SCJP 5 Preparation (Tips, Tricks & FAQs)

*- Devesh Chanchlani*

I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious !!!

The Weblog is aimed at helping the SCJP aspirants become rock-steady

with their concepts. After all the preparation and exercises, still there
may remain a lot many pitfalls, which may hinder the aspirants' dream of a
big score. The contents below are compiled in a way which is very precise
and easy to grasp. Good Luck !!!

*1.
*Thread t1 = new Thread("Thread1" );
Thread t2 = new Thread(t1); // VALID
As, Thread implements Runnable, hence its valid according to the Thread
Constructor:
------------ --------- --------- ----
| Thread(Runnable target) |
------------ --------- --------- ----

*2.
*A new java.lang.Void class has been added for completeness ( in JDK 1.5),
and is used by the reflection methods to represent(or wrap) "void" return
types.

*3.
*Inner class cannot have same name as the enclosing class or classes. For
ex:
class A {
class B {
class A { // INVALID
}
}
}
Also,

*i.* *An Inner class can extend its enclosing class. *

*ii.* *A final class can have an Inner class.*

*4.
*yield() causes the current thread to pause temporarily and allows another
thread to run. However, it is never a good idea to depend on yeild() for
managing the thread execution. yield() does not guarantee that a low
priority thread would run. So the point is, you really cannot be "sure" what

1
effect will yield() have on the threads.

*5.
*Consider the class below:
class Widget
{
static final String CLASS_GUID; //Compiler Error
Widget(){}
}
Here CLASS_GUID is a 'static final' variable. As static fields can be
accessed even without creating an instance of the class, it is entirely
possible that this field can be accessed before even a single instance is
created. In this case, no constructor or non-static initializer had ever
been called. And so, the field remains uninitialized. This causes the
compiler to complain.
The 2 possible workarounds are:
* i.* static final String CLASS_GUID = "xyz";
*ii. * static {
CLASS_GUID = "xyz";
}

*6.
**What application requirements may need you to use native methods?
*1) The application needs to do computation intensive job.
2) The application needs to access drivers for hardware that Java does not
know about.
3) The application needs to access legacy code written in COBOL.
*AND NOT:*
1) The application needs to make fields of a class globally available.
2) The application needs to provide it's services to other applications.

*7.*
//WILL NOT COMPILE
package p1;
public class A {
protected int i = 10;
public int getI() { return i; }
}

package p2;
public class B extends p1.A {
public void process(A a)
{ a.i = a.i*2; }
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
A a = new B();

2
B b = new B();
b.process(a) ;
System.out.println( a.getI() );
}
}
*REASON:* Although, class B extends class A and 'i' is a protected member of
A, B still cannot access i, (now this is imp) THROUGH A's reference because
B is not involved in the implementation of A. Had the process() method been
defined as process(B b); b.i would have been accessible as B is involved in
the implementation of B.

*8.
*for(;;) {
Math.random( )<.05? break : continue;
}
This is an invalid use of ? : operator. Both sides of : should return the
SAME TYPE (excluding void). Here, break and continue do not return anything.

*9.
*Wrapper classes do not have a no-args constructor like, "Integer i = new
Integer();" is invalid.
And, *String is not a wrapper class*. Hence this is valid: String str = new
String();

*10.
*Inner class can even be defined in the following way, *inside the enclosing
class*, as:
new EnclosingClass. InnerClass( );

*11.
*When a programmer does not define ANY constructor, the compiler inserts one
automatically, *the access modifier of which is same as that of the class*.
For example, the constructor for the below given class will be protected:
protected class A { }

*12.
**In the following cases a thread will definitely be alive but not be
running:*
1) The thread has issued a call to wait( ).
2) The thread is trying to enter a synchronized block and the monitor is not
free.
3) The thread is sleeping as a result of a call to the sleep( ) method.
*And, NOT:*
1) A higher priority thread comes in ready to run state.
Reason: There is no guarantee that the higher priority thread will preempt
the lower priority thread.

