Basic math symbols Symbol Symbol Name = equals sign not equal sign > strict inequality <

; strict inequality inequality inequality () [] + * / mod . parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period

Meaning / definition equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication multiplication division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent a a = a

Example 5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^3= 8 9 = 3 3 8 = 2 4 16 = 2 for n=3, n8 = 2 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10 Example ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30

ab power a^b caret a square root 3 a cube root 4 a forth root n a n-th root (radical) % percent per-mille ppm per-million ppb per-billion ppt per-trillion Geometry symbols Symbol Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle

1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12 Meaning / definition formed by two rays

 AB

right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line ray

= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60 line from point A to point B line that start from point A perpendicular lines (90 angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y = 3.141592654... is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle radians angle unit grads angle unit Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than

= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

| || ~ | x-y |

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance

AC | BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5

pi constant

c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad Example when 2x = 4, then x = 2

rad radians grad grads Algebra symbols Symbol Symbol Name x x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by := definition approximately ~ equal approximately equal () [] {} x proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01 f(x) g(x) 1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 4.3= 4

calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer

x x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b] e

ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function composition open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma sigma capital pi

rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x) (f g) (x) = f (g(x)) (a,b) {x | a < x < b} [a,b] {x | a x b} change / difference = b2 - 4ac summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation product - product of all values in range of series

4.3= 5 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0 xi= x1+x2+...+xn

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

e constant / e = 2.718281828... Euler's number Euler Mascheroni = 0.527721566... constant golden ratio golden ratio constant Linear Algebra Symbols Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition dot scalar product cross vector product tensor product of A and tensor product AB B inner product [] brackets matrix of numbers () parentheses matrix of numbers |A| determinant determinant of matrix A det(A) determinant determinant of matrix A || x || double vertical bars norm T A transpose matrix transpose matrix conjugate A Hermitian matrix transpose matrix conjugate A* Hermitian matrix transpose -1 A A A-1 = I inverse matrix rank(A) matrix rank rank of matrix A dim(U) dimension dimension of matrix A

Example ab ab AB

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols Symbol Symbol Name probability P(A) function probability of P(A B) events intersection probability of P(A B) events union conditional P(A | B) probability function probability f (x) density function (pdf) cumulative F(x) distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation E(X) value conditional E(X | Y) expectation var(X) 2 std(X) X variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y Mo MR Md covariance correlation correlation summation double summation mode mid-range sample median

Meaning / definition probability of event A probability that of events A and B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured P(a x b) = f (x) dx P(A) = 0.5

Example

P(AB) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

F(x) = P(X x) mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population MR = (xmax+xmin)/2 half the population is = 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 3 X,Y = 3

Q1 Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~ N(,2)

lower / first quartile median / second quartile upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X

below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator zx = (x-x) / sx distribution of random variable X

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

normal gaussian distribution distribution uniform equal probability in range U(a,b) distribution a,b exponential exp() f (x) = e-x , x0 distribution f (x) = c xc-1e-x / gamma gamma(c, ) (c), x0 distribution f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( chi-square 2(k) 2k/2(k/2) ) distribution F (k1, k2) F distribution binomial Bin(n,p) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k distribution Poisson Poisson() f (k) = ke- / k! distribution geometric Geom(p) f (k) = p (1-p) k distribution hyper-geometric HG(N,K,n) distribution Bernoulli Bern(p) distribution Combinatorics Symbols Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition n! n! = 123...n factorial
nPk nCk

Example 5! = 12345 = 120

5P3

permutation

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols Symbol Symbol Name {} set AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2 (A) A=B Ac A\B A-B AB
A

intersection union subset proper subset / strict subset not subset superset proper superset / strict superset not superset power set power set equality complement relative complement relative complement symmetric difference symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph

AB aA xA (a,b) AB |A| #A

Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has less elements or equal to the set subset has less elements than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality

Example A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

A={3,9,14}, B={9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={9,14}

B={1,2,3}, AB={1,2,3}, A-

A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3},

A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

 U 0 1

empty set universal set natural numbers set (with zero) natural numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set

={} set of all possible values 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} = {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...} = {x | x=a/b, a,b} = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, <a<, -<b<}

C = {}

0 0 6 1 -6 2/6 6.343434 6+2i Example

Logic symbols Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition xy and and caret / x^y ^ and circumflex x&y & ampersand and x+y + plus or x y reversed caret or x|y | vertical line or x' x' single quote not - negation x x bar not - negation x not not - negation exclamation !x ! not - negation mark circled plus / x y exclusive or - xor oplus ~x ~ tilde negation implies equivalent if and only if for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since Calculus & analysis symbols Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition limit e epsilon e constant / Euler's limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero e = 2.718281828...

Example

0 e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

number y' y '' y(n) derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative second derivative nth derivative time derivative time second derivative partial derivative [a,b] (a,b) i z* z integral double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector x*y y(t) = x(t) * h(t) convolution F(s) = {f (t)} Laplace transform X() = {f (t)} Fourier transform delta function Numeral symbols Name European Roman zero 0 opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative by time Newton notation derivative of derivative (x2+y2)/x = 2x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

Hindu Arabic

Hebrew

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case

Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu

English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k l m n

Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo

Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga