Content

Introduction to railway1 Railway zone headquarters1 Automatic electronic exchange.2 C Dot electronic exchange.2 Functions of important cards.3 PSU cards.....3 Subscriber line card4 Tone generator & diagnostic card..4 Control card5 Rack control card.5 TIC card...6 Call processing.6 Origination of call.6 Dialing...7 Response of called party & conversion..7 Disconnection.8 Maintenance panel8

 Interactive voice response system10 Hardware....10 Data entry terminal..11 Modem.....11 IVRS terminal...11 Software.....11 COPETs software.11 Communication software.12 OLTRIS software13 Passengers reservation system..13 CSTM main frame computer ...16 RAILNET.16 Introduction....16 Organization...16 Rail-Net comprises...16 Tools...16 Objective....16 General arrangement......16 Hardware component.17 Software component...17 Network components17 Server.....17 Router.....19 Switch.....19 Firewall...19 Hub.....20 Network interface card...21

 Medium of communication..21 Overhead lines21 Optical fiber cable22 Block diagram of optical fiber communication23 Dual tone multi frequency25 Signaling department26 Introduction....26 Data logging system...27 Front end processor29 Computer & control room..29 Modem...29 Communication......29 Data logger.....30 Microwave.....33 Microwave transmission.34 Frequency Band..35 Microwave Communication37 Microwave propagation..39 Use of microwave.42 18. Reference.43

List of Tables & Figures Tables

Table 5.1- Dial Tones with Specific Frequencies11

Figures
Fig 8.1: IV Response System...16 Fig 9.1: Concert Network Topology....20 Fig 12.1: Network Components.25 Fig 12.2: Switch.26 Fig 12.3: Hub..27

Fig 13.1: Optical Fiber29 Fig 13.2: Wave Propagation In OFC.29 Fig 14.1: Communication Through OFC..30

1. INTRODUCTION TO RAILWAY
Indian Railwaysthe golden Era 16th April, 1853The Beginning

The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. INDIAN RAILWAY whenever this name strikes in my mind, I visualize a long train, big office, large number of workers, modern technology etc., in fact Indian Railway is the biggest employer in the world, largest single undertaking in the country and second biggest electrified system in the world after Russia. The Indian railway has been divided in to sixteen zones, which are following--:

2. RAILWAY ZONES HEADQUATERS

 Central Railway Eastern Railway Northern Railway North East Railway North East Frontier Railway Southern Railway South central Railway Secundrabad South Eastern Railway Western Railway East Cost Railway North Central Railway South Western Railway West Central Railway East Central Railway North West Railway East central Railway Hazipur
Bhuvenaswer

Delhi CST Fairy Place, Kolkata Baroda house, Delhi Gorakhpur Malegaon Chennai

Garden Reach, Kolkata Church Gate, Mumbai

Allahabad Hugli Jabalpur Ballarpur Jaipur

3. AUTOMATIC ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

Railway has its own communication system including microwave stations and automatic electronic exchange.

Bikaner Division exchange consists of three main exchanges: First is having a capacity of 128 lines. It is based on C-DOT technology which is an Indian technology and it is a product of RTPL ( Raj. Telematics Pvt. Ltd.). Second one has the capacity of 1200 lines and is based on OKI technology. It is a collaboration product of TATA Telecom and Compton Greaves. Third one has the capacity of 60 lines. It is a MKT (Multi Key telephone exchange). It is a product from Nitsuhu-Enkay. It provides ISDN (Integrated Switching Digital network) facility to railway.

These three exchanges cater all the requirements of Bikaner proper.

C-DOT ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE:It is an Indigenous SPC exchange developed by Center for development of telemetric, C-DOT. C-DOT is developed on one microprocessor IC i.e. 65C02.128 ports C-DOT exchange are commonly used in railways. The 128 port exchange has a limitation i.e. the maximum subscribers accommodation are 96 with 8 junction lines and can be extended up to 24 with reduction of subscriber lines. They are: 96 subscriber lines + 8 trunk (junction) lines. 88 subscriber lines + 16 trunk (junction) lines.

FEATURE OF RAX 128 EXCHANGE: 128 Terminations can be accommodated in single frame
Fully digital exchange Stored program controlled Non blocking exchange Modulator expansion Less installation time Flexible system dimensioning Low power consumption Single fault can effect not more than 8 terminations expect processors portion Can work up to 45c, So no air condition is required Man-machine communication by maintenance console Subscriber loop resistance is 1900 for normal subscriber Impulse make break ratio can be expected up to 50-80% It is design for wide range of temperature, humidity and other environment condition Provision for air filter to prevent the exchange from dust It is rigid so rough transport can be with stand It requires little maintenance and has facility for central monitoring and testing

The technology is based on indigenous hardware support for future updating Cost of equipment is very low

and software, assuring full local

Technology is quit latest and compatible with other international product.

FUNCTION OF IMPORTANT CARDS:PSU CARD:-It is switch mode power supply card worked on -4848 DC Feature: It feeds -48 V dc to subscriber line card and senses the flow of current in line If current is more than 10 mA and up to 35 mA max, it is treated that subscriber has lifted the handset. If less than 10 mA the card treats as on the hook condition PSU generates other supplies for various cards through dc to dc converter. +5V regulated (8Amp) 12V regulated (1Amp) -5V (0.1Amp) regulated -9V (0.3Amp) regulated It also generates 75 volt AC for ring current purpose. 12 volt regulated is used for SLC card relay operation i.e. for test relay & ring relay. Two PSU cards share the exchange load equally, but in case of fault the other PSU cattier the full load.

SUBSCRIBER LINE CARD (SLC CARD):There are 10 SLC cards. Each card contains 10 lines. They are not duplicated cards. In addition of these 10 cards, there are 3 trunk cards, out of which 2 trunk cards can be replaced to 2 SLC cards. One trunk card can not be replaced because it is an E&M card of 4 wire system.