3
2) The thread calls yield().
Reason: There is no guarantee that this will suspend this thread.

*13.
*Thread a = new Thread();
a.start();
//some code
Thread.sleep( 10000); //applied on 'a' somewhere in the code
//some code
a.interrupt( );

Calling interrupt() will cause an InterruptedExceptio n ONLY if the thread on

which interrupt() is called, is blocked on an invocation of the wait(...),
join(...), or sleep(...), methods of this class.

*14.
*Inside an Inner Class, you cannot access the Enclosing Class's members by
using 'this' keyword. The correct way is either use the member name plainly
OR EnclosingClass. this.memberName

*15.
*//INVALID
void assertTest(Object obj) {
assert obj != null : throw AssertionError( );
}
*REASON:* Second operand must evaluate to an object or a primitive. (It can
also be null.)

*16.*
System.out.println( null + true); //INVALID
System.out.println( true + null); //INVALID
System.out.println( null + null); //INVALID
*REASON:* The operator + is undefined for the argument type(s) null,
boolean. Also, If only one operand expression is of type String, then string
conversion is performed on the other operand to produce a string at run
time.

*17.
*When the program is run, the JVM looks for a method named main() which
takes an array of strings as input and returns nothing. If it doesn't find
such method, it throws a java.lang.NoSuchMet hodError.
Hence, any such main() declaration is *Invalid*: public static long
main(String[ ] args)

*18.*
A class that directly accesses member fields of another class, exhibits *HIGH

4
COUPLING*.
When changing an implementation of a class, does not effect classes that use
it, exhibits *LOW COUPLING*.

*19.*
To compile a file such as:
package com.enthu;
class A { }
if, its compiled in the way: javac A.java , class file does get created but
without any directory structure.
If its compiled in the manner: javac -d . A.java , the class file is created
with the appropriate directory structure.

*20.
*Following are primitive types that can be used for a switch() clause : *byte,
char, short or int*. Note that you cannot use *boolean, long, float or
double*. Every case constant expression(must be a constant), in a switch
block must be assignable to the type of switch expression.
final int y =124; switch(b){ case y: break; } //VALID, y can be converted to
byte
final int y =128; switch(b){ case y: break; } //INVALID, y cannot be
converted to byte

*21.
*Consider: String[] str = "name:john;; sex:m;;". split(";" );
The Strring array str[] contains 3 elements. It is so because the trailing
empty strings are always discarded.

*22.
*Consider:
void method1() throws Exception {
try { throw new IOException( ); }
finally { throw new NullPointerExceptio n(); }
}
The method1() ends up throwing NPE, as the Exception that is thrown in the
last, gets thrown by the method.

*23.*
Object o = null;
System.out.println( o); //Print null
System.out.println( o.toString( )); //Throws NPE

*24.
*Consider:
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
String [] a = {};

5
String [] b = null;
System.out.println( args.length) ; //Prints 0, when run without any arguments
System.out.println( a.length) ; //Prints 0
System.out.println( b.length) ; //Throws NPE
}

*25.*
java -D/home=classes TestClass //Here, the property name is /home and value
is classes.
javac -d/home TestClass.java //Wrong. Must have a space between -d
and /home.

*26.
*Static and Initializer blocks cannot use "throws" keyword. It is meant only
for methods.
Static and Initializer blocks cannot even throw RuntimeExceptions, without
enclosing them in try-catch.

*27.*
hashCode() method of Object class is a native method.

*28.
*Consider (Purpose: to prevent garbage collection of the objects of this
class) :
class SelfReferencingClas sToPreventGC {
private SelfReferencingClas sToPreventGC a;
public SelfReferencingClas sToPreventGC( ) {
a = this; //references itself to make sure that this is not garbage
collected.
}
}
Yes, it does not solve the purpose. All it is doing is creating a circular
reference and such references do not prevent an object from garbage
collection. If B is only referred to by A and if A is eligible for GC, then
B is eligible for GC too. So, if A refers to B and B refers back to A, this
arrangement does not prevent them from being garbage collected. This is also
known as *Islands of Isolation *scenario.

