Baisakha Purnima

-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f
a'4wd{sf] dxTjk"0f{ lbg, ljZjlbjzsf] lbg

(International Recognition of the day of
Baisakha Purnima)
;+o'Qm/fi6;+3af6 a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ ljZjlbjzsf]

?kdf u/LPsf] 3f]if0f kq
>Ln+sfsf /fhb't4f/f a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] ljifodf
lbOPsf] k|ltj]bg kq
The day of Vesak
- leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
!= e"ldsf
@= a}zfv k"l0f{dfslxn] b]lv z'? eof] <
#= g]kfndf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] dxTj
$= ;+o'Qm/fi6;+34f/f ljZjlbj;sf] 3f]if0f
%= af]lw;Tjsf] hGd
^= ;Daf]lw nfe
s= a'4sf] argaf6 a'4 wd{
v= pxfF -a'4_ sf] wd{
u= rf/ cfo{;Tosf] 5f]6f] kl/ro
&= dxfkl/lgjf{0f
*= lgZsif{
(= cfld; k"hf
!)= ;Gbe{ k':tsx?
!!= ;+lIfKt a'4 lhjgL
laifo j:t'
1
- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
recognized and, in particular, at United Nations headquarters and other
United Nations
A/54/L.59
General Assembly
Distr.: Limited
13 December 1999
Original : English
United Nations offices,

Recognizing that the Day of the Full Moon in the month of May each
year is the day most sacred to Buddhist, who commemorate, on that day,
the birth of the Buddha, his attainment of enlightenment and his passing
away,
Considering
that
international
recognition
at
United
Nations
Headquarters and other United Nations offices would constitute

acknowledgement of the contribution that Buddhism, one of the oldest
religions in the world, has made, for over two and a half millennia, and
Fifty-fourth session
continues to make to the spirituality of humanity,

Resolves that, without cost to the United Nations, appropriate
Agenda item 174

International recognition of the Day of Vesak
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Chile, Cyprus, Grenada, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Ireland, lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Maldives,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal Pakistan, Philipphines, Portugal,
arrangements shall be made for international observances of Vesak at

United Nations Headquarters and other United Nations offices, in
consultation with the relevant United Nations offices and with permanent
missions that also wish to be consulted.
Republic of Koria, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Spain,

Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand and Ukraine: draft resolution
International reconginition of the Day of Vesak at United Nations
Headquarters and other United Nations offices
The General Assembly,
Acknowledging hope expressed by the international Buddhist
99-38721 (E)
*9938721*
131299
Conference, held in Sri Lanka in November 1998, that the Day of Vesak,
the day of the Full Moon in the month of May each year, be internationally
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
630 Third Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10017 * Tel: (212) 986-7040 * Fax:
SRI LANKA
(212) 986-1838
Email: srilanka@un.int.
Mr. President,
Distinguished Delegations,
On behalf of the Delegation of Sri Lanka, I have the great honour today of
UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASEMBLY
introducing in the General Assemble the Subject international Recognition of the

Day of Vesak.
54TH SESSION
PLENARY
STATEMENT
When addressing the General Assambly in plenary debate on the 23rd of

September, this year, the Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka, the Honourable Mr.
BY
Lakshman kadirgamar, conveyed to the General Assembly, pursuant to a decision

taken at an International Buddhist Conference in Sri Lanka: namely, that the United
AMBASSADOR JOHN DE SARMA
Nations would find it possible to give international recognition to the Day of Vesak,
PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SRI LANKA

TO THE UNITED NATIONS
the most sacred day in the calendar of several of the world, follow the teaching of the
Buddha.
AGENDA ITEM 174: INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE DAY OF VESAK
As the present Millennium draws to a close, and the world awaits and prepares
for the opening of the New Millennium, the United Nations may wish to recall, it was
15 December 1999
hoped, the teachings, reaching back two believed and taught that true and complete
relief from the sufferings of the human condition lay in ones own true and complete
understanding and control and purification of ones own thoughts and desires, and
(Please check against delivery)
Permanent mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations
that this state of mind would lead one to the path of compassion for and service to
others, and to a state of true and complete happiness. one may conquer millins in
battle but he who comquers himself is, alone, the greatest of conquerors was one of
the Buddhas sayings, chronicles have recorded.
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
The teachings of the Buddha brought then, and continue to bring now,
The Buddhas life and example so moved his contemporaries that his
understanding and happiness and solace to the lives of millions, originally in the
countries of South Asia, South-East Asia and East Asia, but now also, to additional
teachings were remembered and passed through the centuries: moving the great
warrior emperor Asok of India, in the third century before the Christian era, to
millions in other countries in other regions of the world.

The General Assembly, in the universality of its membership and in the
eschew wars and conquests, and to give himself to the teachings of the Buddha.
It was the great emperor Asoka who sent his son Mahinda and his daughter
universality of its terms of reference, has in the past recognised many of the diverse
concerns of our complex world.
Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka with the teachings of The Buddha.

Sanghamitta also brought to Sri Lanka with her a sapling of the Sacred Bo
The General Assembly, in so doing has acted in the knowledge that peoples in
Tree-under which the Buddha had sat in teaching and in thought and meditation
all regions of the world look, fervently, to the United Nations and in particular to the
Genreal Assembly for at least an acknowledgment of their concerns, of their hopes, of
almost theree centuries earlier.

The Sacred sapling and the teaching of the Buddha flourished in Sri Lanka
their beliefs.
It is in that spirit that International Buddhist Conference in Sri Lanka, looked
through the thousands of years that followed, and to this day.

The sapling, now the sacred Bo Tree of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, still
to the United Nations for international recognition of the Day of Vesak: the day of the
full-moon in the month of May on which over 150 million Buddhists around the
stands, and is loved and venerated or respected by all the people of Sri Lanka: be they
Buddhists or followers of the other great religions of our land, Hinduism, Chrisianity
world commemorate the birth, the attainment of enlightenment, and the passing away
and Islam.
of the Buddha-the Enlightened one.

The Buddha born to royal comfort and privilege, as prince Siddharth Gautama,
A sacred-tree engaging, and uniting, those of all faiths and religions, in a spirit
of religious understaning and tolerance that we pray wil continue to flourish in Sri
in the sixth century before the beginning of the Christian era, at a place known as
Lumbini now in the modern State of Nepal, was so troubled by the suffering of
Lanka through to millennia.

The sponsors and co-sponsors of the Draft Resolution before the General
humanity that he renounced the comforts and privileges to which he had been born,
and devoted himself, sustained only by the basic necessities for life and though and
Assembly and I convey to all co-sponsors deepest gratitude for their support of the
Resolution-would very much wish the General Assembly, in adopting the Resolution:
meditation, to years of wandering and reflection in search of complete and true

understanding for himself of the sufferings of the human condition, and a complete
and true understanding of how relief from the sufferings of the human condition may
finally be completely and truly realised.
to recognise Vesak as the most sacred day in Buddhism

commemorated by hundreds of millions of Buddhist around the
world;
and
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_

-
to allow for appropriate arrangements to be made for observances of

Vesak at United Nations Headquarters and at other United Nations
offices.
Psnf]s wft'df b'O{ a'4 x'g ;Sb}g ===c;Dej 5 ===

Pp6f nf]s wft'df Pp6} dfq a'4 x'g ;Sb5 .
-ax'wft's;'q, d=_
The arrangements for such observances to be made, in consultation with the

Secretariat and with such permanent missions and delegations as may also witht o
participate, in order to ensure that such arrangements are appropriate and are without
cost to the United Nations.
On behalf of all the co-sponsors f the Draft Resolution, I am honoured to be in
a position today to warmly commend the Draft Resolution on international
Recognition of the Day of Vesak to the General Assembly.
Thank you Mr. President
rf/ ;+j]hgLo :yfg

cfgGb >4fn' s'nk'qx?sf] nflu bz{gLo / k'hlgo $
;+j]hlgo :yfgx? 5g\ . tL x'g\ M
!= tyfutsf] pTkGg -hGd_ ePsf] :yfg -n'lDagL_
@= tyfutsf] cg'Q/ ;Dos;Daf]lwnfe :yfg -a'4uof_
#= tyfutn] wd{rqm k|jt{g ug'{ePsf] :yfg -;f/gfy_
$= tyfut kl/lgjf{0f x'g'ePsf] :yfg -s'l;gu/_
dxfkl/lgjf{0f ;'q bL=g+= !)!#!!^#
10
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
THE DAY OF VESAK1

The day of Vesak or Vesak puja is the day of worshiping
or merit making for the Buddhist all over the world. On this
sacred day Buddhist commemorate three great events, the
Birth of the Buddha-to-be, the day of his Enlightenment and
the day when he entered Mahaparinibbana or passing away,
which coincidently fall on a same full moon day of Vesak
Lunar month in different years.
Vesak day is known as Buddha Jayanti or Baisakha
Purnima in India and Nepal, where the Buddha was born and
Buddhism originated, which simply means paying homage to
the Buddha or celebration of these three great events
concerning with the Buddha and related to his life.
Birth:
On the Full Moon Day of Vesak, the sixth lunar month,
in 623 B.C. (80 years before start of Buddhist Era) the
Buddha-to-be (Prince Siddhartha) was born in the royal
family of Kapilavastu at a beautiful park named Lumbini, on
1
the border of Kapilavastu and Devadaha city, presently

located in modern Nepal. Immediately after being born, it is
recorded that he walked up to seven steps and there was a
lotus holding him up at every step. On his last step, He
proclaimed that it was his last birth and was the most exalted
one in the world.
The City of Kapilavastu was full of happiness due to have
a cute prince after a long time and named Siddhartha or
Siddhattha, which means wish fulfillment. He was living a
luxurious life at the palace. After having seen the four signs
of an Old man, a man afflicted with a loathsome, a corpse,
and an ascetic, prince renounced the world. He decided to
give off the luxourius life and left the palace at the age of 29.
He was accompanied by his confidant Channa, rode up to the
bank of Anoma river.
Prince Siddhattha, the Buddha-to-be became ascetic and
practiced contemporary austerities known as selfmortification (Attakilamatha-nuyoga). He practiced in
diffirent ways of mortification of that time for nearly six
years but still was not near enlightened despite his effords
and dedication deeply into austerities.
Ven. Sujan (Ed.), Sangha News a special newsletter, Punjab Buddhist Society UK, 2005
11
12
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
Enlightenment:
At dawn on the Full Moon Day of Vesak month, 588
B.C., 45 years before Buddhist era at the age of 35 years of
his age, the Buddha-to-be seated under the Bodhi tree and
maditating with his mind concentrated and purified. Finally,
after 6 years of dedication and determination he realized the
truth of cause and effect that generates the world and selfenlightened under the Bodhi tree on the bank of Neranjara
River, Baudhgaya presently in Bihar state of India. He
attained the Buddhahood and since that day he became the
Buddha, one who exalted one. He discovered and fully
realized the Four Noble Truths (Catu ariyasacca), i.e., there
is a problem (Dukkha), it has got cause (Samudaya), it can
be eliminate (Niroda), and the Way leading to the Cessation
of those causes (Magga).
The Buddha preached Dhamma for the benefit, welfare
and happiness of human beings. His preaching was started
with the First discourse called Dhammacakkappavatana
Sutta (The wheel of Dhamma) which consists of main
doctrines of Buddhism to the five asscetics (his old
associetes) in the Deer Park, Sarnath. The first discourse
begins with the formal two extremes of pracitice and
13
according to him that should not be practiced. These are not

the way for the cessation of suffering and way lead to
spiritual perfection He also showed the Middle way or the
Noble Eightfold Path, which avoids the two extremes. The
middle path means; it is not compromise, not synthesis, not
the mixture, not going between, not the cessation of these
two extremes but it means Ubho ante anupagamma,
without entering either the two extremes but it transcends
these two. The middle Path is consists of eight factors, so
called Noble Eightfold path, namely; Right understanding,
Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right
Livelihood, Right effort, Right Mindfulness and Right
Concentration.
Mahaparinirvana:
Since enlightenment, Forty-five long years of hard work
and sacrifice passed by and approaching the last moment of
his life the Buddha tirelessly devoted his time and energy for
the benefit of mankind, without thinking personal comfort.
He travelled in different villages, states, countries until at the
age of 80 years of last chapter. Then, finally, on the fullmoon day of Vesak, he went to the Sala Grove and lay down
between two tall Sala trees for the last moment. The Buddha
14
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
then gave last opportunity to his disciples to clear any doubt

up on teaching in their minds but out of respect or fully
realized no one did.
On this occasion the Buddha granted his last admonition
to the Subhaddha, an ascetic of other faith, who was the last
disciple of the Buddha. When the last moment arrived, he
preached his last sermon that; Perishable are all
conditioned dharma, work out your way with deligence
(Appamadena Sampadetha). After that, he never spoke and
entered into Nirvana at Kusinara, 543 B.C. present Saranath
and only leave his dhamma for the path to the world.
Nevertheless, the Buddhas main teaching is not to do evils,
do good and purify the mind. Moreover, Eightfold Noble
Path (Ariya Atthangika magga), Three Charactaristics
(Tilakkhana), Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppada)
etc. and other basic teachings are Pancasila, Atthasila, Sila,
Samadhi and panna. These basic principles must be followed
in daily life by every human being. According to Buddha by
leading Dhamma life everyone can attain the ultimate goal of
life; that is Nibbana or Nirvana.
In November, 1998 all the Buddhist countries such as Sri

Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Nepal, India etc. proposed agenda
for International recognition of the day of Vesak to the
United Nation Organization (UNO). On 15 Dec. 1999 the
UNs General assembly adopted the resolution for the
international recognition of the day of Vesak (Buddha
Jayanti). Whencethe reason UN celebrates every year at its
head office in New York and other regional centers all over
the world. Presently, not only the Buddhist but other faiths
also celebrate this day with great joy by practicing moral
ways and purify the mind, which is the way to achieve real
happiness and peace within.
On this auspacious day of vesak every human being
should take an oath to cultivate good, purifies the mind for
real happiness and peace and thus pay homage to the Buddha
by practising it.
International recognition
15
16
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
a4' wds
{ f] dxTjk0" f{ lbg, ljZjlbjzsf] lbg
az
} fv kl" 0fd
{ f
e"ldsf
a}zfv k"l0f{df a'4wd{sf] dxTjk"0f{ lbgx? dWo] Ps xf] . of] lbg af}4
b]zx?df ljleGg ?kdf eJon] dgfpg] ul/G5 . a}zfv k"l0f{df eg]sf] ;fwf/0f
?kdf a}zfv dlxgfsf] k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf u/Lg] k"hfnfO{ elgG5 cyjf rGb|df;sf]
5}+7f}+ dlxgfsf] k"l0f{dfsf lbgnfO{ hgfO{G5 .
g]kfnsf] slknj:t' lgjf;L n'lDagL agdf hGd x'g' ePsf eujfg a'4n]
;+;f/sf k|d'v wd{x? dWo] a'4wd{sf ;+:yfks h:n] slxNo} klg cfk'mnfO{
b]jtfsf] ?kdf k|Zt't ug'{ ePg . To;}u/L b}jsf] zlSt b]vfP/ 8/fP/ cfk'mnfO{
k"hlgo agfpg] sfd klg ug'{ ePg . ;fy} pxfFn] b]jk'q eP/ xfdLx?n] u/]sf
kfksd{x?nfO{ x6fO{ lbg]5' eg]/ cyjf dfgj eP/ b}jL va/ NofPsf] 5' eg]/
k'sfg'{ klg ePg . To;} u/L pxfFsf] k"hf u/]df :ju{ k7fO{ lbg] / k"hf gu/]df gs{
k7fO{ lbg] h:tf eo / qf;nfO{ klg b]vfpg' ePg . pxfFn] a? s;/L o;
ej;+;f/sf] rqmdf cfpg] hfg] ug]{ x]t' 5 . pSt x]t'sf] cGtsf] nflu dfu{ dfq
lbg' ePsf] 5 . pSt dfu{df hfg' / ghfg' k'gM tkfO{ xfdLx? s} xftdf /fVg'
ePsf] 5 . pxfF t vfnL dfu{ bz{sdfq x'g'x'G5 . pxfF cfkm}n] eGg' ePsf] 5 wd{
pxfF cfpg' eGbf klxn] klg lyof] . at{dfgdf klg 5 / eljiodf klg x'g]5 .
pxfFn] t pSt ;Towd{df /x]sf] kbf{nfO{ xtfP/ xfdLnfO{ kbf{ leqsf] Tof]
17
;TotfnfO{ b]vfO{lbg' ePsf] dfq xf] . dflg; eP/ o; b'Mv ;+;f/df hGd lnPkl5
bfn eft t/sf/Lsf] b'Zdg, k[YjLsf] af]h eGg] em} k|ltlbgnfO{ To;} v]/ gkmfn .
;Rrf dfgj eP/ ;fwf/0f dflg;x? eGbf dflg; eP/ hGd lnPsf] ;f/ tTjnfO{
a'emL pRr cfo{hg x'gsf] nflu cfjZos u'0fx?nfO{ dfq eujfg a'4n] hf]8 lbg'
ePsf] xf] . kmntM pxfFn] dflg;df x'g' kg]{ ljj]s ljrf/, zLn, ;dflw / k|1f
u'0fn] ;';lHht eP/ hLjg Joltt ug{sf nflu g} cf1f eP cg';f/ cfh pxfFsf]
wd{ ;f/f ;+;f/nflu g} Ps kf/bzL{ Pj+ cg'z/0f ug{ of]Uosf] wd{x? dWo]df
cu|df lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu o;} a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ lng
;lsG5 .
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg zflGt gfos uf}td a'4sf] hLjgL;+u ;DalGwt
dxTjk"0f{ 36\gfx?nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ >4fleJoSt :j?k of] lbgnfO{ dgfpg] u/LPsf]
xf] . af}4 laZjf; cg';f/ pxf+sf] hGd, ;Dos;Daf]lw 1fg nfe / dxfkl/lgjf{0f
ePsf oL tLg clj:d/0fLo 36\gfx? leGg aif{ ePklg ;+of]uj; a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf]
lbgdf 36]sf lyP . x'gtM pxfFsf] hGd a'4;Dat z"?jft x'g'eGbf *) aif{ k'j{
ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L pxfFn] af]lw1fg k|fKt ug{'eO{ a'4 x'g' ePsf] lbg $% aif{
k'j{ a'4 ;Datsf] z"?jft xf] . To;}n] a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ pxfFsf tL cljZd/l0fo
36gfx? hGd, af]lwnfe / kl/lgjf{0fnfO{ g} s]Gb| ljGb' u/]/ ;f/f af}4x? >4fdo
elStdon] of] lbgnfO{ dgfpg] u/LG5 .
g]kfndf of] lbgnfO{ a'4 hoGtL, a}zfv k"l0f{df jf g]kfnefiffdf
:jfFofk"lGx sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . To;}u/L yfOn}08, >Ln+sf, adf{, sDaf]l8of tyf
nfj; / c? b]zx?df ljzfv k"hf (Visakha Puja) sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 eg] UN f/f
18
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
klg "Vesak Day" eg]/ of] lbgnfO{ ut ;g\ 1999 ;fndf ;+oQm/fi6 ;+3 UN
f/f klg zflGtsf] lbg (The day of peace) elg ;+;f/ el/ dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
lyof] . To;}n] of] a}zfv k"l0f{df af}4x?sf] nflu dfq geO{ ;+;f/sf] nflu g} Ps
dxTjk"0f{ lbgsf] ?kdf ePsf] / /x]sf] 5 .
:d/0f /xf];\, a'4;Dat pxfFsf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f kZrftsf] ;Dat xf] . t/
cfhef]ln af}4 ;+;f/df of] a'4 ;DatnfO{ g} s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf
rng rlNtdf cfPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ af}4 b]z yfO{n}08df a'4 ;DatnfO{
cGt/fli6o If]q;Dd klg cf\gf] b]zsf] ;Datsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/L;s]]sf 5g\ .
yfO{n}08sf] cf\g} gofF aif{ h'g xfd|f] a}zfv dlxgfsf] ! ut] xf] To;nfO{
eJo?kn] dgfpg] u/]klg cGt/fli6o If]qdf sfd ug{ ;lhnf]sf nflu hgj/L !
nfO{ gofF jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] u/] klg a'4;DatnfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 h:t}
o;aif{nfO{ cGt/fli6o ?kdf O{ZjL ;Dat @)!! elgG5 eg] yfO{n}08df a'4;Dat
@%%# elgG5 t/ z"? hgj/Ldf g} x'G5 . cjZff]ifsf] s'/f xf], xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf
hxfF a'4wd{sf ;+:yfks x'g' ePsf dxfg dfgjsf] hGd ePsf] lyof], cfh olx
b]zdf a'4 ;DatnfO{ rngdf Nofpg] ;kgf ;fsf/ xf]nf eGg] s'/f t 5b} 5
pxfFsf] wd{nfO{ ;+ufNg' t k/ g} /fv}, k|rf/k|;f/df g} gcfj; eg]/ rfn]sf
sbdx? cem;Dd klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ . of] sdhf]/L g]kfnL af}4x?sf] dfq gegf},
;DalGwt af}4 ;+3 ;+:yfx? ljz]if u/]/ clzn g]kfn leIf';+3, wdf]{bo;ef, a'4
holGt ;df/f]x ;ldlt, n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if, o'jf af}4 ;d'xx? cflbsf] w]/} g}
sdhf]/L b]lvg'sf ;fy} ;fob g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg o; ljifodf ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .
19
a}zfv k"l0f{df slxn] b]lv z'? eof] <