Features:It performs the functions collectively termed as BORSCHT means: B- Battery feed O- Over voltage protection

R- Ringing S- Supervision C- Coding H- Hybrid conversion T- Testing It acts as a terminal card for interfacing subscriber & exchange Each card has 8 identical circuits catering 8 subscribers Enable the voice of the subscriber to reach a port with in exchange for onward transmission to calling and called party It has provision to operate for any of the 2 input signals from copy 0 to copy 1. It communicates with TIC/SN card for voice data. SLC communicates with SP for signaling data.

Each subscriber circuit has 2 relays. One is testing relay which isolates subscriber line from exchange and now line can be checked. The other relay is ring feed relay; it feeds the ringing current to the called party.

TONE GENERATOR & DIAGNOSTIC CARD (TGD):These cards generate 8 different tones to indicate different status of the subscriber line. It also has diagnostic circuit. TGD can diagnose the function of the card and give an error-reporting signal to TIC card. When it is required to feed a tone to subscriber, the time slot of particular tone is switched to time slot of the subscriber. Hence subscriber hears the tone.

The tones are: Tone Frequency On-Off period Timeout Dial Tone 400 Hz + 25 Hz Continuous 10 sec

Busy Tone

400 Hz

.75 sec on; .75 sec off

10 sec

Ring Back Tone NU Tone

400 Hz + 25 Hz 400 Hz

.4 sec on; .2 sec off 2.8 sec on; .2 sec off

60 sec

60 sec

Table 5.1- Dial Tones with Specific Frequencies

CONTROL CARDS:These are 3 cards, which form a control network:-

RCP-RAX Control processor TIC- Terminal Interface Collector SP- Signal processor
All the control cards are duplicated. One copy is active and other is passive. In case of fault, the system switches over to passive copy automatically making passive copy active. RCP, TIC and SP form a group and at a time one group is active and other is passive. Any single change over is registered on the maintenance panel.

RACKS CONTROL CARD:Features: Main controller (Master) Microprocessor 65C02 (C-MOS up) Perform call processing, administrative & maintenance functions Exchange database Man-machine interaction through the maintenance panel (MP) Communication link with the TIC, MP and duplicate RCP Extensive system diagnostic

TIC Card/ SN (Switching Network):Terminal interface card and switching network is a completely non blocking network and allows for higher traffic handling capacity. Four PCM-32 links form the terminal group and undergo to TDM to generate PCM 128 channel link.

Features: TIC / SN card is an 18 time slot switch. Switching (PCM) digital voice information b/w
128 ports to enable he subscriber to converse with each other and feed different tones.

The microprocessor is of 8 bit i.e. 65C02 type. TIC work under the instruction of RCP.
TIC controls SP (Signal Processor) & SN (Signal network). TIC also gathers information from SP and send to RCP.

The card has 32 KB EPROM & 16KB RAM for stretch pad. Receives the processed information from RCP and accordingly drive SP & SN. CALL PROCESSING:Call processing involves the interaction of the software modules in C-DOT 128 RAX with hardware. Both the hardware and software must cooperate to bring about any successful telephony event. A local call sequence in the C-DOT 128 RAX can be described in the following 4 phases-

ORIGINATION OF CALL:Subscriber A lifts the hand set.

DC loop formed through HMT and DC current flows in line) Flow of current is sensed by SLC card, Formation of loop on subscriber line reported to
Signal Processor (SP)

SP conforms the loop and reports to TIC by interrupt that subscriber has lifted the
handset.

TIC records the identification of subscriber A from status registers of Signal Processor
(SP).

 TIC send the message to RCP through SP that subscriber A has intention to originate a
call.

RCP analysis the number (port) & check the validity of number from its directory. If invalid, then RCP informs TIC to send NU tone on that port and state of port remains
the same.

If valid, RCP informs TIC through tone processor to feed dial tone to subscriber
A'.Status of subscriber A changes to busy. The state of subscriber is changed it in the portable to dial begin state.

(B) DIALING:After getting dial tone, subscriber A dials 1st digits. On reception of 1st digit, TIC informs RCP; RCP checks 1st digit and informs TIC to disconnect the dial tone to subscriber A. If it is invalid, NU tone is fed to calling subscriber A. If 1st digit is valid, it is stored on the space available in the corresponding port & the digit counter is incremented. After storing all the three digits RCP analysis the number and translates these 2 nd and 3rd in to port number. If the port is valid one, then RCP checks weather the called party port is free or not. If it is not free then RCP inform TIC to feed busy tone to calling party and state is changed in to busy state. If the called party port is free, then RCP informs TIC through TP to feed ringing voltage to called party port, the status of called party is changed in to busy state. At this time subscriber B is being rung and subscriber A is getting ringing back tone.

(C) RESPONSE OF CALLED PARTY & CONVERSION:-

 As soon as subscriber B lifts HMT, the ring is tripped by telephone itself by

disconnection of AC loop.

SP again validates OFF-HOOK condition, if it is reported to TIC. TIC sends a message to RCP through TP (SP). RCP informs TIC through TP (SP) to connect A and B & state of subscriber is
changed to conversion.

An RCP increment the meter of the subscriber A and call is registered. (D) DISCONNECTION: Subscriber A goes on hook. Line card detects the disconnection of loop by sending Non Flow of current in the
limbs.

This condition reported to SP. SP reports the on hook condition Sub. A to TIC. TIC records the on hook condition & prepares message of disconnection and sends it to
RCP through TP reporting this message that sub. A has cradled on HMT.

RCP sends a message to TIC through TP to disconnect subscriber A & B. MAINTENANCE PANEL (MP):Maintenance Panel has 7 function keys: (1) Test (2) Time (3) Traffic (4) Misc (5) Trunk (6) Subscriber (7) Meter and has few sub function keys The operating functions of MP are broadly classified in 5 main areas (A) Subscriber administration (B) Trunk administration

(C) Traffic administration (D) Maintenance panel test (E) Exchange parameter programming The subscriber administration mode is entered with the entry of SUB key command. The 2 nd level of SUB commands having digit keys 1 to 4 for different services areas. Adding subscriber Removing subscriber Class of service for subscriber Class of service details of subscriber

Maintenance panel test is conducted by entry of TEST command, so that various functions of hardware can be checked. The supervisors access to modify a status is restricted by the use of a password. The access is provided only if correct password is entered.

Facility of maintenance panel in C-DOT exchange: Traffic Measurement EPROM is used for office data & metering information Office data and other data can be altered easily through password Restriction can be imposed on subscriber services. Public phone can be provided with charge. Trunk offering Selective trunk blocking Display for line and trunk lockout Exchange status can be inquired through dialup Ring down alarm reporting Line testing Maintenance alarm Total failure alarm

INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE-SYSTEM (IVRS):-

Fig 8.1: IV Response System

The system in which the information available in the computer is retrieved by the user in the form of voice with the help of interaction between telephone and computer is known as Interactive Voice Response System. With the help of this system information regarding public reservation; arrival /departure of train; fare can be delivered to user when and where it is asked through telephone. Each section control office id having a computer called DATA ENTRY COMPUTER along with dial up/lease line modem is used for linking the computer of other control offices either directly or through server. Each control office computer is identified as cheek/data entry point. At place where the information is to be retrieved through telephone, another computer linked with data entry computer called IVRS COMPUTER, which is connected to data entry computer by ETHERNET CARD. These computers read the information from data entry computer and then convert it to voice for user purpose.

HARD WARE: - There are three types of hard ware.

DATA entry terminal computer

Modem IVRS terminal (Computer)

DATA ENTRY TERMINAL:It is a personal computer of more than 166 MHz, 16 MB RAM, 2.1 GB Hard Disk; 101 key keyboards; a mouse and color monitor.

MODEM:The data entry terminals are linked with lease line/dialup modem of speed better than 33.6 Kbps.

IVRS TERMINAL:-\
It is Pentium 133 MHz p.c. with 24 port dialogic cards called IVRS card capable to respond on both pulse and tone. Out of 24 ports-: 4 ports are used for voice and FAX on demand; 2 ports are used for railway PSTN lines; 2 ports are used for fare inquiry and rest 16 ports are used for train inquiry.

SOFTWARE:- There are three types of Software. COPETS SOFTWARE COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE OLTRIS SOFTWARE

COPETS SOFTWARE:It is friendly user software, which is used to record the train schedule timing information in data files. This software is having following facilities_: The system is secured by stages of password facility It is having the facility for data entry of running/schedule time. Entry for expected arrival/departure. Addition and removal of data entry points. Addition and removal of train in the system. Changes In the database for timetable; fare table etc.

It restrict the entry of the train after a specific period i.e. the file is detected for a train after 2 hours of its arrival; and deletes the files which are 48 hours old and restructure/recognize the files.

This software is having a facility to generate the report of-: (A) Status of running train as per According to train According to control office As per a specific interval.

(B) Information of train, when the train is late. (C) It also shows the train graph. (D) Summary of any train running over the month.

COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE:This software works on the principle of packet switching in which each train file is developed in the form of packet along with destination address. In IVRS system Delhi Central Computer acts as HUB and it will dial or connect through leases line after a specific interval to the data entry computer of different control offices and exchanges the files with them. When a pop file is generated after every 15 minutes in data entry computer, then file is transferred to its queue directory. When HUB computer is connected to the data entry computer, HUB searches the file from queue directory and down load in its receive directory and similarly the queue directory files available in the HUB will be received and stored by the data entry computer. By this way the queue directory files are exchanged and updated. The communication software is also heaving the facility for CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) check and receive check so in case of line failure or modem faulty, when the file could not be exchanged, then HUB try to establish the link & if it is not able to exchange, Then it will create alarm and show link break. This software is having following facilities_: Auto dialing facility for origination of transmission of information. Heaving facility of auto pickup of file from remote queue directory Facility of auto transfer of own file to remote/required place. Facility of transfer of file as per priority decided by HUB.

It has facility to support WAN and is capable of interfacing with any type of communication system like Internet, VHF and UHF. Facility of monitoring of transe and receive files. It is provided with the list of transmitted files and remaining files.

OLTRIS SOFTWARE:The main aim of the system is to provide ON LINE TRAIN RUNNING INFORMATION like termination of the train before schedule; changed the route of the train; accident of train; abnormal delay/late of the train and so on. So the software is developed to support all the abnormal activity. This software is having following facilities_: It is heaving the facility to interact with both pulses and tone users. It is heaving the facility of FAX on demand, for that separate terminal is provided It is supporting and selects more than one language. According to traffic, ports can be increased or decreased. It is heaving the facility of mailbox. It is heaving the facility of according the calls on each port and gives a report of number of calls in 24 hours.

PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM (PRS):-

Computerized passenger reservation system is a most useful facility, which enhances the image of Indian railways in public. It is an efficient and dynamic network of reservation all over the India. Initially it is installed in Delhi by CRIS and for western & central railways a common super computer is installed in CSTM and the trains of both railways is programmed on this computer. The main super computer which installed at CSTM and the terminals of both different locations connected to this computer with communication link through OFC, UHF, and MW on

4wire/2wire analog speech channel, digital 64 Kbps channels with the help of MUX, modem and 3601, 3603, 3608 of Indchem DINC circuits. When the more then one terminal is required at a place then either 8 terminal modem Mux, called CODEC is used. Some mixes can multiplex the data of 12 terminals like DCM Mux. But some of the mux are requiring more than one analog channel like in DCM; where 2 channels are require which support 20 or 24 terminals. In PRS, there is only one set of computers in which all the information regarding the train coaches reservation, fare, status are available and terminal can access these computers from remote location for registration, inquiry of reservation and data for printing the chart and the ticket. The terminals are access through mux & modems. At present there are 5 main computer frames i.e. CSTM, DLI, HWH, DS, MAS and all the computers are interconnected to each other with 64 Kbps through lease line modem and each set of computers are heaving the terminals spreading over their jurisdiction. So any of the terminals access any of the train of Indian railway originated from any of place.

Fig 9.1: Concert Network Topology

CSTM MAIN FRAME COMPUTER:-

The PRS main frame computer is installed at CSTM at passenger reservation center. It consists 4 severs connected to each other in cyclic order and all the servers share a common stored memory i.e. a group of 70/80 hard disks installed in rack. But they can access any of the hard disk for writing the information. The main server is connected to slave servers of DSE in CSTM are about of 200 of 16 or 32 ports of speed 4800 bps. The DCE terminal can be connected to node which ID and prompt to each terminal. Each slave server can accommodate 16 or 32 ports or terminals. These servers are connected to main frame computers through ether net cable by T connections or through multiplexer, which can accommodate 8 or 16 DCE servers. The total numbers of slave server i.e. through RJ11 connector if the type of channel. If use analog than the SQ should be 9 and SNR should be 39 of company DCM or CODEC, but if digital system is used then GYGNUS Mux modems are used. Here a connectivity of Ahmedabad is shown where at CSTM and the server ports are multiplex in GYGNUS 516 multiplexer which can accommodate 8/16 terminals along with 2 voice ports and the output is composite signal of 14.4 Kbps. These composite signals of about 12 muxes are again multiplex by another multiplex of and the output can be transmitted through media i.e. the 64 Kbps channel is transmitted through railway and 9.6 Kbps is through DOT circuits. Now a day PRS being a very popular passenger amenity, so that S & T is required to maintain its data and analog channel. Very efficiently with very close tolerance and a slight interruption result in stoppage of reservation.

RAILNET

The net works used railways are-:

Rail-net. FOIS: - Freight operation and information system. INTRODUCTION:Indian railways has decided to set up their own Corporate Wide Information System (CWIS) called RAILNET to provide computer connectivity b\w railway board with zonal railways, Production units, centralized training and 46 major training institutes.

For improvement in this network in terms of bandwidth, quality of channel, Indian railways setup a separate organization i.e. Indian Railways Central Organization of Telecommunication (IRCOT)...

ORGANIZATION: First rail-net was established b\w Railway Board, 9 Zones, 6 Production units in phase 1. Than extended to 6 new zones, 5 centralized training institutes, research & development
and standard organizations, metropolitan transport projects in phase 2.

The divisional officers, Zonal training institutes will be connected to rail net in phase 3
and finally to station, yards, shades etc.

RAIL-NET COMPRISES:Intra-netIntra-net is an internet network of Indian railway allowing the railway officers and staff to communicate on this digitized network.

Inter-netInternet allows user to get into a global communication method and global pool of knowledge, advertisement and entertainment through www (World Wide Web) is a secured manner.

TOOLS: E-Mail. EDI (Electronic data interchange) WWW FTP (File Transform Protocol) TCP (Transmission control protocol) OBJECTIVES:-

Rail net is used to provide following services Creation of web pages. E-Mail. Electronic transfer of data used for monitoring and co-ordinate purpose. Voice-over IP. Video-conferencing. Web-based application software development. Fax services. Web surfing (Browser usage for internet and intranet). Change from PEROIDIC REPORTING to INFORMATION ON DEMAND. Facilitate quick and efficient automatic status update b\w Railway Board & Zonal railway through our own Intra Railway Network (RAILNET).

RAIL-NET GENERAL ARRANGEMENT: Procurement installation & Commissioning of server, Router, Switches, Modem etc Testing and Commissioning of DATA links. Loading and Configuration of system software. Training of railway personnel as per contract agreement Zonal railways Established their Local Area Network (LAN). Arrange for data circuits on railway / dot hired channels. Maintenance of rail net infrastructure as well as Web-Pages HARDWARE COMPONETS: Servers. Routers, Switches & Hubs. Structured cabling using UTP-CAT 5 cabling SOFTWARE COMPONENTS:-

 MS Windows NT Server (Operating system for server)

MS Windows NT Work station 4.0 (Operating system for work station) Internet information server 3.0 (Administrates internet access in LAN) Front page express 98 (For designing of web pages) Lotus nodes clients 4.6 (Provides E-mail facility to local users) Cisco works with SNMPC (Administrate router) Cisco fire wall (Provides safely to railway information) NMS (Administrate FOIS)

NETWORKS COMPONENTS: SERVER:A network is a multi-user system because more than one person at a time can send request to a machine. A shared machine together with the software programs, which handles requests and distributes the networks resources such as data files printer times both the machine and its software are jointly referred as the server. Server has following characteristics Hardware including motherboard of the server is entirely different from a normal P.C. It can be used with two processors of 500 MHz. It contains 3 hard disks having capacity of 9 GB. These are connected to the motherboard RAD controller card. A server should be able to implement security for its data. It contains Microsoft Back Office Server 4.01 software which comprises following programs Microsoft NT. Microsoft Back Office. Site management server. Proxy software. Server network administrate Exchange server.

ROUTER:-

A router translates information from one network to another. It is similar to a super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a massage, based on the destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent head on collisions. Routers know the addresses of the computers, bridges, and other routers on each side of the network.

Routers can: Direct signal traffic efficiently. Route messages b\w any two protocols. Route messages b\w linear bus, star and star-wired ring topologies. Route messages across fiber optics, coaxial & twisted pair cabling.

Fig 12.1: Network Components

SWITCH:The switch is used to interconnect the nodes. But it is more complex, versatile and also there is no division of bandwidth among the nodes. They are active device with following points

10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, single speed or dual speed operation.

Congestion control, which means that the switch should enough buffers to take care of the traffic peaks. Segmentation of local network. Speed up the local network. They are of 8, 16 or 48 ports active terminals.

Fig 12.2: Switch

(4) FIREWALL:It is security purpose software, which is used to secure the server contents, so the outside user could not temper the information; the user can read the information but cannot write anything.

(5) HUB:It is active junction box, which is used to connect the nodes and all the servers using any type of cable (UTP, coaxial etc). It contains a division of network bandwidth. The important parameters to be considered whole selecting are-:

Support for dual-speed operation. Number and types of ports, UTP & BTC. Auto switching.

 Support a built-in segment switch. Ease of configuration.

It can capacity of 8, 16 or 24 nodes and the maximum distance b\w Hub and nodes is 100 Mt. If distance is more, than additional HUB must be used (but not more than 3)

Fig 12.3: Hub

(6) NETWORK INTREFACE CARD:It is a device having intelligence to control access to the networks and enable communication across the network. Through NIC the nodes are connected functionally and physically to the network. It is also called network adapter. In a LAN each device is attached to the shared transmission medium through a network interference card (NIC). It contains logic for accessing the LAN and for sending and receiving blocks of data on the LAN.

MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION:Through overhead lines. Through Optical fiber cable.

The medium of communication with stations are of two types:

(1) OVER HEAD LINES:The over head lines are joining two stations through the poles. These poles are placed near the railway track. The over head lines are running over the poles. The over head lines having low insulation compared to optical fiber cable. The communication can be failed when the line breaks due to sand storm or fall of poles

(2) OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:This is an underground line process. In this communication the message will be sent to one place to another place is in the form of Light Energy. This light is in the form of infra red. In this communication the glass fiber cable is used on the place of cable wire which is transporting light energy from one place to another. Light energy is in the form of a code, just like a bulb which is ON-OFF continuously. In this system at transmitting station the speech signal, data etc. are modulated by pulse code modulation and by this technique many channels are connected through time division multiplexing. Now these electric pulses are converted in to the optical signals and send to another places using optical fiber. At receiving station the optical signal converted in to the electronic signal. Now the speech signal, data etc are demultiplexed and then send to another subscriber

ADVANTAGES OF OFCS: Losses in fiber cable are minimum so the repeater stations are far apart. Channel capacity is more There is no effect of electro magnetic radiations, radio frequency and electrical noise. Cable is light in weight and thin. There are no current flows through it so it is safe. In the term of security it is best suited.

Fig 13.1: Optical Fiber

Fig 13.2: Wave Propagation In OFC

 BLOCK

DIAGRAM

OF

OPTICAL

FIBER

CABLE

COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENT:-

Fig 14.1: Communication Through OFC

The diagram shows the OFC communication system. The working of the system is as follows:-

MULTIPLEXER:Signal can be changed into the digital codes using PCM. Now each channel collected & multiplexed using time division multiplexing and creating a digital base band.

OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)It converts the digital signal in to the light signal. In this using a laser diode which converts digital signal in to light signal. Now this light signal feed in to the optical fiber cable using pigtail connector.

SPLICE:-It connects two optical fiber cables together. REGENERATOR:-If cable is too long then regenerators are used to overcome the losses. PHOTO DIODE:-The light signal from optical optical fiber cable can be converted in to the
electrical signal.

DEMULTIPLEXER:- Now these electrical signals can be demultiplexed using

demultiplexer and separating all channels and given to the subscriber. For one link there is two optical fiber needed. One for transmitting side & another for receive side.

DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY (DTMF):To control trains there is a communication b\w the controller and station master. This communication provided by DTMF. Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) is also known as touch tone or touch dialing. It is used for telephone signaling over the line in voice frequency band to the call switching center. DTMF is an example of a multi frequency shift keying (MFSK) system. Today DTMF is used for most call setup to the telephone exchange. The in band trunk signaling tones were different from the tones known as touch tones with a triangular matrix being used rather than a square matrix. DTMF was developed at bell labs in order to allow dialing signals to dial tones distance numbers, potentially over non wire links such as microwave links or satellites. Encoder/Decoders were added at the end offices that would convert the standard pulse signals in to DTMF tones and play them down the line to the remote end office. At the remote side another encoder/decoder would decode the tones and perform the pulse dialing. This idea of using the existing network for signaling as well as the message is known as in-band-signaling. The touch tone system also introduced a standardized keypad layout. After using 18 different layouts, they eventually chose the one familiar to us today with 1 in the upper-left and 0 at the bottom. The adding-machine layout, with 1 in the lower left was also tried but at that time few people used adding machines. The engineers had also envisioned phones being used to access computers, and surveyed a number of companies to see what they would need for this role. The led to addition of the number sign (#) and star (*) keys as well as a group of keys for menu selection A, B, C, and D. In the end the lettered keys were dropped from most phones, and it was many years before the # and * keys became widely used. Many non-telephone applications still used the alphabetic keys, such as amateur radio repeater signaling and control. The U.S. Military also used the letters, relabeled, in their now defunct auto on phone system. Here they were used before dialing the phone in order to give some calls priority, cutting in over

existing calls if need be. The levels of priority available were Flash Override (A), Flash (B), Immediate (C) and priority (D), with flash override being the highest priority. Present-day uses of the A, B, C and D keys on the telephone networks are few. For example the A key is used on some networks to cycle through different carriers. Their use is probably prohibited by most carriers. DTMF tones were also used by some cable television networks to signal the local cable company to insert a local advertisement.

Keypad of DTMF:The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4 x 4 matrix, each row is presenting a low frequency and each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key such as 1 will send a sinusoidal tone of two frequencies 697 and 1209 hertz (Hz). The two tones are the reason for calling it multi frequency. These tones are then decoded by switching center in order to determine which key was pressed

DTMF keypad frequency (With sound clips): DTMF Event frequencies:

Event
Busy signal Dial tone Ring back tone

Low frequency
480 Hz 350 Hz 440 Hz

High frequency
620 Hz 440 Hz 480 Hz

SIGNALLING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION:The important part of operating the train in railways is signaling. The operators of interlocking systems should go through certain events like signals, points, tracks, slots, routers, buttons etc, to offer a signal. In the cause of unfortunate accidents due to mishandling of the signaling process

or due to faulty instruments, the railway authorities have to inspect all these parameters.ROUTE RELAY INTERLOCKING SYSTEM, as name suggest clear the route in its jurisdiction, for train movement by giving various signals through rely operation and then interlocks that rout to avoid accidents. It also logs the current status of each relay, and route using DATA LOGGER and keeps this information in records for further use. The operator at the m/w tower receives the information of train departure from or train arrival at the nearest station through block instrument. This instrument is connected to the block instrument of nearest station via overhead lines running along the railway track. The relay room at tower consists of a large mesh of relays of various ratings, connected together in a very complicated manner. Making and breaking of contacts of various relays results in the various signal indication. For signaling, the railway tracks are used as conductors and a 2V DC supply is always available across the track. As a train moves on a certain track, the parallel tracks are short circuited by the conducting wheels of the train and current flowing through them operates the track relay which in turn gives indication on the control panel.

DATA LOGGING SYSTEM:The DATA LOGGER is a microprocessor based system which logs all the events that occur in the yard and make easier for railway authorities to inspect the system with the help of software reports. This acts like a black box, which stores all the information regarding the changes taking place in relays. The same information can be transformed to the computer to analyze further. On line analysis of logged data can also be done and hence the preventative maintenance can be achieved. This logged online information y the data loggers will be processed with the help of software in order to empower the monitoring system of railways in the areas faults, signaling mechanism, reports of behavior of signals in various dimension like time, route etc. The networking feature of data logger enables to connect all the data loggers through communication channel and information. The data can be sent in both directions UP and DOWN. This network of data loggers is connected to a system called FRONT END PROCESSOR (FEP), which receives the data, transmitted by data loggers. FEP is turn connected to a computer which placed in the control room.

So the software NETWORK MANAGEMENT OF DATA LOGGERS is implemented to manage this networked data logger system and thus by providing online information of data collected by the data loggers. It was developed in 98 DELPHI 4.0 on WINDOWS operating system. Various provisions are given for railways to utilize the online information processing capacity of this software. The provisions are: To get online reports of the status of various signals operating the yard with real time. To get the online faults occurring to assist the personal to expect the frothing problems due to the faults signal operating mechanism as well as correct the equipment. To get the scenario of yard layout with the help of a simulated yard environment reflecting online and offline status of various signals. The data loggers are connected with specified no. of digital inputs & analog inputs. (Data logger has capacity to connect 4096 digital & 64 analog inputs). Digital inputs are scanned for every 16 mile seconds. Analog signals are scanned for every 16 seconds in the case of 32 analog signal input & 32 second for 64 analog inputs. The care has been taken to provide necessary de-bounce time required for digital inputs. There can also be Mini data logger connected in the n/w. These are built around 8085 microprocessor for performing various operations like data scan, data transmission. These mini data loggers have the capacity to connect 32 digital & 16 analog inputs. The technology can be better described with a block diagram, components of it and communication between the components

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Fig15.1: Block Diagram of DATA LOGGER

COMPONENTS:The system comprises the following components as shown in the above figure.

FRONT END PROCESSOR (FEP):The FEP is built around MOTOROLA 6800 microprocessor. It has a memory of 8 mega bytes for data storage. The FEP has 4 serial ports, one of them is connected to the computer and remaining 3 are used to connect to the network of data logger. The main function of FEP is to receive data from logger or mini data logger and store in its memory & transfer the same to the computer.

COMPUTER AT CONTROL ROOM:The computer is based on latest Pentium processor with a minimum speed of 300 MHz, a RAM of 64 MB, and a hard disk with minimum capacity of 2.1 GB. This computer is loaded with the software developed for the network data logger system. The main function of this computer is to receive the data online from FEP, process it & update respective screens with results & save the data.

MODEM:The modems are four wires leased line type & are used for data transfer b\w the data logger and FEP. These modems have their own built in strong communication protocols. They have various data transfer rates ranging from 300 bps to 19.2 kbps. The modems are connected to each data logger through standard RS232 communication.

COMMUNICATION:In the case of single data logger placed in the station, it is directly connected to the computer located in control room via standard current loop communication. In the case of networked data logger, the computer placed at the control room. It will take the data received by FEP. If the network is in unidirectional mode, each data logger in the network will send its own data collected at its location and the data received from the data the data loggers is placed into FEP. If the network is in bidirectional mode, each end of the network is connected to the FEP. If the data loggers are placed at long distance (between 3 km and 20 km).The communication is through modems and if they are placed at short distance (Below 3 kms ) current loop communication technology is used

DATA LOGGER:-It consists of:

MOTOROLA 6800 CPU CARD. DIGITAL SCANNER UNITS. ANANLOG SCANNER UNITS. LCD DISPLAY & HEYBOARD. REAL TIME DISPLAY WITH 7 SEGMEN. LED DISPLAY FOR ONLINE STATUS DISPLAY. PARALLEL PORT. SERIAL PORT. EXTERNAL DISPLAY.

MOTOROLA 6800 CPU CARD:This is the central processing unit which performs all activities pertain to data logger i.e. scanning of digital signal for every 16 m sec. and scanning of analog voltage for every 16 sec. This CPU card will support LCD, LED matrix display and real time clock. The CPU keeps on scanning all the digital and analog scanner units.

Each input connected to the scanner unit and scanner unit connected to the particular optocoupler.When it scans, it checks the output of the optocoupler to find if there is any deviation from the previous status and stores the status with real time. Whenever there is change in position of input of the scanner unit from its previous position, the real time data of the output is noted. In this manner the data is logged and stored.

DIGITAL SCANNER UNITS:Each scanner unit contains 4 or 8 cards depending upon the type of scanner card connected. The potential free contacts terminated by tag block from the relays of signals, track points and buttons are connected to these scanner cards. These scanner cards contain multiplexers for addressing the inputs and opto isolators for input isolation. Every scanner card serve up to 64 or 32 or 16core color coded flat cable ribbon, so totally each DU can cater up to 512 or 256 inputs.

ANANLOG SCANNER UNIT:For each data logger the ANANLOG SCANNER are provided to scan the analog inputs. Each ASU can cater 8 or 4 depending upon the inputs AC or DC connected. For DC voltages 8 inputs ASU will be connected. For AC voltages 4 input ASU with step up transformer will be connected. The scanner units contains signal conditioning signals, buffer amplifies, analog\digital converters and isolation circuits. Each input requires 10 mA for exsiccation.

LCD DISPLAY & KEYBOARD:The LCD display & keyboard acts as machine interference b\w user and data logger, for efficient management of this data system. All the software operations, which can be performed using this LCD and keyboard, are explained.

REAL TIME DISPLAY WITH 7 SEGMENTS:There is a built in real time clock within the data logger and its current time will be displayed on 6 or 7 segment display provided. There is a blinking dot indicating the seconds. The real time clock is depending upon DALLAS 1286 chip which is known for its application in computers. This IC will come with internal battery back up; hence there is no need to add external battery.

LED DISPLAY FOR ON LINE STATUS DISPLAY OF RELAYS:Flat matrix LED display was provided for on line viewing of relay status. Total of 512 relay status can be viewed at any moment.

PARALLEL PORT:The parallel port can be connected to a printer to tag hard copies of all the events recorded.

SERIAL PORT:The total of 4 serial ports is provided. One port is used to link the computer and data logger. One port will be used to interface display board to show relay status. Two ports are used to link the data logger on to bidirectional communicational channel.

EXTERNAL RELAY & TELE CONTROLS:There is relay provided on the CPU card whose 2 number contacts are available on the rear panel to extent the alarms to remote location. 14 tele controls are provided to control 14 external relay from computer. A 25 pin mail connector is provided for tele controls and relay controls. Each input sinks 100 mA of current.

Microwave Communication

Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information by the use of the radio whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeters, by using various electronic technologies. These are called microwaves This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. Also by using the formula = c/f , these correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimeters down to 1.0 cm. [In the above equation, the Greek letter ( lambda ) is the wavelength in meters; c is the speed of light in meters per second; and f is the frequency in hertz (Hz).] In the microwave frequency band, antennas are usually of convenient sizes and shapes, and also the use of metal waveguides for carrying the radio power works well. Furthermore, with the use of the modern solid-state electronics and traveling wave tube technologies that have been developed since the early 1960s, the electronics used by microwave radio transmission have been readily used by expert electronics engineers. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used by communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy. The next higher part of the radio electromagnetic spectrum, where the frequencies are above 30 GHz and below 100 GHz, are called "millimeter waves" because their wavelengths are

conveniently measured in millimeters, and their wavelengths range from 10 mm down to 3.0 mm. Radio waves in this band are usually strongly attenuated by the Earthly atmosphere and particles contained in it, especially during wet weather. Also, in wide band of frequencies around 60 GHz, the radio waves are strongly attenuated by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. The electronic technologies needed in the millimeter wave band are also much more difficult to utilize than those of the microwave band. . .

Modes
Radio frequencies and their primary mode of propagation Band Frequency Wavelength Propagation via Guided between the Very Low VLF 330 kHz 10010 km earth and Frequency the ionosphere. Guided between the earth and the D LF Low Frequency 30 300kHz 101 km layer of the ionosphere. Surface waves. Surface waves. E, F layer ionospheric MF Medium Frequency 300 3000kHz 1000100 m refraction at night, when D layer absorption weakens. E layer ionospheric refraction. 330 MHz 10010 m F1, F2 layer ionospheric refraction. Infrequent E ionospheric refraction. Extremely rare F1,F2 layer ionospheric refraction during high sunspot activity up to 80 MHz. Generally direct wave. Sometimes troposphere ducting.

HF

High Frequency (Short Wave)

VHF

Very High Frequency

30 300MHz

101 m

Ultra High UHF Frequency Super High Frequency Extremely EHF High Frequency SHF

300 3000MHz 330 GHz 30 300GHz

10010 cm 101 cm 101 mm

Direct wave. Sometimes troposphere ducting. Direct wave. Direct wave limited by absorption.

Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of line of sight communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received. MicrowaveCommunicationTechnologywasDevelopedinthe1940sThe technology used for microwave communication was developed in the early 1940s by Western Union. The first microwave message was sent in 1945 from towers located in New York and Philadelphia. Following this successful attempt, microwave communication became the most commonly used data transmission method for telecommunications service providers. With the development of satellite and cellular technologies, microwave has become less widely used in the telecommunications industry. Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data transmission method. However, microwave communication equipment is still in use at many remote sites where fiber-optic cabling cannot be economically installed. MicrowaveCommunicationCanBeAnalogorDigitalMicrowave communication takes place both analog and digital formats. While digital is the most advanced form of microwave communication, both analog and digital methods pose certain benefits for users. AnalogMicrowaveCommunicationMayBeYourMostEconomicalOptionAnalog microwave communication may be most economical for use at your tower sites simply because it is already paid for and in service. If you are already operating microwave equipment, it is most likely analog. To avoid having to retrain your operators, you may want to stick with the analog microwave communication equipment you already have. Because youve already gotten

comfortable with this equipment, youve probably also learned its capabilities, so youre unlikely to overburden your transport system with new digital equipment. Decrease System Poll Timewith Digital MicrowaveDigital microwave communication utilizes more advanced, more reliable technology. It is much easier to find equipment to support this transmission method because it is the newer form of microwave communication. Because it has a higher bandwidth, it also allows you to transmit more data using more verbose protocols. The increased speeds will also decrease the time it takes to poll your microwave site equipment. This more reliable format provides for more reliable reporting with advanced communication equipment, while also allowing you to bring in your LAN connection when it becomes available at the site. Whether you utilize a digital or analog microwave communication method, it is imperative that you monitor your mission-critical microwave communication equipment. You need to know 100% for certain that you data transmission equipment is online.

Properties of microwave links 1. Propagation: There are three type of propagation in microwave communication. Ground propagation:-

Lower frequencies (between 30 and 3,000 kHz) have the property of following the curvature of the earth via groundwave propagation in the majority of occurrences. In this mode the radio wave propagates by interacting with the semi-conductive surface of the earth. The wave "clings" to the surface and thus follows the curvature of the earth. Vertical polarization is used to alleviate short circuiting the electric field through the conductivity of the ground. Since the ground is not a perfect electrical conductor, ground waves are attenuated rapidly as they follow the earths surface Attenuation is proportional to the frequency making this mode mainly useful for LF and VLF frequencies.

line-of-sight propagation:-

Line-of-sight is the direct propagation of radio waves between antennas that are visible to each other. This is probably the most common of the radio propagation modes at VHF and higher frequencies. Because radio signals can travel through many non-metallic objects, radio can be picked up through walls. This is still line-of-sight propagation. Examples would include propagation between a satellite and a ground antenna or reception of television signals from a local TV transmitter. Ground plane reflection effects are an important factor in VHF line of sight propagation. The interference between the direct beam line-of-sight and the ground reflected beam often leads to an effective inverse-fourth-power law for ground-plane limited radiation.

Sky propagation:-

Skywave propagation, also referred to as skip, is any of the modes that rely on refraction of radio waves in the ionosphere, which is made up of one or more ionized layers in the upper atmosphere. F2-layer is the most important ionospheric layer for HF propagation, though F1, E, and D-layers also play some role. These layers are directly affected by the sun on a daily cycle, the seasons and the 11-year sunspot cycledetermines the utility of these modes. During solar maxima, the whole HF range up to 30 MHz can be used and F2 propagation up to 50 MHz are observed frequently depending upon daily solar flux values. During solar minima, propagation of higher frequencies is generally worse. Forecasting of skywave modes is of considerable interest to amateur radio operators and commercial marine and aircraft communications, and also to shortwave broadcasters. Sky propagation is also three types i.s..

Meteor scattering:-

Meteor scattering relies on reflecting radio waves off the intensely ionized columns of air generated by meteors. While this mode is very short duration, often only from a fraction of second to couple of seconds per event, digital Meteor burst communications allows remote stations to communicate to a station that may be hundreds of miles up to over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away, without the expense required for a satellite link. This mode is most generally useful on VHF frequencies between 30 and 250 MHz.

ii.Auroral reflection

Intense columns of Auroral ionization at 100 km altitudes within the auroral oval reflect radio waves, perhaps most notably on HF and VHF. The reflection is angle-sensitive - incident ray vs. magnetic field line of the column must be very close to right-angle. Random motions of electrons spiraling around the field lines create a Doppler-spread that broadens the spectra of the emission to more or less noise-likedepending on how high radio frequency is used. The radio-auroras are observed mostly at high latitudes and rarely extend down to middle latitudes. The occurrence of radio-auroras depends on solar activity (flares, coronal holes, CMEs) and annually the events are more numerous during solar cycle maximas. Radio aurora includes the so-called afternoon radio aurora which produces stronger but more distorted signals and after the Harang-minima, the late-night radio aurora (sub-storming phase) returns with variable signal strength and lesser doppler spread. The propagation range for this predominantly back-scatter mode extends up to about 2000 km in east-west plane, but strongest signals are observed most frequently from north at nearby sites on same latitudes. iii. Sporadic-E propagation

Sporadic E (Es) propagation can be observed on HF and VHF bands. It must not be confused with ordinary HF E-layer propagation. Sporadic-E at mid-latitudes occurs mostly during summer season, from May to August in the northern hemisphere and from November to February in the southern hemisphere. There is no single cause for this mysterious propagation mode. The reflection takes place in a thin sheet of ionisation around 90 km height. The ionisation patches drift westwards at speeds of few hundred km per hour. There is a weak periodicity noted during the season and typically Es is observed on 1 to 3 successive days and remains absent for a few days to reoccur again. Es do not occur during small hours; the events usually begin at dawn, and there is a peak in the afternoon and a second peak in the evening. Es propagation is usually gone by local midnight. Maximum observed frequency (MOF) for Es is found to be lurking around 30 MHz on most days during the summer season, but sometimes MOF may shoot up to 100 MHz or even more in ten minutes to decline slowly during the next few hours. The peak-phase includes oscillation of MOF with periodicity of approximately 5...10 minutes. The propagation range for Es single-hop

is typically 1000 to 2000 km, but with multi-hop, double range is observed. The signals are very strong but also with slow deep fading.

Uses of microwave links

1. In communications between satellites and base stations. 2. As backbone carriers for cellular systems. 3. In short range indoor communications

REFERENCE:-Study guide of Railways trainers

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 2. http://www.comit.com 3. http:www.silicon logic.com 4. http://www.cadence.com 5. http://www.ece.msstate.edu/ 6. http://www.onesmarlclick.com