pravda responses e. Role of the U.S. and western media Kennedys Freedom Doctrine a. NATO members responses b. De Gaulles advise to Kennedy Kennedy and Khrushchev Talks at Vienna a. Kennedys ailments b. The Third World c. U.S. and Soviet intervention in developing nations d. Bickering over Berlin e. MacMillans gloomy projection Military preparedness with Berlin in mind a. Khrushchevs actions b. Kennedys actions Senator Fulbrights speech and Kennedys reaction to it The Wall General Clays standoff with the Soviets Aftermath of the Wall