a}zfv k"l0f{df jf a}zfv k"hf kfnL efiffsf] lj;fvk'00fdL k"hfsf]
5f]6s/L zAb xf] . slxn]sflx ljzfv k"hf eg]/ klg n]Vg] u/LG5 . of] a}zfv
k"l0{fdf ;+:s[t efiffsf] ljzfvk"0f{dL k"hfaf6 lnPsf] xf] . To;}n] a}zfv k"l0f{df
eg]/ g]kfndf eGg] u/]sf] klg ;+:s[taf6 g} pb[t ePsf] eGbf s]lx km/s kg]{
b]Vb}g .
of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ dgfpg] qmd slxn] b]lv rNb} cfPsf] eGg] k|Zgx?
p7\g ;S5g\ . eujfg a'4sf] kfnf b]lv g} of] kj{nfO{ dgfPsf] b]lvb}g t/ klg
leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/n] lbg'ePsf] :jfFofk'lGxsf] efjfy{df eGg'ePsf] 5
lz4fy{sf] hGd ;+u} slkna:t' lkmtf{ x'Fbf xif{n] k"mnsf] aiff{ ePsf] lyof] .
slknj:t' g/]; /fhf z'4f]bgsf] kl/jf/df klg w]/} aif{kl5 /fhs'df/sf] hGd ;a}
kl/jf/sf ;fy} hgtfx?sf] nflu g} xif{sf] s'/f lyof] . ;fy} af}4 ;flxTosfg';f/
lz4fy{s'df/n] af]lw1fg nfe ug'{ePsf] lbgdf b]ju0fx?af6 xif{n] k"mnsf] aiff{
ug'{ePsf] / pxfF kl/lgjf{0f x'g' ePsf] ;dodf klg b]jtfx? ;lxt dg'iox?n]
k"mnflb j:t'x?n] pxfFsf] k"hf u/]sf lyP . o;/L oL tLg} lbgx?df k"mnsf] aiff{
ePsf] b]lvG5 / Tolx lbg b]vL a'4sf] lhjgL;+u ;DaGw /fv]/ of] lbgsf]
dxTjnfO{ lnP/ dgfpg] u/]sf] pxfF leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/n] bzf{pg' ePsf] 5 .
of] hfqf jf k"mnsf] aiff{nfO{ oxfF a}zfv k"l0f{df g} dgfPsf] eGg cln
cld7f] dxz'; ePsf] b]lvG5 . Pst eujfg a'4sf] ;dodf of] pT;j ePsf
20
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
j0f{g 5}gg\ eg] csf]{ tkm{ of] lbgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ eujfgn] s]lx eGg'ePsf]
klg h:tf] b]lvb}g . pxfFsf] hGd / af]lw1fgsf] ljifodf af}4u|Gydf dxTj lbP/
k|Zt't t ePsf 5g\ t/ o;/L xiff]{Nnf;n] dgfPsf] b]lvb}g . To;eGbf kl5sf]
Oltxf;nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfPsf] 36\gfx? ;fob} kfpg ;Snf .
To;}n] of] a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfpg] k|yf sxfFb]lv rNof] eGg] k|Zg p7\g' :jefljs
s'/f] xf] .
h;/L a'4wd{sf] lasf; tyf km}nfpg] sfddf ;d|ft czf]ssf] b]g 5
To;}u/L of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ dgfpg] qmddf klg czf]ssf] lznfn]vaf6 g} of]
lbgsf] dxTjsf O{ltxf;nfO{ vf]n]sf] b]lvG5 . pxfFsf clen]vx? dWo],k rf/f}+
clen]vdf of] k"l0f{dfnfO{ a'4fg':d[ltsf] ?kdf eJotfsf ;fy dgfPsf] j0f{g
b]lvPsf] 5 . pSt clen]vsf cg';f/ pxfFn] of] k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf ljleGg ?kn]
gfgf k|bz{gx? u/]/ dgfPsf] va/ k|:t't ePsf] 5 . To; lbgdf k|bz{g u/LPsf]
;lh;hfpx?nfO{ ;a} hgtfx?n] k|;+zf u/]sf lyP . To;}u/L rLgaf6 tLy{ofqfdf
cfpg' ePsf kmflxofg tyf Jx] ;fsf] ofqf a[tfGt klg csf]{ dxTj >f]t xf]
h:n] To;a]nfsf w]/} ljj/0fx?nfO{ lhljttf lbPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L Jx] ;fsf]
a[tfGtfg';f/ /fhf czf]s kl5sf /fhfx?n] klg pxfFn] h:t} of] a}zfv k"l0f{df
x/]s aif{ rf/ kf+u|fsf] /y agfP/ To;sf] dfyL a'4sf] k|ltdf /fv]/ ;x/ kl/qmdf
u/L dgfpg] ub{y] . t/ ckm;f]hsf] s'/f of] k|yfnfO{ af}4x?n] ljleGg cfGtl;s /
jflxo sf/0fx?sf] kmntM lg/Gt/tf lbg g;s]sf] lyof] .
at{dfg a'4wd{sf] k|rf/ k|zf/sf] Oltxf;nfO{ /fd|/L cWoog ug{]{ xf] eg]
>Ln+sfsf] af}4 Oltxf;nfO{ g} cfwf/ lng'kg]{ x'G5 / at{dfg a'4wd{sf] k|rf/
21
k|zf/df klg >Ln+sfsf] w]/} g} b]g /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L of] a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfpg]
lbgsf] ljj/0f klg Jofks?kdf km}nfpg] sfo{df pxfFx?sf] b]g g} alb /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . dxfj+z / bLkj+z >Ln+sfsf] Oltxf;sf dxTjk"0f{ u|Gyx? dWo]sf k|d'v
u|Gyx? x'g\ . dxfj+zdf pNn]lvt eP cg';f/ @!)) aif{ cuf8Lsf >Ln+sfsf
/fhf b'TyufldgLn] (King Dutthagamini 101-77 BC) of] a}zfv k"l0f{df b]z e/L
g} dgfpg nufPsf lyP . dxfj+zdf elgPsf] 5 dxfj];fvk"hf r rt'jL;lt
sf/lo cyf{t /fhf b'TyufldgLn] of] a}zfvk"l0f{df @$ k6s;Dd dgfO{
;Sg'ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L pxfF kl5sf /fhfx?n] klg pxfFn] h:t} ljleGg ?kn] x/]s
aif{ dgfpg] k/Dk/fnfO{ rnfPg] u/]sf >f]tx? xfdL cuf8L of] u|Gyn] k|i6\ofPsf]
5 . /fhf b'TyufldgL kl5sf /fhf elton] (King Bhatiya) @* k6s, /fhf j;ef
(King Vasabha) n] $$ aif{;Dd ;fy} c? /fhfx?af6 klg of] lbgnfO{ dgfPsf]
laj/0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . h:t} /fhf jf]xf/lt:; (King Voharatissa 269-219
CE), /fhf uf]yfeo (King Gothabhaya 309-322 CE), /fhf h]7flt:; (King
Jetthatissa 323-333 C.E.), /fhf bnd"ung\ (King Dalamugalan 611 - 617
C.E.), /fhf ;]gf llto (King Sena II 851 -885 CE.) cflb /fhfx? 4f/f klg of]
lbgnfO{ eAo ?kn] dgfPg] u/]sf j0f{g ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] >Ln+sfnfO{ g} of]
a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfpg] b]zx? dWo]df cu|df lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 / pxfFx?af6 g} k|of]u
u/LPsf c+u|]hL zAb (Vesak) j];fv zAbnfO{ g} ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3n] k|of]u u/]sf]
b]lvG5 ;fy} of] lbgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lbgsf] ?kdf dgfpgsf] nfuL k|Ztfj k]z ug]{
k|yd b]z g} >Ln+sf lyof] .
22
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
g]kfndf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] dxTj

xfdL / xfd|f] g]kfn eujfg a'4 hGd]sf] b]z
eg]/ ue{ u5f}{ . a'4nfO{ g]kfnsf] Ps /fli6o
lje"ltsf] ?kdf ;+;f/df wf]n ahfP/ lrgfp5f}+ t/ ToxL g]kfndf pxfFsf] of]
wd{nfO{ gsf/]/ ;of}+ aif{;Dd uf8]/ /fVof] . pxfFsf] wd{nfO{ g]kfn ;dfhdf
gcfj; eg]/ cltt / jt{dfg sfndf ePsf ljleGg cg}lts sfo{x? klg ePsf]
k|;:t} 5g\ . ;+;f/af6 pxfFsf] hGdynf] eg]/ n'lDagLnfO{ h'g dfg / ;Gdfg
lbO{;s]sf 5g\ To; dfg / ;Gdfgsf] g} /fd|f] kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ xfd|f]
g]kfn ;/sf/ . ef/t ;/sf/n] a'4 ;+u ;DalGwt :yfgx?df hlt nufgL u/]/
cf\gf] ko{6g Joj;fonfO{ dfly Nofpg] k|of;sf ;fy} a'4 g} ef/tdf hGd]sf]
eGg] e|d km}nfpg] u/]sf 5g . To; g]kfndf ko{6g If]qdf s]lx xb ;Dd k|rf/df
cfPklg ;~rf/ sdL{ tyf kqsf/x?af6 o;tkm{ Tolt Wofg glbPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}n] g]kfnsf] cfugdf g} a'4nfO{ lje"tLsf ?kdf k|Zt't ug]{ k|of;x? ePklg
pxfFnfO{ ;+;f/sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ wd{x? dWo]sf ;+:yfkssf] ?kdf klg k|Zt't ug{
grfx]sf] ljifo cGt/fli6o If]q d} nfhsf] ljifo h:tf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] pxfFsf tL
cljZd/l0fo 36gfx?sf] :d/0f :j?k >4fleJoSt dgfpg] a}zfv k"l0f{df ;d|f6
czf]ssf] kfnfb]lv g]kfndf of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] k|yfnfO{ sltsf] rngdf NofPsf]
lyof] eGg] ljifodf cg';Gwfgsf] g} ljifo 5 . o;/L cfg} cfugdf ufl8P/ a:g'
k/]sf] a'4 wd{n] aL;f} ;tflKbdf a'4 wd{sf] gofF hfu/0f ;Fu} a}zfv k"l0f{dfn]
23
g]kfndf gofF df]8 lnof] . o;/L cf\g} 3/d'lg ufl8/x]sf] a'4wd{nfO{ snsQfdf
cWoogsf] nfuL hfg'ePsf wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{ Ho"n] 1924 lt/ of] a}zfv
k"l0f{dfnfO{ k'gM g]kfndf leq\ofpg] sf]lz; ug{' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] of] a}zfv
k"l0f{dfsf] dxTjsf] af/]df pxfFaf6 g} k|sfzg ug'{ePsf] k|yd a'4wd{ gfds af}4
klqsf dfk{mt k|rf/ k|;f/df Nofpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;fydf s]lx ;do kZrft
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf n'lDagLdf lx+zf aGb ug{ klg pxfF ;kmn x'g'ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] Tof] af}4 hfu/0fsf] ;fydf g]kfndf y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] k'g{?Tyfgsf
kfO{nfx? klg z'? ePsf lyP . of] k'g{?Tyfgsf kfO{nfx?nfO{ leIf' dxfk|1fn]
k|yd :yfg lng'ePsf] 5 eg] leIf' k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/ g]kfndf cfpg' eP/
wd{k|rf/ ug{df cu|df lng] u/LG5 . leIf' k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/n] leIf' dxfk|1f;+u
wd{sf s'/fx? ;'g]/ kl5 ltAatL a'4wd{df lbIff lng'ePsf lyP . kl5 ef/tdf
rf/wfd bz{gsf] nfuL leIf' dxfk|1f;+u hfg'ePsf] ;dodf adf{sf leIf' rGb|d0fL
dxf:ylj/;+3 e]6 ePkl5 km]/L y]/jfb a'4wd{df ;g\ 1930 >fd0f]/ lbIff
lng'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfndf a'4wd{ k|rf/sf] nfuL cfpg' ePsf] s]lx ;do
kl5 adf{df cWoogsf] nfuL hfg' ePsf] lyof] / ToxfF pk;Dkbf x'g' eO{ leIf'
k|1fgGb x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfF hLjge/ ;Dd leIf' hLjg latfpg' eO{ g]kfnsf]
k|yd ;+3gfos klg x'g'ePsf lyP . To;}u/L leIf' cd[tfgGbsf] b]g / k|efjsf]
;fy} c? k|yd o'usf y]/jfbL leIf'x?sf] cys k|of; / pxfFx?sf] of]ubfg :j?k
g} cfh g]kfnsf] w/f6ndf a'4wd{n] /fd|f] :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cfh
pxfFx?s} of]ubfg :j?k ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf a'4wd{df leIf' >fd0f]/ tyf
cgfufl/sfx?n] k|j|lht x'g] ;'j0f{ df}sf kfP/ wd{sf] :jfb lng ;ls/x]sf 5g\ .
24
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
g]kfnsf] a'4wd{ k'g{?Tyfgsf] bf}/fgdf a}zfv k"l0f{dfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf

v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfndf k|ydaf/ wd{flbTo
wd{frfo{ dgfpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fydf pxfFn] o:sf] dlxdfnfO{ k|sfz
kf/]sf] s]lx ;do kZrft cfw'lgs g]kfnsf k|yd leIf' dxfk|1fn] ;g\ 1928 df
ef/tsf] s'lzgu/df adf{sf leIf' rGb|d0fL dxf:ylj/ ;+u y]/jfb a'4wd{df
>fd0f]/ lbIff lng'ePsf] lyof] . >fd0f]/ lbIff lng'ePsf] s]lx ;do kl5 g]kfnsf]
ef]hk'/df leIf'sf] pkl:ytL ;lxt g]kfnsf] k|yd a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfPsf] ljj/0f
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L sf7df08f}+df :j= lrQw/ x[bosf] 3/df of] lbgnfO{ bf]>f] k6s
;kmntfsf ;fy dgfPsf lyP egL g]kfnsf] af}4 Oltxf; atfpF5 . o;}k|sf/n]
g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k'g{hfu/0f ;+u;u} of] lbg klg ;+u} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . of] lbg
g]kfndf a'4wd{ k"g{hfu/0f tyf pTyfgsf] nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ x]t' klg alg;s]sf
lyP . ;g\ 1944 df ha leIf'x?nfO{ k'gM b]zlgsfnfsf] cfb]z kZrft y]/jfbL
leIf'x?sf] Ps ;d'x u7g u/L g]kfndf a'4wd{sf] k'g{hfu/0f, pTyfg Pj+
lg:sfl;t leIf'x?nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]usf] nflu wdf]{bo ;efsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
b'O{ aif{ kl5 >Ln+sfaf6 cfPsf] d}lqd08nsf cWoIf x'g'ePsf leIf' gf/b
dxf:ylj/sf] cfu|xdf k'gM leIf'x?sf] cfudg g]kfndf z'? eof] . kmntM ;fgf]
kl/lwdf ePklg of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ dgfpg z'? ePsf lyP . Tof] aif{df
>L # df]xg zDz]/n] ;/sf/L af}4 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ d}qL dG8nsf] cg'/f]w cg';f/
of] lbgdf labfsf] 3f]if0f u/L lbPsf] lyof] .
/fHo:t/df s]lx xb ;Dd of] lbgnfO{ dgfpg] sfo{ ;g\ 1948 h"gdf z'?
ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f/f g]kfnLx?sf nflu g} Ps ;fj{hlgs /fli6o kj{sf] ?kdf
25
;g\ 1951 -la=;= @))&_ b]lv z'?jft ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo
kZrft la=;+= @))* ;fn h]i7 & ut] cfgGbs'6Ldf a}zfv k"l0f{df dgfpg ;jf/L
xf]OaS;]sf >L % lqe'jg dxf/fhflw/fhsf] cfb]zfg';f/ of] g]kfn b]ze/Lsf] nfuL
g} ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgsf] ?kdf 3f]if0f ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ;of}+ aif{b]lv cfk\mg}
3/sf] lkFh8fdf y'g]/ /fv]sf] a'4wd{n] v'Nnf cfsf;df :jtGqtfsf] :jf; km]g{
kfPsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L >L % dx]Gb|af6 la=;+= @)!@ ;fndf eujfg a'4 kl/lgjf{0f
x'g'ePsf] @%)) aif{ k"/f ePsf] cj;/df of] lbgdf b]ze/L g} lx+zfnfO{ aGb ug{
x's'd aS;]sf] lyof] . :d/0f /xf];\, n'lDagLdf dfofb]ljsf] d"lt{nfO{
?lDdgb]ljdfO{sf] gfdaf6 u/Lg] lx+zfnfO{ wd{flbTo wd{frfo{sf] k|of;af6 g]kfndf
a'4wd{n] :jtGqtf kfpg' cuf8L g} aGb ug{ ;kmn x'g' ePsf lyP . To;}n] >L %
dlxGb|sf] of] lbgdf clw/fHo e/L g} lx+zf aGbsf] 3f]if0ffaf6 a'4wd{n] vfln
/fHo:t/af6 :jtGqtf kfPsf] geO{, eujfg a'4sf] wd{x? dWo]df Ps k|d'v wd{
clx+zfsf] klg k|rf/ z'? eof] . To;} aif{df af}4efq';+3sf] rt'y{ laZj af}4
;Dd]ng leIf' cd[tfgGbsf] k|of;fg';f/ g]kfndf cfof]hg ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP .
o;/L g]kfnsf] a'4wd{ k'g{?Tyfgsf] bf}/fgdf of] a}zfv k"l0f{df klg ;+u;+u} cfPsf]
/ xfn of] /fli6o kj{sf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf ;fy} lx+zfsf] klg /f]s ePsf] 5
. of] lbgdf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx? a8f] xiff{]Nnf;n] dgfpg] u/LG5 . s]lx :yfgdf /fhf
czf]ssf] ;dodf em} /ydf eujfg a'4sf] d'lt{ :yfkgf u/L afhf ufhfsf ;fy
w]/} g/gf/Lx?sf ;fydf laleGg zflGtsf gf/f ;lxt ;To wd{sf] k|rf/, a'4wd{
1fgsf gf/fx?sf ;fy gu/ jf ufpFsf] kl/qmdf u/L dgfpg] rng 5 . o;/L
26
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
eJo ?kdf dgfpg] qmddf 1fgdfnf ehgn] ;'gdf ;'uGw eg] em} dgf]/Ghgsf
;fydf wd{sf ;Gb]zx?nfO{ klg x|bo;Dd k'of{pg ;kmn ePsf] / 1fgsf lutx?
Uffpb} ;f/f b]ze/L g} dgfpg] ul/G5 .
o;/L wd{flbTo wdf{rfo{sf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmddf y]/jflb
leIf'x?sf] cys k|of; / of]ubfg :j?k of] a'4wd{n] /fi6JofkL g} :jtGq
kfpg'sf ;fy} ljz]ift a}zfv k"l0f{dfn] clw/fHo e/L g} Jofks?kdf af}4x?sf]
dfq geO{ ;f/f hgtfsf] g} Ps /fli6o ;fd"lxs wfld{s pT;jsf] ?kdf ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . /fli6o :t/df g} o; a'4 k"l0f{dfnfO{ ;kmntf k"j{s dgfpgsf] nflu
a'4 holGt ;df/f]x ;ldlt klg :yfkgf u/L;s]sf] / x/]s jif{ o;} ;ldltaf6
ljleGg ;x/ / ufpFmdf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfo{Gjog ug'{sf ;fy} leIf'x?nfO{ klg
lgdGq0f u/]/ wd{k|rf/fy{ k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L Psdf csf]{ ub}{ a}zfv
k"l0f{dfn] /fHo:t/af6 kfPsf] :jtGqtf g} a'4wd{sf] ljsf;df / k|rf/ k|zf/df
tyf cf\g} 3/sf] cfugdf p7g] 7fp kfpg ;kmnsf ;fy} af}4wd{sf ;+:yfks Pj+
g]kfnsf ;"k'q uf}td a'4sf] wd{nfO{ g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] ;fd' Nofpg of] a}zfv
k"l0f{dfn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 .
cjzf]ifsf] Pp6f s'/f 5, cfhef]ln a'4wd{ k|rf/sf] gfddf wd{ /
;+3nfO{ cf\gf] ef}lts a:t'sf] cfo:y a9fpgdf k|of]u ug]{ k|of; ePsf] Pj+ pSt
laifodf u'gf;f] / lgGbfx? klg w]/} gePsf xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] pk/f]St ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx? tyf JolStx?n] cem ;ts{tfsf ;fy sfd u/L wd{sf]
k|rf/df nfUg ;s]df cem ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g] b]lvG5 . ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] a'4 :jo+
klg eGg'x'G5 t[i0ffsf] s'g} l;df x'b}g . Tolx t[i0ffs} sf/0f cs'zn sd{ :j?k
27
ef}lts a:t'sf] ;~roaf6 o; nf]sdf / k/nf]sdf ;d]t ;'vbfoL gx'g] 5 .

kmnt eo, cGt/fo ;lxt lgGbf / cfnf]rgfsf kfq dfq aGg' afx]s s'zn sd{sf]
;~ro gb]lvg] b]lvG5 . t/ h]xf];\, sd{ / sd{kmnnfO{ clns ljrf/ u/]/ sfo{
ug{ ;s]sf] v08df cem nfebfos :jo+nfO{ klg x'g] / ax'hg lxtfo / ;'vfo
eg]em} a'4 holGtsf] k|rf/ :j?k a'4wd{sf 1fgnfO{ cWoog Pj+ cEof; ug]{
df}sf ;f/f g]kfnL g} kfpg] 5 . clgdfq a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] ;f/ km}lng] b]lvG5 /
;f/f g]kfnLsf] nflu g} Ps uf}/jdo k"l0f{dfsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 .
;+o'Qm/fi6;+34f/f ljZjlbj;sf] 3f]if0f

a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg g]kfnL / af}4xx?sf] nfuL dfq uf}/asf] laifo geO{
cfh cfP/ ;+;f/sf] nfuL g} uf}/asf] laifo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cfh ;+;f/ laleGg
k|sf/sf eo qf; em}-emu8f cfbL s'/fx?n] ;tfO{ /x]sf] 5 . slx wd{sf] gfddf
n8fO{x? eO/fv]sf 5g\ t slx gfd / sfdsf] laifonfO{ lnP/ t slx+ u[xo'4af6
. ;+;f/ e/L g} czflGtsf] ljulauL eO{/x]sf] 5 . cfhef]nL htftt} zflGtsf
s'/fx? rln/fv]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts If]qaf6 zflGtnfO{ kfpg] cfzfx? lg/fzfdf
kl/0ft eO{;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] wfld{s If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
To;}qmddf a'4wd{nfO{ g} zflGtsf] dfu{bz{ssf] ?kdf lng yfn]sf pbfx/0fx?
xfd|f] cuf8L k|z:t 5g\ . o;}nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ af}4 b]zx? 4f/f /fv]sf]
k|ZtfjnfO{ ;+o'Qm/fi6;+3sf] d'Vo sfof{no Go'of]s{df !% l8;]Da/ !((( sf lbg
28
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
ePsf] ;fwf/0f a}7sn] of] a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgnfO{ ;+;f/sf] ;j{hlgs lbg tyf
ljZjsf] ;a} ;+o'Qm/fi6 ;3sf zfvf sfof{nox?df dgfpgsf] nfuL 3f]if0ff
u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}n] of] lbg cfhef]ln ljZjlbj;sf] ?kdf ;+;f/e/L g} Ps
dxTjk"0f{ lbgsf] ?kdf dgfpg] u/LG5 . x/]s aif{df ljleGg b]zn] k|ltlglwTj
lnP/ d'Vo sfo{fnodf of] lbgsf] tof/Lsf nfuL hfg] ub{5g\ / eAotfsf ;fy
dgfpg] u/LG5 . ;g\ @))) / @))! df >Ln+sf ;/sf/sf] ;xof]un] >Ln+sfsf
af}4x?n] k|ydjf/ / bf]>f]jf/ ;+oQm/fi6 ;+3sf] d'Vo sfof{no Go"of]s{df eJo?kn]
dgfpg ;kmn eof] . To;kl5 @))@ df adf{ ;/sf/sf] ;xof]uaf6 ;+o'St/fi6
;+3sf] d'Vo sfo{nodf dgfPsf lyP . @))# df xfd|f] l5d]ls b]z ef/t ;/sf/n]
of] sfo{qmdsf] nfuL ;xof]u lbPsf] lyof] / ToxfFsf af}4x?n] cfk\mgf] b]zsf]
lje"ltsf] ?kdf k|Zt't u/L dgfPsf lyP . ut b'O{aif{;Dd @))$, % / ^ df
yfO{n}08 ;/sf/ / yfO{ af}4x?af6 ;+o'St/fi6 ;+3 d'Vosfo{fnodf dgfPsf lyP .
yfO{n}08 ;/sf/n] yfO{ af}4x?sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+o'Qm/fi6 ;+3sf] d'Vosfo{fno
Go"of]s{df dfq dgfPsf] geO{ cfk\mgf] b]zdf klg ;ftlbg;Dd 7"nf] w"dwfdn]
dgfPsf] lyof] . ;fydf ;g\ @))%, ^ / & yfO{;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ljleGg
b]zx?af6 af}4 k|ltlglwx?nfO{ lgdGq0f u/]/ af}4 ultljwL tyf eljiosf] nfuL
k"jf{wf/ ;DalGw klg 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] .
l5d]sL b]z ef/t hxfF lxGb'wd{sf] afx'Notf ePsf] b]z ePklg cfk\mgf]
b]zsf] ko{tsLo ljsf;sf] lgx'df xf];\ jf wfld{s?kn] >4faf6 g} lsg gxf];\,
ef/t ;/sf/ of] lbgnfO{ dgfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} a'4 ;+u ;DalGwt If]q
29
tyf :yfgx?df klg cfjZos ljsf;sf sfo{ of]hgfx?nfO{ cuf8L a9fPsf] xfdL
kfpF5f} . To;} u/L ;g\ @))* df leotgfd ;/sf/af6 of] lbg cGt/fli6o ?kdf
dgfpg] 3f]if0ff eP cg';f/ ;kmn k"j{s dgfPsf] lyof] . ;fy} ;g\ @))( / @)!)
df k"gMyfO{ ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg / ;xof]u ;lxt dxfr'nfn+sf/ af}4 ljZjljBfno
ljZj el/sf af}4 ljWjfgx?sf] ;lDdlnt ;lxt ;kmntf k"j{s dgfpg ;kmn eof]
.
xfd|f] b]z g]kfn hxfF af}4 wd{df ;+:yfks lz4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd ePsf]
lyof], ToxL b]zn] cfh;Dd of] lbgnfO{ af}4x?n] afx]s ;/sf/n] cfjZos ljrf/
u/]sf] jf k'of{Psf] b]lvb}g . g]kfndf of] lbgnfO{ af}4wd{x?sf] afWotfsf] sf/0fn]
xf];\ jf c? s'g} sf/0faf6 xf]z s]lx :t/df ePklg dgfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fob
af}4x?sf] g} sdhf]/L xf] jf ;/sf/df c? wd{sf] afx'Notf ePsf] sf/0f o;
ljifodf zfGt ePsf] xf], o; ljifodf af}4x? tyf ;/sf/n] Wofg k'of{pg' h?/L
b]lvG5 . a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ h;/L c? b]zx?n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf dgfpg ;kmn
ePsf 5g To;/L g} g]kfnsf] slxn] s'g aif{ x'g] xf] eGg] cfzf / e/f];fdf g}
af}4x? a:g afWo 5g\ . t/ h]xf];\ rfx] afWotfaf6 g} lsg gxf]; cfhef]ln
;/sf/af6 klg s]lx xb;Dd ;dy{gsf sbdx? rfn]sf] b]lvG5 . of] lbgdf ;f/f
g]kfnL af}4x?n] klg ljleGg ?kdf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ / tL
sfo{x?df afwf galglbg' g} Ps pQdsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . x'gtM cfk\mg} b]zsf]
;'k'qsf] gfd ;+;f/df rln/fv]sf] ;dodf cGt//fli6o If]q;Dd klg xft /fv]/
dgfpg' kg]{ xf] t/ ljleGg sf/0fj;\ x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . vfnL eljiodf ;/sf/L
30
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
If]qaf6 klg a'4wd{sf] nfuL s]lx sbd rnfpnf sL < unf{g sL xf]nf sL eGg]
cfzfsf ;fy b'j{n c;xfo g]kfnL af}4x?n] of] af}4 wd{sf] /ynfO{ lvRb}5g\ /
9s]Nb}5g\ cfk\mg} 3/sf] Tof] cfugdf . cfzf 5 lbof]d"lg klg l566} g} cWof/f]
x6]/ pHofnf] 5fpg ;sf]; . h;/L Tof] lbof] sf] Hof]ltn] ;f/f ljZjnfO{ pHofnf]
lbgdf ;kmn 5g To;/L g} cfugdf klg pHofnf] 5fpg .
af]lw;Tjue{ k|j]zsf] :jKgdf dfofb]jL
31
32
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
af]lw;Tjsf] hGd
(Birth)
cfgGb Psnf]s wft'df b'O{ a'4 x'g ;Sb}g ===c;Dej 5 ===
Pp6f nf]s wft'df Pp6} dfq a'4 x'g ;Sb5 . -:yfg h]tjgljxf/_
-kfnL ax'wft's;'q pkl/=d= !$!&!@$%_
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbgdf ;a} af}4x?n] a8f] xiff]{Nnf;n] cfld; k"hf jf
laleGg k|sf/sf w"k kmnkm"n g}j]B cflb r9fP/ dgfpg] ub{5g\ / kl6klQ k"hf
jf pxfF 4f/f b]lzt dfu{df nfu]/ pxfFsf] u'0fx?nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ k"hf ug]{ ub{5g\
dgfpg] u/LG5 . of] lbg;+u ;DalGwt cljZd/0fLo tLg lbgx? pxfF /fhs'df/
lz4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd, ;Daf]wL nfe kZrft a'4 x'g'ePsf] / dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'
ePsf] laifodf 5f]6f] j0f{g k|:t't ub{}5' .
cfheGbf sl/a 5lAj; ;o jif{ cufl8 cyf{t\ a'4 ;Dat *) jif{ k"j{
(623 B.C.) jt{dfg g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"efu n'lDagL c~rn cGtu{t n'lDagL jgdf
af]lw;Tj l;4fy{ /fhs'df/ -a'4 x'g]_ sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . of] If]qdf zfSo
j+zLo /fhfsf] /fHo ePsf] s'/f P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs k|df0fx?f/f klg l;4
ePsf] 5 . ;d|ft czf]sf/f /flvPsf] a|fDxL lnkL af}4lznf clen]vf/f k"0f{?kn]
g} k|:Tofp5 . pSt clen]vdf zfSod"lg uf}td a'4sf] hGd o;} :yfgdf ePsf]
xf] egL c+lst ePsf] 5 .
33
cfheGbf 623 B.C. cl3 zfSoj+zLo /fhf z'4f]bg dxf/fhfn] slknj:t'

gu/df /fHo ub{y] . pxfFsf dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jLn] w]/} jif{ kZrft ue{ wf/0f
ul/g\ . elgG5 ls Ps /ft dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jLn] ;kgfdf Pp6f ;]6f] xfQL
pxfFnfO{ k|blIf0f u/L pxfsf] ue{df k|j]z uof] . pQm ;]tf] xfQL t'lift b]jejgdf
a:g'x'g] ;Daf]wL nfe ug{ tTk/ ;do / ljkZogfn] ljz'4 eO;Sg' ePsf
Zj]ts]t' gfdsf] b]jk'qn] z'4 x'g Ro'lt x'g' eO{ o; dg'ionf]sdf cfpg' ePsf] xf]
. zLn ;bfrf/ Jojxf/n] k"0f{ dfofb]jLsf] sf]vdf Zj]ts]t' af]lw;Tj !) dlxgf
k"/f dfofb]jLsf] sf]vdf a:g' eof] . ue{ b;f}+ dlxgf ePkl5 dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jL
z'4f]bg dxf/fh;+u k"/fgf] /Llt l/jfh cg'?k af]lw;Tj hGdsf] nflu dfOtL3/
b]jbx gu/ hfg] cg'dtL dflug . jiff{}kl5 lktf x'g kfpg] v';Ln] k|km'lNnt ePsf
dxf/fh z'4f]bgn] dxfdfofb]jLnfO{ dfOtL3/ hfg] t'/Gt} cg'dtL lbg' eof] .
b]jbx gu/ ;jf/Lsf] nflu eJo tof/ ul/of] . dxf/fgL dfofb]jL
;'rfl/sfx? / cdfTox?sf] 7"nf] kmf}+h ;lxt b]jbx gu/ tkm{ k|:yfg uof{] .
slknj:t' / b]jbx gu/sf] aLrdf Pp6f jg -pBfg_ lyof] Tof] xf] n'lDagL jg .
nlntlj:t/sf JofVofg cg';f/ n'lDagL jg Ps x/fe/f, /+uLlj/+uL km"nx?n]
el/Psf] / ljleGg r/fr'?Lx?sf] :j/n] u'l~h/x]sf]/el/Psf] Ps /dfOnf] au}rf pBfg_ xf] . of] slknj:t' / b]jbxjf;Lsf] ;femf au}+rfsf] ?kdf klg j0f{g ePsf]
kfpF5f} . b'a} gu/sf hgtfx? o; au}+rfdf cfO{ cf/fd lng cfpg] ub{y] .
To;}sf/0fn] dxf/fgL dfofb]jL klg pQm pBfgdf 3'Dg] /x/ u/]sf] ufyfaf6 o;/L
JofSVofg u/]sf] kfp5f} .
34
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
;f n'DagLgflDg jg] dgf]1] Wofgk|b] b]jjgfbg"g] .

jf;]R5of k|fxklt+ dgf]1] ;Tjflge+ bf]xbdfdglGt ..
cyf{t\ ljZjf; ug{ of]Uo dxf/fgL dgf]1], Wofgk|b / b]jjg em} ePsf] o;
n'lDagL jgdf 3'Dg] O{R5f -O{R5fn]_ /fhf z'4f]bgaf6 cg'dtL lng hfg' eof] .
ue{jtL dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jLsf] OR5f k"0f{ kfg{ /fhf z'4f]bgn] klg n'lDagL 3'Dg]
cg'dtL lbg' ePsf] lyP .
slkna:t'af6 b]jbx gu/ hfFbf of] jgnfO{ gfu]/ hfg' kYof{] . dxf/fgL
dfofb]jL n'lDagL cfOk'Ubf pxfFnfO{ o; n'lDagL au}+rfdf uf}r/0f ug{] OR5f
pTkGg eof] . cdfTo / /fhkl/jf/x? pxfF;+u} n'lDagL au}+rfdf pxfFsf] OR5fg'?k
au}+rf e|d0f u/] . n'lDagLsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{df dxf/fgL cfglGbt lyOg .
To;}qmddf Ps zfn a[If glhs cfO{k'Ug' eof] . ysfO{ dfg{ pQm zfnj[Ifsf]
xf+UffnfO{ ;dfTg' eof] . ToxL a]nf pxfFsf] ue{df kl/jt{g eO{ k|;jsf] a]nf ePsf]
cg'ej u/L ;'rfl/sfx?nfO{ :yfg tof/ ug{ nufP . ;'rfl/sf / cdfTox?n] klg
t'?Gt k|;jsf] nflu :yfg tof/ ul/lbof] . pxfFn] xfFuf ;dfTb} ubf{df g} pxfFn]
af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/nfO{ hGdfpg' eof] . dxfk'l/;f] kg=== lj;fv gAvQ]g hftf] r
cyf{t pxfF a}zfv gIfqsf lbgdf hGd x'g'eof] -a'4j+z, v'2slgsfo_ . To;}n]
Tof] lbgnfO{ a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ePsf] elg kfln jf+udodf k|Zt't ePsf] 5
eg] yfO{n}08sf Hof]ltifx?sf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ pxfFsf] hGd z'qmjf/sf] lbg
lbpF;f] !@ aHg cf6]sf] lyof] .
nlntlj:t/sf cg';f/ dxf/fgL dfofb]jLn] ;dfTg' ePsf] j[If KnIf jf
kfv/Lsf] xfFuf lyof] . pxfFn] Tof] j[Ifsf] xfufnfO{ ;dftL xfO{ ug'{ x'bf Zj]ts]t'
35
af]lw;Tj ue{dnn] /lxt eO{ s?jfaf6 kfgL vGofpg] h:t} u/L cfdfnfO{ s'g}
b'Mv gx'g] u/L hGdg' eof] . To;}a]nfdf ;xDklt dxfa|Dxfn] af]lw;TjnfO{
uf}/jk"j{s lbJo sfzLs a:q r9fO{ u|x0f u/L /fhdftfsf] cufl8 /fvL lbP .
af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ s]lxj]/ pleg' eof] . s;}n] pxfFnfO{ ;dft]sf] lyPg ;fy} &
kfO{nf;Dd k}bn klg hfg'eof] . pxfFsf] x/]s kfO{nfdf 7"nf 7"nf sdnsf] km"n
pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . gfu/fhfn] klg z'Id lbJo hnwf/f jiff{ u/L :gfg
u/fOlbPsf] lyof] . ;ft kfO{nf;Dd uO{;s]kl5 pxfFn] o:tf] pbfg af]Ng' ePsf]
lyof] .
cx+ nf]s] >]i7M >]i7M Ood\ d]+ klZrdf hflt,
sfl/iofld hflt h/f d/0f:ofGtd\ ..
cyf{t\ of] nf]sdf d >]i7 5' . / >]i7 x'F . of] g} d]/f] kl5Nnf] hGd xf] /
hflt h/fd/0fnfO{ cGt ug{]5' .
To;}u/L kfln jfdosf] bL3lgsfosf] dxfju{df / dlHemdlgsfosf]
pkl/k00ff;df klg o;/L k|:t't ePsf] 5 . cUuf] xdl:d nf]s:;, h]6\7f] xdl:d
nf]s:; ;]6\7f] xdl:d nf]s:; cyf{t o;nf]sdf d cu| 5', h]i7 5' / >]i7 5' .
u|Gyfg';f/ elgG5, o;/L pxfFn] of] jfSo tLg k6s ;Dd dxf];y/fhs'df/ eP/
hGdg' ePs]f ;dodf, lj;Gt/ /fhf eP/ hGdg' ePsf] ;dodf / lz4fy{
/fhs'df/ eP/ hGdg' ePsf] ;dodf pbfg ug{'ePsf] lyof] . o;/L pxfFn] pbfg
ug{'ePsf] k|d'v pb]Zo g} b]jjfbLn] k'0f{ ePsf] ;dfhdf h]i7 eg]/ ;Dk'0f{ b]j /
dg'iox?df g} h]i7 ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L xfdLx? cfk\mgf] eljionfO{ ;kfg{
36
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
;Sb5f} . To;}u/L lqlktssf] v'bSs lgsfosf] kfrf}+ k':ts ;'q lgkftsf]

gfns;'qsf] kfrf}+ ufyff/f o:tf] klg elgPs]f 5 .
;f] af]lw;Qf] /tgj/f] ct'Nof], dg':o nf]s] lxt;'vfo hftf] .
;Sofg+ ufd] hgkb] n'lDag]o], t]gDx t'6\7f cltlv sNo?kf ..
cyf{t\, ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?sf] lxt;'vsf] nflu dg'ionf]sdf zfSo hgkb -
slknj:t'gu/, n'lDagL_ df n'lDagL gfds ufpFdf pQd / ct'No dxfdfgj
af]lw;Tj -Zj]ts]t'_ sf] pTkGg -hGd_ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a} v';L / xlif{t
5f}+ . To;}u/L y]/Lufyfdf leIf'0fL dxfk|hfktL uf}tdL -l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] ;fgLcfdf_
n] ufyff/f o:tf] eGg' ePsf] 5 M
ax'g+ jt cTyfo, dfof hglo uf}td+ .
Aoflwd/0f t'Ggfg+, b'SvSvGw+ Ao'kfb'lg ..
cyf{t\, w]/}sf] s'zn -/fd|f]_ ug{sf nflu dfoff/f dxfdfofb]jLn] uf}td -a'4_ nfO{
hGd lbg'eof] . pxfFn] Aoflw / d/0fn] kLl8tx?nfO{ b'Mv si6af6 5'6\sf/f
kf/Llbg'x'g]5 .
l;4fy{ /fhs'df/ -af]lw;Tj_ sf] hGd ePsf] % lbgdf a|fx\d0fx?nfO{
/fhb/jf/df lgdGq0f lbP/ eJo?kn] bfgwd{ sfo{ u/]sf lyP . tL dWo]df ljz]if
?kn] hfGg] / a'g] * hgf a|fx\d0fx?f/f ;f] ;'sd{nfO{ l;4fy{ jf ;jf{y{l;4 elg
gfdfs/0f ;fy} /fhs'df/ l;4fy{nfO{ b'O{ s'/fdf eljiojf0fL u/]sf lyP .
s_ olb 3/df a:g'eof] eg] dxf;d|ft rqmjtL{ /fhf x'g]5 . To;sf] rqm/Tg
===cflb u/L ;ft/Tgx? pTklQ x'g]5g\ .
37
v_ 3/ -b/af/_ 5f]8L k|j|lht x'g' eof] eg] ;Dk"0f{ /fuflb Ns]znfO{ TofuL a'4 eO{
ljZje/sf k|f0fLnfO{ b'Mvaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg] wd{nfO{ l;sfpg' x'g]5 jf
ljZje/sf zf:tf x'g' x'g]5 .
pxfFsf] hGdlbgb]lv /fhb/jf/df bfgwd{, bfgk'0o u/]sf] lyof] . ;ftf}+
lbgdf pgsL /fhdftf dxf/fgL dxfdfofb]jL $% jif{sf] pd]/df k/nf]s eO{g /
qfoflq+z b]jnf]sdf b]jk'q eO{ pTkGg eP . af}4ljZjf;sf cg';f/ a'4 x'g'x'g]
af]lw;Tjsf] clGtd hGddf a'4dftf x'g'x'g] :qLsf] cfo' !) dlxgf & lbgdfq
afFsL x'g]5 / zLn / cfrf/ Jojxf/n] k"0f{ :qL x'g]l5g\ .
ljrf/l0foM
leIf' ju{
-:yfg h]tjgljxf/_
eujfg a'4sf] pTklt;+u} rf/ cfZro{x? ePsf lyP . tL x'g\ M
s_ sfd u'0fdf /dfO{/x]sfx? klg sfd u'0f b]lv 5'lg] wd{ l;sfpbf klg ;'Gg], /
/fd|/L a'g] sf]lz; ug{ cfp5g\ .
v_ ;dTjefjdf e'ln/x]sfx? klg ddTjefjnfO{ 5f]8\g] wd{ b]zgf ubf{ klg ;'Gg
/ a'g] sf]lz; ug{ cfpF5g\ .
u_ czflGtdf /dfO{/x]sf v]ln/x]sfx? klg zflGtsf] wd{ ;'gfpbf ;'Gg / /fd|/L
a'g] sf]lz; ug{ cfp5g\ .
3_ cljHhfcljwfn] el//x]sfx? klg cljwfsf] ljifodf jf ljBfsf] ljifodf
b]zgf ubf{ klg ;'Gg / /fd|/L a'g]sf] lz; ug{ cfp5g\ .
kfnL, rt'Ss c= @!!&&!@*
38
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
;Daf]lw1fg nfe
(The Elightement)
pRr cu|k'?if o; nf]sdf pTklt x'g w]/] ufxf] 5 .
Tof] pRr cu| k'?if pxfF tyfut c/xt ;Dos ;Da'4 x'g'x'G5 .
To;n] eujfg a'4sf] pTklt x'g] w]/} ufxf] 5 .
kfnL= Ps= c+ @)@(!$)
/fhs'df/ l;4fy{sf] nfngkfng dxfdfofb]jLsf] d[To' kZrft pxfFsL
alxgL dxfk|hfktL uf}tdLaf6 eof] . afns ;dob]lv g} lzIfflbIffsf] nflu
ljZjfldq gfds u'?sf] /]vb]vdf ;'?jft eof] . x'g] lj?jfsf] lrNnf] kf6 eg] em}
/fhs'df/ l;4fy{sf] 1fgsf] k|f}9tf / n]vgz}nL cflbdf rfFb} a'g'x'g] / hfGg'x'g]
nIf0fx?n] u'?nfO{ g} crlDdt kf/LlbPsf lyP . ;fg} pd]/df g} pxfFn] !*
zf:qx?df 1fg xf;Ln ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFn] u[xTofu ug'{ ePg eg] ;+;f/sf] ;d|ft x'g]5g\ elg u/LPsf]
eljiojf0fLn] ubf{ pxfFsf /fhlktfn] ;Dk'0f{ s'/fx? b/jf/ d} aGbf]a:t u/LlbPsf]
lyof] . pxfFnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;+d|ft agfpg] /fhfsf] cfzf lyof] . To;}n] pxfF /fhs'df/
lz4fy{sf] afNosfn / hjfgLsfn w]/} P]z cf/fddf laTof] . pxfF slknj:t'
/fHosf /fhbfofb / pk/fh lyP . dxfwg ;DklQ ;'rfl/s ;'rfl/sf /
cdfTox?sf] 7"nf] kl/jf/df pxfF lyP . /fhf z'4f]bgf/f pxfFnfO{ Ct' cg';f/
cf/fdsf] nflu # j6f /Dd], ;'/Dd] / z'e gfds /fhk|;fb -ejgx?_ sf] lgdf{0f
39
40
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
ul/lbPsf lyP . o;/L P]z cf/fddf ljleGg k|sf/sf lzIffbLIff / cfdf]b

k|df]bsf ;fy lktfsf] cToGt :g]xL eP/ kGw| jif{;Dd latfpg' eof] . To;}u/L
;f]x|f} jif{df k|j]z ug'{xF'bf b]jbxsf /fhf ;'k|a'4sL 5f]/L ozf]w/f jf laDaf ;+u
z'ljjfx ug'{eof] . ljjfx kZrft @( jif{sf] pd]/df Ps k'q kfpg' eof] . Tof]
k'qnfO{ /fx'n gfds/0f kl5 ljjfx jGbgdf af+lw;s]kl5 ca cfk\mgf] ;'k'q l;4fy{
/fhs'df/ b/af/ 5f]8L k|jhLt x'g] 5}g egL /fhf z'4f]bg ;Gt'i6 lyP .
cjzf];, gu/ e|d0fdf hfg'ePsf /fhs'df/n] b]Vg' ePsf] rf/
b]jb'tx?sf] sf/0f ;+;f/b]lv lj/Qm dfgL of] hGd, h/f -a'9f]_ /f]uL / d/0faf6
d'lQm kfpg] pkfosf] vf]hLdf pxfF ;w} 8'la/xg' x'GYof] . P]z cf/fd /dfO{nf]
/demd ;'Mv / zflGt Ifl0fs dfq xf] egL pxfF ;w} dgg u/L/fVg' x'GYof] .
cGtdf >d0f jf leIf'sf] zfGt?knfO{ b]vL k|j|lht eO{ ;f+;fl/s b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g]
pkfosf] vf]hL ug{] c7f]6 -clwi7fg_ ug'{ eof] . To;}n] pxfFn] k'q kfpg' ePsf]
/ft g} u[xTofu -dxflelgiqmd0f_ u/L k|j|lht x'g' ePsf] xf] .
nlntlj:t/df dxflelgiqmd0fsf] JofVofg w]/} g} crDdsf] 5 . l;4fy{
/fhs'df/ u[xTofu ug'{ cufl8 /fhf z'4f]bg;+u klg cg'dlt lng hfg' ePsf]
lyof] . t/ cg'dtL kfpg' ePg . /fhf z'4f]bgn] ;a} /fhkl/jf/nfO{ /fhs'df/nfO{
u[xTofu gu/fpg xf]zLof/ x'g] / /fte/L aQL afNg] cfb]z klg lbPsf lyP . t/
b]jtfx?n] ;a}nfO{ lgGb|fdf ;Ddf]lxt kf/] t/ 3f]8fafxs 5GbnfO{ eg] Jo"FemfPsf]
lyof] . To;} a]nf /fhs'df/ l;4fy{ u[xTofusf] nflu 5GbsnfO{ 3f]8f ldnfpg
cfb]z lb+bf 5Gbsn] u[xTofu gug'{ x'g af]lw;TjnfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ /fhs'df/
l;4fy{f/f o:tf] cf1f eof] .
41
;'v ef]u eg]sf] clgTo 5 . ;'v klg b'Mvdf kl/jt{g x'g]5 . ;'v eg]sf]
lah'nL h:t} cl:y/ x'G5 . To;sf/0f of] cl:y/ sfd/fusf] ;'vdf e'Ng'
7Ls 5}g .
o;/L 3f]8fafxs 5GbnfO{ dgfO{ af]lw1fg k|fKt geP;Dd slknj:t'
gkmls{g] clw:yfg u/L ;Dk"0f{ b]jdg'iosf] lxt ;'vsf] nflu /fhb/jf/nfO{ Tofu dxflelgiqmd0f_ ug'{eof] . ljxfgsf] ldld{/] 3fd;+u} pxfF cgf]df gbLsf] lsgf/df
;Dk"0f{ /fhj:qnfO{ TofuL k|j|lht x'g' eof] . k|j|lht kZrft af]lw1fgsf] vf]hLsf
nfuL 3f]/ tkZox? ug{ nfUg'eof] . 5 aif{;Dd ljleGg ?kn] w]/} u'?x?sf] :yfgdf
uP/ Wofg ;fwgf tyf tkZofx? l;Sg' eof] . o;/L 5 aif{;Dd c6'6 tkZofx?
ubf{ klg pxfFn] b'Mv d'lSt dfu{nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] lyPg . cGtdf o;/L
cfkm'nfO{ b'Mv lbP/ 1fg gkfpg] /x]5 elg a'em]kl5 z/L/nfO{ plrt?kdf :j:y
agfP/ 1fgsf] vf]hL ug'{ g} c;n xf], cyjf b'Zs/ rof{ u/]/ 1fg xfl;n ug{
;Sb}g eg]/ dWod dfu{nfO{ cKgfpg' eof] . z/L/nfO{ x[i6 k'i6 agfP/ dfq 1fg
nfe x'G5 b'Mv si6 lbP/ xf]Og egL b'Zs/ rof{ -rlqmo_ nfO{ 5f]8L cfxf/
kl/ef]u -leIff6g_ ug'{ eof] .
of] cWoogdfu{ jf dlHemdf kltk|bfsf] j0f{g pxfF a'4 eO{;Sg' ePkl5
;f/gfysf] Clifk6g d[ubfojgdf k~rjuL{o leIf'nfO{ pkb]z lbg'ePsf] k|yd
pkb]z wd{rqmk|jt{g z'qdf k|i6?kn] eGg' ePsf] 5 .
] d] leSvj] cGtf kAalh6]g g ;]ljtAaf of] rfo+ sfd];'
sfd;'vflNnsfg'of]uf] xLgf] wDdf] kf]y'Hhltsf]===,
cgQlsndyfg'of]uf] b'Svf] cgl/of] cgTy ;+lxtf] .
42
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
cyf{t\, leIf'x? of] b'O{ j6f cGtnfO{ -af6f]_ k|j|lhtx?n] ;]jg -cg'nDag_ ug'{
plrt x'+b}g .
!= sfd];'sfd;'vlNnsfg' of]u jf sfdef]u ;]jg u/L ;'v ef]Ug' leIf' -k|jlht_
x?sf] nflu xLg -g/fd|f]_ u|fDo k|yshgx?sf] wd{ cgfo{ cgy{sf] 5 . of]
jL0ffsf] v's'nf] tf/ em}+ xf] h;sf] :j/ g} 5}g To:t} k|j|lhtx?n] 1fg
xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g .
@= cQlsndyfg'of]u jf b'Zs/ rof{ ug'{ jf cgy{sf] cfTdkL8f lbP/ z/L/nfO{
b'Mv si6 lbO{ cgy{sf] b'Mv ef]Ug' 1fg xfl;nsf] af6f] xf]Og . of] jL0ffsf]
tGs]sf] tf/ em} xf] s'g} lrhsf] 5'jfO{af6 g} t'ltG5 .
;fy}, To;}u/L 1fg xflzn ug{sf] nfuL cKgfpg' kg]{ dfu{sf] ljifodf
pxfFn] cKgfpg' ePsf] dWoddfu{nfO{ klg o;/L k|:t't ePsf] kfpF5f}+ .
Pt] t] leSvj] pef] cGt] cg'kuDd dlHemdf kltkbf tyfut]g cle;Da'4f
rSv' s/0fL cf0f s/0fL=== ;+jQlt .
cyf{t\, x] leIf'x? oL b'O{ af6f]nfO{ cGt;Dd cg'udg gu/L tyfutn] dWod
k|ltkbf dfu{nfO{ a'lemlng'eof] . wd{sf] cfFvf vf]Nof], k|1f pTkGg eof], of] g} 1fg
k|flKtsf] af6f] / lgjf{0f kbsf] nflu pRrtd dfu{ g} dlHemd dfu{ xf] .
o;/L kfr juL{o leIf'x?nfO{ b'O{ clt dfu{x?nfO{ 5f]8L;s] kl5 pxfn] 1fg
k|fKt ug{'ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof] . tyfutn] oxL wd{ -
43
dlHemdfk|ltkbf_ df k"0f{ eO{ cg'Q/;Ddf;Daf]wL 1fg k|fKt u/L lgjf{0f nfe ug'{
ePsf] xf] .
of] dlHemdk|ltkbf eg]sf] s] xf] < of] cfo{ ci7fls dfu{ xf] . o;/L
dWoddfu{nfO{ wd{rqmk|jt{g ;'qdf k|ZTofPsf] xfdL kfpg ;S5f} . kfFr juL{o

leIf'x?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ pxfF eGg'x'G5 M
stdf r ;f leSvj] dlHemdf kl6kbf tyfut]g cle;Da'4f rSv's/0fL

`f0fs/0fL pk;dfo === lgAafgfo ;+jQlt < cod]j cl/of] clsf]
dUuf] . ;oyLb+ < ;Ddflbl ;Ddf;Kkf] ;Ddfjfrf ;DdfsDdGtf]
;DdfcfhLjf] ;Ddfjfofdf] ;Ddf;lt ;Ddf;dflw .
cyf{t leIf'x? of] dlHemdf k|ltkbf eg]sf] s] xf] < of] dlHemdf k|ltkbfnfO{
cfo{ci7fls dfu{ elgG5 . of] cfo{ci7fls dfu{ eg]sf] ;Do]s b[li6,
;Do]s ;+sNk, ;Do]s jrg, ;Do]s sd{, ;Do]s Aoj;fo, ;Do]s Jofofd,
;Do]s :d[lt / ;Do]s ;dflw xf] .
af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ l;4fy{n] k|alht kZrft ljleGg ?kdf ^ jif{;Dd
b'Zs/rof{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . 5}7f}+ jif{sf] cGTolitdf g}/~hgf glb glhs af]wL
j[If d'lg a:g'eO{ lrQ z'l4 ub{} x'g'x'GYof] . Pslbg rGb|df; cg';f/ a}zfv
k"l0f{dfsf] ljxfg kv lz4fy{ uf}tdnfO{ ;'hftf gfpFsL Ps u[xktLsf 5f]/Lsf]
;'gsf] yfndf -kfq_ vL/ -dw' kfof;_ bfg k|fKt eof] . ;'hftfn] ljjfx kZrft
44
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
?Sv b]jtf -?kdf a:g'x'g] b]j_ ;+u klxnf] ue{df g} k'q -5f]/f_ kfpF egL
efsn u/L /fv]sf] OR5f k"0f{ ePsf] ;'cj;/df efsncg';f/ vL/ bfglbg
cfpFbf l;4fy{ /fhs'df/sf] z/L/af6 lgSn]sf] Hof]ltn] j[If b]jtf yfg]sL lyO{g .
To;}]sf] v';Ldf pxfFnfO{ Tof] vL/ bfg lbO{g / k|fy{gf u/Lg M h;/L d]/f] OR5f
k"0f{ eof] To;/L g} xh'/sf] klg k"0f{ xf];\ . olt egL pgL 3/ kmls{g .
;'hftf pkfl;sfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] vL/ k|fKt af]lw;Tj lz4fy{n] cfk\mgf]
cf;gaf6 p7L g}/~hgf gbL lsgf/df hfg' eO{ vL/nfO{ Psflt/ /fvL gbLdf
g'xfpg' eof] . g'xfO{ w'jfO{ ;s]kl5 vL/ nuL klxn] s} cf;gdf a;L Tof] kf]ifs
vL/nfO{ ef]hg ug'{ eof] . ef]hg kZrft k'gM glb lsgf/df hfg' eof] / o;/L
clw:yfg ug'{eof] .
olb d}n] af]lw1fg nfe ug{]5 eg] of] vL/sf] yfn g}/~hgf gbLsf]
pN6f] lbzf -dfly_ hfg]5 . olb nfe x'g]5}g eg] aufP/ nuf];\ .
To;kl5 Tof] yfnnfO{ glbdf t}/fO{ lbg'eof] . Tof] yfn ;fRr} glbsf] pN6f]
au]/ uof] / 8'Aof] . elgG5, Tof] yfn 8'a]/ sfn gfds gfu/fhfsf] b/jf/df
ePsf] klxn]sf a'4x?sf kfq -yfn_ ;+u} /xg uof] . t/ of] 36gfnfO{ cem
nDAofO{Psf] 5 . Tof] vL/sf] yfnnfO{ ;fu/ gfdsf] gfu/fhfn] nuL cfk\mgf]
b/jf/df k"hf u/L /fv]sf] lyof] . of] s'/f OGb|n] rfn kfO{ u?8sf] ?k wf/0ff u/L
;fu/ gfusf] b/af/df Tof] yfn -kfq_ n'6\g uof] t/ n'6\g c;dy{ ePkl5 xft
hf]8L dfUbf gfu/fhfn] Tof] kfq OGb|nfO{ lbO{ k7fPsf] lyof] . OGb| klg kfq k|fKt
kZrft v';L eO{ :ju{df nu]/ kfq dxf]T;j dgfPsf] lyof] .
45
pQd cfxf/ ef]hg kZrft yfn -kfq_ nfO{ g}/~hgf glbdf aufO{
af]lwj[If d"lgsf] af]lwd08nlt/ k|:yfg ug'{eof] . nlntlj:t/sf cg';f/ g}/~hgf
glb lsgf/ b]lv af]lwd08n;Dd k|:yfg ug'{ x'Fbf ljleGg b]jb]jLx?n] af6f] /
k|s[ltnfO{ cCt'df ePklg kl/jt{g u/L x/fe/f agfO{ cfslif{t kf/]sf lyP .
jzjlt{ dxfa|Dxfn] klg ;Dk"0f{ a|Dxfx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff u/L o:tf] cf1f eof] .
cfh af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ l;4fy{n] a'4Tj nfe af]lwd08ndf hfFb} x'g'x'G5
. jxfFnfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ xfdL kl5 kg{' plrt x'g]5}g .
clg ;a} dxfa|Dxfx?n] klg af]lwd08n jl/kl/ s'g} ljWg jfwf gxf];,
hdLgx? ;Dd xf]pg egL b[9 clwi7fg u/]sf lyP .
af]lw;Tj l;4fy{ /fhs'df/ zfnjgdf s]xLj]/ cf/fd ug'{ eof] . ;fFemkv
;f]lTyo a|fx\d0fn] lbPsf] cf7d"l7 3fF;nfO{ lng'eO{ af]lwa[If d'lg af]lwd08ndf
ljR5fO{ clwi7fg u/L a:g' eof] . nlntlj:t/ u|Gydf pxfFn] o;/L clwi7fg
ug'{ePsf] egL JofSVofg u/]sf] 5 .
Oxf;g] z'iot' d] z/L/d\,
Tjul:ydf+;+ k|no+ roft' .
ck|fKo af]lw+ ax'sNkb'n{ef
g}jf;gfTsfo dtZrlniot] ..
cyf{t\,
of] cf;gdf a:bf a:b} d]/f] z/L/ ;'s]/ hfj; 5fnf, xf8, df;' un]/
hfj;\ t/ k/d b'n{e ;Dos ;Daf]lw 1fg nfe geP;Dd of] cf;gaf6 d p7\g]
5}g .
o;/L af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ b[9 clw:yfgsf ;fy af]lw+d08ndf a:g'eO{
af]lwnfesf] nfuL tof/ x'g' eof] . of] cj:yfnfO{ sfdwft'sf b]jk'qdf/n] yfxf
46
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
kfP . cfk\mgf] zlSt a'4sf] cufl8 lgis[o x'g]5 egL ;DemL af]lw;Tjsf] Wofg e+u
ug{] jf ;Daf]lw1fg nfeaf6 alGrt kfg{] lgZro u/] . cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/L ;lxt
ljzfn ;}Gox?sf] ;fydf lu/Ld]un gfdsf] xfQLdf r9L xhf/ xftdf ljleGg
k|sf/sf z:q c:q af]sL af]lwj[If glhs cfP . To;a]nf l;4fy{ uf}tdn] af]lw1fg
k|fKt ug{]5 egL x]g{ / clejfb ug{ cfO{/xg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ b]jb]jLx? rf/}lbzfdf
knfog eP/ uP . l;4fy{ uf}td PSn} dfq afFsL lyP .
b]jk'q df/n] cfkm";+u ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ ann] l;4fy{nfO{ 8/fO{, eo b]vfO{
af]lwd08naf6 p7fpg ljleGg sf]zL; uof{] . h:t} M a8f] hf]/n] x'8Latf;
rnfof], dg;'gL jiff{ u/], 9'+ufsf] jiff{ u/], cGwsf/ kf/], x]bf{ g} 8/nfUbf] ?kx?
lgsfn] cGtdf p;+usf ljz]if zi6x?sf] klg k|of]u u/]sf lyP . nlntlj:tf/df
df/sf] cfqmd0faf/] w]/} g} cn+sf/ ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] kfpF5f} . elgG5, b]jk'q
gd'lrdf/sf] xhf/j6f 5f]/fx? lyP . tLdWo]df sf]xL l;4fy{sf] kIfdf klg lyP .
l;4fy{sf] ljkIfL 5f]/fx? pQ]lht eO{ t'?Gt} ;]gf lnO{ o'4 ug{ lg:s] . t/ a'4n]
xfO{ u/L d'v cln afFpbf klg cfkm"nfO{ g} lgNg nfu]sf] cg'ej u/L 8/fO{ tL
;]gfx? kms{] eg] g8/fpg] ;]gfx?n] xftxltof/ lz4fy{ dfly k|xf/ u/] t/ cfsfz
d} km"nsf] ?kdf s+b'jf em} eP/ /x] . cem elgG5 ls l;4fy{n] bfFof xftn] lz/df
lj:tf/} d';fg'{ x'Fbf v8\u lng nfu]sf] yfgL ;a} df/ ;]gfx? efu]sf lyP . ;fydf
df/ ;]gfx?n] clUg jiff{ u/], w'nf] jiff{ u/], x'/Latf; rnfO{ cg]s b'Mv si6 lb+bf
klg af]lw;Tj cf;gaf6 st} ljrlnt x'g' ePg . cGtdf df/n] lz4fy{nfO{ lgjf{0f
k|fKt u/]/ s]xL 5}g, rqmjtL{ dxf/fhf eP/ ;'v ef]u ug'{xf];\ egL eGbf
af]lw;Tjn] df/nfO{ lg/nun o1 -;'v ;onsf] dxfo1 <_ sf] af/]df atfpg'
47
ePsf] lyof] . t/ df/n] kTofPg / To; o1sf] ;fIfL sf] 5 egL ;f]4f af]lw;Tjn]
d]/f] o1sf] ;fIfL oxL k[YjLdftf xf] egL k[YjLnfO{ 5'g' eof] . pTgL v]/} k[YjL b]j
klg k|s6 eO{ af]lw;Tjsf] o1sf] ;fIfL eO{ cGt/Wofg eO{g . clg nfhn]
gtd:t eO{ b'MvL eO{ df/ 3/ kms{] . ;fy} tLg 5f]/L t0xf c/tL / /uf cfP/
df/nfO{ xfdL uP/ af]lw;TjnfO{ t[i0ffsf] hfndf km;fP/ e+u ug{]5' egL
df/k'qLx?n] cg]sf} /tL, /fu d~rg u/]/ a'4nfO{ e8\sfpg] sf]lz; u/] . t/
c;kmn eP . To;}a]nf a'4n] cfFvf p3f/L o:tf] eGg' eof] .
o:; lht+ gf jf hLolt
t+ a'4dgGt uf]r/+
lhtd:; gf] olt sf]lr nf]s]