*29.
*A class implements the Cloneable interface to indicate to the
Object.clone( ) method that it is legal for that method to make a
field-for-field copy of instances of that class. Invoking Object's clone
method on an instance that does not implement the Cloneable interface
results in the exception CloneNotSupportedEx ception(checked Exception) being
thrown. By convention, classes that implement this interface should override
Object.clone (which is protected) with a public method. Note that this

6
interface does not contain the clone method. The Object.clone method is as
follows:
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedEx ception

*30.*
Consider the following code:
Float f1 = new Float(Float. NaN);
Float f2 = new Float(Float. NaN);
System.out.println( ""+ (f1 == f2)+" "+f1.equals( f2)+ " "+(Float.NaN ==
Float.NaN) );

//Prints false true false

*Explanation: * f1 == f2 is false because f1 and f2 are different objects and

== tests whether two references point to same object or not.
Although f1.equals(f2) should return false, it returns true. Javadoc gives
two exceptional cases:
. If f1 and f2 both represent Float.NaN, then the equals method returns
true, even though Float.NaN==Float. NaN has the value false.
. If f1 represents +0.0f while f2 represents -0.0f, or vice versa, the equal
test has the value false, even though 0.0f==-0.0f has the value true i.e.

Float f1 = 0.0f;
Float f2 = -0.0f;
System.out.println( f1.equals( f2)); //Prints false
System.out.println( -0.0f == 0.0f); //Prints true

Also, keep in mind, the same goes for double and there's no NAN for Integer,
Short or Byte, only for Float and Double.

*31.*
extending a class implies is-a, and implementing an interface implies
is-like-a.
Aggregation defines a has-a relation.

*32.*
Consider:
Object o = null;
Collection c = //valid collection object.
for(o : c){ } //INVALID - Cannot use an existing/predefined variable
in the variable declaration part.
for(final Object o2 :c){ } //VALID - final is the only modifier that is
allowed here.

*33.*
to enable assertions for the system level classes [i.e. the classes that

7
come bundled with the JDK] - esa OR enablesystemasserti ons

*34.*
Consider:
enum Pets {
DOG("D"), CAT("C"), FISH("F");
static String prefix = "I am ";
String name;
Pets(String s) { name = prefix + s;} //INVALID
}
Unlike a regular java class, you cannot access a non-final static field from
an enum's constructor.
Also remember, Enum constants must be declared before anything else.

*35.*
List<? super Number>
Read it aloud like this: A List containing instances of Number or its super
class(es). Thus, this will allow you to do this: list.add(new Integer(10)) ;
because Integer can be assigned to a variable of type Number or its super
class, but it will not allow you to retrieve anything other than Object:
Object obj = list.get(i); because the compiler doesn't know the exact class
of objects contained by list.

List<?>
This is same as List<? extends Object>. Read it aloud like this: A List
containing instances of some class that extends Object class. Thus, this
will not allow you to add anything to it because the compiler doesn't know
the exact class of objects contained by the list so it cannot check whether
whatever you are adding is eligible to be added to the list or not. Further,
this will only allow you to do this: Object o = list.get(index) ; because all
the compiler knows is that this list contains objects.

List<? extends Number>

Read it aloud like this: A List containing instances of Number or its
subclass(es) . This will allow you to retrieve Number objects because the
compiler knows that this list contains objects that can be assigned to a
variable of class Number. However, you cannot add any object to the list
because the compiler doesn't know the exact class of objects contained by
the list so it cannot check whether whatever you are adding is eligible to
be added to the list or not.

List<Number extends ?> //BAD SYNTAX.

List<Number super ?> //BAD SYNTAX.

*36.
*Consider:

8
try {
System.exit( 0);
} finally {
System.out.println( "finally is always executed!"); //Does not Execute
}
When you call System.exit( 0); The JVM ends so there is no way to execute the
finally block.

*37.
*A final variable must be initialized when an instance is constructed, or
else the code will not compile. This can be done either in an instance
initializer or in EVERY constructor.

*38.
*The interrupt() method does nothing except setting the interrupted flag to
true. However, if the thread on which interrupt() is called, is blocked in
an invocation of the wait(...), join(...), or sleep(...), methods of this
class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and that thread (not the
caller of interrupt) will receive an InterruptedExceptio n.

*39.*
When you try to run a class, which has no main method, you get an error:
"Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoSuchMet hodError: main"
and not NoSuchMethodExcepti on. Keep in mind, *both do exist*. Unlike
asserts, in which there's no *AssertionException *, there's only
AssertionError.

*40.
*An enum's constructor is private by default. You cannot apply public or
protected to the constructor. private is allowed but is redundant.

*41.*
int i = 20;
{
int i = 8; //INVALID: Duplicate Local Variable
}
------------ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -
{
int i = 8; //VALID
}
int i = 20; //VALID

*42.
*HashSet allows null values to be stored.

*43.*

9
Consider the standard 'put' method of class HashMap.
public Object put(Object key, Object value);
*Returns:* previous value associated with specified key, or null if there
was no mapping for key. A null return can also indicate that the HashMap
previously associated null with the specified key.

*44.
*super.super. methodXyz( ); //Such usage of 'super' is INVALID

*45.*
The method used to schedule a thread for execution - "start"

*46.
*native method cannot be *abstract*.

*47.
*class Test {
public static void main(String[ ] args) {
int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
int[] b = { 2, 3, 1, 0 };
System.out.println( a [ (a = b)[3] ] );
}
}
What will it print when compiled and run ?
*Answer*: 1
*Explanation* : In an array access, the expression to the left of the
brackets appears to be fully evaluated before any part of the expression
within the brackets is evaluated. In the Expression a[(a=b)[3]], the
expression a is fully evaluated before the expression (a=b)[3]; this means
that the original value of a is fetched and remembered while the expression
(a=b)[3] is evaluated. This array referenced by the original value of a is
then subscripted by a value that is element 3 of another array (possibly the
same array) that was referenced by b and is now also referenced by a. So,
it's actually a[0] = 1. Note that, if evaluation of the expression to the
left of the brackets completes abruptly, no part of the expression within
the brackets will appear to have been evaluated.

*48.*
byte b = 320; //INVALID
REASON: 320 cannot fit into a byte so you must cast it.: byte b = (byte)
320;

*49.
*How many objects will be eligible for GC just after the method returns?
public void compute(Object p)
{

10
Object a = new Object();
int x = 100;
String str = "abc";
}
*Answer:* 1
*Explanation* : Objects passed to the method are never garbage collected in
(or right after) that method. So p cannot be GCed. x is not an object. "abc"
is a string literal which goes to the string pool and is not GCed. So, only
a is eligible for GC.

*50.*
For System.out.printf, the syntax is:
%[arg_index$ ][flags][ width][.precisio n]conversion
char
You need to remember the following flags:
*a)* "-" Left justify this argument - Must specify width as well.
*b)* "+" Include a sign (+ or -) with this argument - Applicable only if
conversion char is d or f (i.e. for numbers).
*c)* "0" Pad this argument with zeros - Applicable only if conversion char
is d or f (i.e. for numbers). Must specify width as well.
*d)* "," Use locale-specific grouping separators (i.e., the comma in
123,456) - Applicable only if conversion char is d or f (i.e. for numbers).
*e)* "(" Enclose negative numbers in parentheses - Applicable only if
conversion char is d or f (i.e. for numbers).

*51.*
Consider:
String c="abc";
String b="ab";
String d="c";
System.out.print( c == (b+d));
System.out.print( c == (b+d).intern( ));

*Answer*: false true

*Explanation* : The result of explicitly interning a computed string is the

same string as any pre-existing literal string with the same contents. Also
note, if it would have been String c = new String("abc" ); , the output would
have been false in both the cases, as it checks for only literals and not
objects.

*52.*
*For instantiating a non-static Inner class,*
inside a non-static method of the Enclosing class: new Inner(); OR new
Outer.Inner( );
inside a static method of the Enclosing class: new Outer().new

11
Inner();

*For instantiating a static Inner class,*

inside a non-static method of the Enclosing class: new Inner(); OR new
Outer.Inner( );
inside a static method of the Enclosing class: new Inner(); OR new
Outer.Inner( );

*53.*
System.out.println( enum1.A + enum1.B); //INVALID,
operator not defined
System.out.println( enum1.A.toString () + enum1.B); //VALID

*54.*
* i.* A non-static Inner class cannot have static members. Non-static
inner classes can contain final static fields (but not methods).

* ii.* Anonymous classes cannot have explicit constructors, since they

have no names.

* iii.* A static inner class is also known as Top Level Nested class. So,
there are two types of Top level classes. One, that is a standard class and
a static class defined inside another class.

* iv.* Anonymous and method Local classes cannot be static.

*55.
*javac does not have 'ea'(and related) option(s).

*56.
*class Inner1{
public void aaaa() throws IOException{
}
}
class Inner2 extends Inner1{
public void aaaa(){
}
}

Inner1 i = new Inner2();

i.aaaa(); //INVALID

Inner2 i2 = new Inner2();

i2.aaaa(); //VALID

*57.*

12
class Inner1{
public void aaaa() throws IOException{
}
}
class Inner2 extends Inner1{
public void aaaa(){
}
}
class Inner3 extends Inner2{
public void aaaa() throws IOException{ //INVALID
}
}

*58.*
MyThread mt = new MyThread();
mt.setDaemon( true);
mt.start();
mt.setDaemon( false); //INVALID, You can not call setDaemon() after the
thread is started. It will throw IllegalThreadStateE xception if you do so.

*59.*
A program ends when all non-daemon threads end. Yes, even if daemon threads
are running.
You can make any Thread (if you have permission) a daemon thread by calling
setDaemon(true) before starting that thread.
You can stop any thread.

*60.*
native method cannot be abstract. But an abstract method can be implemented
by a native method. native method declarations have no bodies. i.e. { ...}

*61.*
synchronized( r) {
r.data = "DATA "+number;
r.notifyAll( ); //LOCK not released, the lock on r is not
release until the thread gets out of the
//synchronized block
r.data = "DATA";
} //Lock released here

*62.*
String String = "String"; //is a perfectly valid syntax !

*63.*
int ia[ ][ ] = { { 1 , 2}, null };
int ja[ ][ ] = (int[ ] [ ])ia.clone() ;

13
System.out.print( (ia == ja) + " ");
System.out.println( ia[0] == ja[0] && ia[1] == ja[1]);

All array objects automatically get a public clone method. A clone of a

multidimensional array is shallow, which is to say that it creates only a
single new array. Sub-arrays are shared, so ia and ja are different but
ia[0] and ja[0] are same.
FYI, clone() method defined in object class is protected. But an array
object overrides it and has the same methods as the following class:

class A implements Cloneable

{
public final int length = X;
public Object clone()
{
try
{
return super.clone( );
}
catch (CloneNotSupportedE xception e)
{
throw new InternalError( e.getMessage( ));
}
}
}

*64.*
Remember that parse() method of DateFormat and NumberFormat throws
java.text.ParseExce ption.

*65.*
public class DataObectWrapper
{
private Object obj;

public DataObectWrapper( Object pObj){ obj = pObj; }

public Object getObject() { return obj; }

}

Objects of this class are thread safe because this class does not perform
any operations on the wrapped objects. There is only one method that is only
returning the object reference of the wrapped object which is a thread safe
operation.
If this class were doing some operation on the instance variables, say:
public void modify()

14
{
i = 20; //assuming i and j are instance variables.
j = 30;
}

In this case, the objects of this class are not thread safe.

The objects wrapped by this class are not thread safe because after the
reference of the wrapped object is returned, multiple threads can operate on
the object. But whether the object is thread safe or not is determined by
how is it implemented. That information is not given in the question, so you
cannot say whether the object wrapped by this class are thread safe or not.

*66.*
The start() method internally calls the run method asynchronously and
returns. It is the run() method that needs to end for a thread to die. A
thread dies when the run( ) method ends.

*67.*
In if(false){ x=3; }, although the body of the condition is unreachable,
this is not an error because the Java Language Specification( JLS) explicitly
defines this as an exception to the rule. It allows this construct to
support optimizations through the conditional compilation. For example,

if(DEBUG){ System.out.println( "beginning task 1"); }

Here, the DEBUG variable can be set to false in the code while generating
the production version of the class file, which will allow the compiler to
optimize the code by removing the whole if statement entirely from the class
file.

*68.*
In Java, Objects pass messages by calling each other's member methods.

*69.*
switch(2) {
case 1: boolean b;
break;
case 2: b = true; //VALID
System.out.println( b); //IF the above line is commented, you get a
compiler error -
//"variable not initialized"
break;
}

*70.*

15
The signature of a method in a class is as follows:
public static <E extends CharSequence> List<? super E> doIt(List<E> nums)
This method is being called in the following code:
result = doIt(in);

ArrayList<String> in;
List out;

The input parameter has been specified as List<E>, where E has to be some
class that extends CharSequence. So ArrayList<String> , List<String> , or
List<CharSequence> are all valid as reference types for 'in'.
The output type of the method has been specified as List<? super E> , which
means that it is a List that contains objects of some class that is a super
class of E. Here, E will be typed to whatever is being used for 'in'. For
example, if you declare ArrayList<String> in, E will be String.
The important concept here once the method returns, there is no way to know
what is the exact class of objects stored in the returned List. So you
cannot declare out in a way that ties it to any particular class, not even
Object.
Thus, the only way to accomplish this is to use non-typed reference type,
such as: List result;

*71.*
Thread created internally by the JVM are always daemon threads -- *FALSE*
*Main thread created by the JVM is not a daemon thread!!!*

*72.*
The method substring() in StringBuilder/ StringBuffer returns a String (and
not a reference to itself, unlike append, insert, and delete).

*73.*
static{ throw new NullPointerExceptio n; } //Will Throw
ExceptionInInitiali zationException

*74.*
An important thing to note about javac is that if the directory specified
after -d does not exist, it DOES NOT create that directory and throws an
error instead. Javac only creates the directory as per the package name
under the directory given after -d.

*75.*
interface I1{
void m1() throws IOException;
}
interface I2{
void m1() throws FileNotFoundExcepti on;

16
}
What methods have to be implemented by a class that says it implements I1
and I2 ?
public void m1() throws FileNotFoundExcepti on
In the above problem, FileNotFoundExcepti on is a subclass of IOException, so
choice 2 satisfies both the interfaces.

*76.*
i<20 ? out1() : out2();
Assume that out1 and out2 have method signature: public void out1(); and public
void out2();

Note that it is not permitted for either the second or the third operand
expression to be an invocation of a void method.
------------ --------- ---------

--
With Regards
Koteswara Rao Bellam
9000 2121 28

The ability to make changes in your implementation code without breaking

> the
> code of others who use your code is a key benefit of encapsulation. You
> will
> hide implementation details behind a public programming interface..
>
>
> Two most common reasons to use inheritance are To promote code reuse and
> to
> use polymorphism
>
>
> method invocations allowed by the compiler are based solely on the
> declared
> type of the reference, regardless of the object type.
>
>
> Object type (not the reference variable's type), determines which
> overridden method is used at runtime.
>
> q Reference type determines which overloaded method will be used at compile
> time.
>

17
> . Not *static *methods. Not *variables*.
>
>
> Polymorphism applies to overriding, not to overloading
>
>
> Incase of method overloading, the compiler will choose widening over auto
> boxing., Widening beats var-args and boxing beat var-args. So Var-args is
> looser among all.
>
>
> Constructors are never inherited, thus they cannot be overridden.
>
>
> static methods can't be overridden, but they can be redefined. final
> methods cannot be overridden.
>
>
> Implicit cast -widening conversion - putting a smaller thing (say, a byte)
> into a bigger container (like an int).
>
>
> Narrowing - when we tried to put a larger thing (say, a long) into a
> smaller container (like a short) – here possible loss of precision"
> compiler
> errors may occur. Itrequires an explicit cast.
>
>
> StringBuilder is not thread safe.. i.e its methods are not synchronized.
> So
> use StringBuilder instead of StringBuffer whenever possible.
>
>
> Thread.run() will run thread one after another(sequentially) . But
> thread.start() runs threads simultaneously.
>
>
> Static methods are determined at compile time but the non static (
> instance
> methods ) methods are identified at runtime using Run Time Type
> Identification ( RTTI)
>
>
> You can't override an non-static method with static method and viceversa.
>
>

18
> Conditional operators have high precedence than assignment operator.
>
>
> Java allows you to use ~ operator for integer type variables. The simple
> way to calculate is ~i = (- i) – 1.
>
>
>
> The final variables behaves like constants, so the final variables must be
> initialized before accessing them. They can be initialized where they are
> declared or in every "constructor" if the class.
>
>
>
> Assigning or interchanging the object references does not change the
> values, but if you change the values through object references , changes
> the
> values.
>
>
> According to the inheritance rules, a parent class references can appear
> to
> the child class objects in the inheritance chain from top to bottom.
>
>
> The java.lang.Math class is final class and the default constructor
> defined
> as private. If any class has private constructors , we cannot instantiate
> them from out the class ( except from another constructor ). Ex: Singleton
> class.
>
>
> In Java the constructors can throw exceptions. If parent class default
> constructor is throwing an exception, the derived class default constructor
> should handle the exception thrown by the parent.
>
>
> In Java all the primitive data types has wrapper classes to represent in
> object format and will throw "NumberFormatException". The Boolean does not
> throw "NumberFormatException" because while constructing the wrapper class
> for Boolean which accepts string also as an argument.
>
>
> In Java it is possible to declare a class inside a method. If you do this
> there are certain rules will be applied to access the variables of
> enclosing

19
> class and enclosing methods. The classes defined inside any method can
> access only final variables of enclosing class
>
>
> if you don't override a class's equals() method, you won't be able to use
> those objects as a key in a hash table.
>
>
> The equals() method in class Object uses only the == operator for
> comparisons, so unless you override equals(), two objects are considered
> equal only if the two references refer to the same object.
>
>
> Local classes can access all the variables from the enclosing classes. But
> it can access only the final variables of the enclosing method or the
> method
> parameter. The above constraint is applicable if the Local class is
> declared
> inside the non-static context. since, if the Local class is declared inside
> the static context it can access only the static members of the enclosing
> class.
>
>
> All the class level variables are automatically initialized to a default
> value. But not local variables.
>
>
> static variables will be initialized before non-static variables
>
>
> +ve of collection:
>
>
> Hashtable : Efficient searching
>
> Tree : Easy addition/deletion in middle
>
> Linked List : efficient inserts/delete at any location
>
> Array : Data access is fast and ordered
>
>
> The List and Set classes have toArray() methods, and the Arrays class has
>a
> method called asList(). When you use the asList() method, the array and the
> List become joined at the hip. When you update one of them, the other gets

20
> updated automatically.
>
>
> The major downside to Collections.sort() is that makes a copy of the list
> and then sorts. It does this to insure constant random access time
> (otherwise sorting a LinkedList would be really slow).
>
>
> Prior to Java 5, a very common use for the wrapper classes was to provide
>a
> way to get a primitive into a collection. With Java 5, autoboxing takes
> care
> of converting a primitives to a specific type of object.
>
>
> List myInts = new ArrayList(); myInts.add(42);

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