ckb+ s]g kb]g g]:;y <
cyf{t\
h;sf] ljhonfO{ km]l/ k/fho ug{ ;lsGg, h;sf] Ifo eO{;s]sf] /fu,
4]if, df]x km]l/ pTkGg x'g] 5}g, To:tf cgGt uf]r/ ePsf cyf{t\ ;a} hflg;Sg'
ePsfnfO{ s'g kydf nfg vf]lh/x]sf] 5f} <
To;}u/L csf{] ufyfdf,
o:; hflngf] lj;lQsf t0xf glTy s'lxl~r gtj]
t+ a'4 dgGt uf]r/+
ckb+ s]g kb]g g]:;y+ <
cyf{t\
h;sf] km}n]/ hfg] hfn 5}g, h;nfO{ ljif?lk t[i0ffn] of] nf]sdf slx+
nfg} ;ls+b}g, To:tf cgGt uf]r/ ePsf kyljlxg ePsfnfO{ s'g kyaf6 lnP/
hfg vf]Hb}5f} < egL df/k'qLx?nfO{ s] sf] cfzfdf cfPsf], ;Dk"0f{ /fu ]if
48
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
df]xnfO{ e+u eO;s]sf tyfutnfO{ a;df lng ltdLx? ;Sb}g, ltdLx? kms{]/
hfpF egL xKsfP/ k7fP . -wd{sLlt{ klqsf !(!@_
o;/L af]lw;Tj cgf;Qm ePsf]n] ;'g]/ pgLx? cfk\mgf] afa'sxfF kms{]/
o:tf] ljlGt u/] xfdLn] af]lw;Tj;+u dw'/ jrgn] af]n]sf] ePtfklg xfdLk|lt
cf;St x'g'ePg To;sf/0f cjZo klg jxfn] ;j{1 af]lw1fg nfe ug'{ x'G5 eg]sf]
s'/f nlntlj:t/df j0f{g ePsf] 5 .
b]jk'Qdf/ ljleGg ?kdf af]lw;TjnfO{ t;f{pg vf]lh/x]sf] a]nf Pstk{m
b]jtfx? af]lw;Tjsf] /Iffy{ klg k|s6 ePsf lyP . s'g} b]jtfx?n] df/ ;]gfsf]
zlQmnfO{ lgd"{n kfg{] sf]lz; ul//x]sf lyP eg] df/ /fhf cfk\mgf ;]gfnfO{
pQ]lht ul//x]sf lyP . t/ af]lw;Tj w}o{k"j{s af]lwd08ndf Psfu| eO{ al;/xg'
eof] . ;fy} x/]s k"j{hGddf ul/cfPsf] bz kf/dL, bz pkkf/dL / bz
k/dTykf/dLsf] k"0osfo{nfO{ dgg ub{} df/ ;}Gosf] annfO{ ljho k|fKt ug'{ eof] .
bfg+ ;Ln+ r g]SvDd+, k~`fjL/o]g k~rd+ vlGt ;Rrdlwfg+, d]t'k]SvlGtdf
b;f+lt cflb h:t} M bfg, zLn g}Zqmdsf] kf/ldtfn] sfd/funfO{ lhTg' eof] k|jlht_, k|1f jLo{, vlGt -IfflGt_ ;Rr clwi7fgsf] kf/ldtfn] dgnfO{ slQ klg
ljrlnt gkf/L a:g'eof] . d]Qf, s?0ff, pk]Svfn] kl/k"0f{ eO{ ;x]/ Psfu| zfGt
?kdf a:g'eof] ..
cGtdf b]jtfx?n] df/nfO{ o;/L ufyff/f eGof] egL nlntlj:t/
atfp5 M
eo+ r b'v+ Jo;g+ r b}Go+
lwSsf/ zAb+ jwaGwg+ r
bf]iffgg]sfg\ net] x\oljfg\
lj/fk/fw]ijlk /fWot] oM ..
49
cyf{t\,
lg/k/fw JolQmnfO{ eo pTkGg ul/lbg', si6df kfl/lbg', lwSsf/ eg]/
lgGbf ug'{, dfg'{, s'6\g', afFWg' cflb ug{] k'bunnfO{ -JolQm_ cfkm}nfO{ pQm b'Mv si6
cfO{nfUg]5 . o;/L df/nfO{ xKsfO{ af]lw;TjnfO{ k|z+;f u/] . To;kl5 ToxfF
pkl:yt 5QL;sf]6L jf cgGt b]jtfx?n] hut lxtsf nflu l;4fy{ af]lw/fhs'df/
a'4 aGg ;s'g egL clwi7fg u/] . df/ klg xf/dfgL kms{] .
o;/L af]lw;Tjn] df/nfO{ ljho u/]kl5 b[wtfk"j{s dgnfO{ Pslrt kf/L
Wofg ;fwgf ug'{ eof] . ;fy} qmdzM /fun] /lxt k|yd Wofg, ljts{ ljrf/n] /lxt
ltLo Wofg, pk]Iffn] o'Qm t[tL{o Wofg, pk]Iff :d[ltn] kl/z'4 rt'{y Wofg nfe
ug'{ eO{ zfGt / lgd{n x'g' eof] /ftsf] k|yd k|x/df k'Aa]lgjf;fg';lt`f0f jf
k'a{hGdsf] 1fg, r't"Kkft`f0f kl5sf] hGdsf] 1fg / cf;jSvo `f0f jf cf>o
Ns]z d'Qm eO{ a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg z'of{]bo x'g' cufl8 ;Do]s;Da'4 x'g' eof] jf
o; nf]sdf k|f0fLx?df x'g] hGd, b'Mv / b'Mv lgd"{n kfg{] cfo{;TonfO{ a'g'eof] .
pxfFn] k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] 1fgnfO{ g s;}n] ;'g]sf] lyof] g t s;}nfO{ yfxf lyof] .
t/ of] ;+;f/df cfo{;To -;gftg_ c6n eP/ /x]sf] lyof] / /lx/xg] 5 . af]lw1fg
nfe kZrft pxfFnfO{ ;Do]s ;Da'4 sxlnof] . ;Do]s;Da'4 eO{;Sg' ePkl5
k~rjuL{ox?nfO{ Clifk6gdf ug'{ePsf] k|yd wd{rqm k|jt{g ;'qdf pxfFn] o:tf]
eGg'ePsf] 5 .
50
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
Ob+ b'Sv+=== b'Sv+ ;d'bo+=== b'Sv+ lg/f]w+=== b'Svlg/f]wufldgL kl6kbf

cl/o;RrlGt d] leSvj] k'Aa] cg':;'t];' wDd];' rSv'+ pbkflb===
cfnf]sf] pbkfbL lt .
cyf{t\,
x] k~rjuL{ox? -k|j|lhtx?_ of] b'Mv, b'Mv ;d'bo, b'Mv lg/f]w / b'Mv
lg/f]wufdLlg k|ltkbf -dlHemdfk|ltkbf_ oL rf/ cfo{;TonfO{ klxn] slxNo} ;'g]sf]
lyPg . tyfutnfO{ tL rf/ cfo{;Todf wd{rSv' pTkGg eof] . 1fg, k|1f, ljBf /
cfnf]s klg pTkGg eof] .
=======
leIf' ;+3 -:yfg /fhu|x_
leIf'x?, tyfut c/x+ ;Do]s ;Da'4 ljBf / r/0fn] ;DkGg ;'utf], of]
nf]snfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf a'lem;s]sf b]j dg'iosf cu|u'?sf] pTklt eof] .
tyfutf/f b]lzt wd{b]zgfx? Ns]z d'Qm x'gsf nflu, zfGt / zLtnsf
nflu k"0f{ ?kdf a'gsf nflu x'G5 .
cs= c+ @#@@(!!(
51
52
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
a'4sf] argaf6 a'4 wd{

a'4sf] clGtd jrgfg';f/ ck|dfbL x'g] g} ;aeGbf 7"nf] wd{ elgPsf] 5
eg] :d[ltk|:yfg ;'qfg';f/ ;ltnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cf]jfb
k|fltdf]SIfdf kfksd{x? gu/, s'znsfo{sf] ;+ro u/ / dgz'l4 ug'{ g} 7"nf] wd{sf]
?kdf eGg'ePsf] 5 . ;fy} wDdkbdf x]g{] xf] eg] klxnf] ufyfdf dgnfO{ a9L
dxTjk"0f{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg wd{nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ lbOPsf] x'Fbf
tkfO{ xfdLdf a'4sf] ;fRr}sf] wd{ s] xf] eGg] ;+sf p7\g ;Sb5 . eujfg a'4n]
l;sfpg' ePsf] wd{ s] xf] < a'4 wd{ eg]sf] s:tf] wd{ xf] < of] wd{nfO{ cfk\mgf]
b}lgs hLjgdf cfr/0fdf lsg Nofpg' kg]{ < cfbL k|Zgx?sf] pQ/df ;a}sf]
cfcfk\mg} ljrf/wf/fx? ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljleGg ?kdf pQ/ ePsf] x'Fbf
;fRr} eujfg a'4n] s:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5 t eGg] ljifodf ljrf/ ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . To;}n] pxfF s} jrgfg';f/ pxfFsf] wd{nfO{ lrgf} .
lqlk6ssf] dlHemdlgsfosf] cnub\b'kd ;'qdf eujfg a'4n] eGg' ePsf]
5 M
d}n] cl3 -klxn]_ h] af]n]s] -pkb]z lyP, b]zgf u/]_ lyPF, cfh klg ToxL
pkb]z lbb}5' . Tof] b'Mv / b'Mv lg/f]w === xf] .
d=d= !#* -g]kfnL_ !@@*^ -yfO{_
To;}n] xfdL s] eGg ;Sb5f} eg] pxfFn] c? 7fpFdf c? wd{x?nfO{ a9L

dxTj lbPtf klg ltgLx?sf] d"n cy{ g} b'Mv d'Stsf] nflu cKgfPsf] dfu{;Dd
dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} M ck|dfbL g} ;ltsf] sf/0f / ;lt s} sf/0f cs'zn
53
sfd ug{] 5}g . s'zn sfo{sf] ;+ro x'g]5 . dg k|km'lNnt x'g]5 / Psfu| eO{ b'Mv
d'Qm x'g]5 .
To;}u/L dlHemdlgsfosf] r"ndfn'+So ;'qdf eGg' ePsf] 5 .
cJofs[t ljifonfO{ ;w} cJofs[t g} ===km]l/ Jofs[t ul//fv]sf] ljifonfO{
Jofs[t eg]/ g} wf/0f u/, d}n] -eujfg_ cJofs[t gu/]sf] ljifodf nf]s zfZjt 5,
nf]s czfZjt 5 ===cflb lsgsL of] ljifosf] v'n:t JofSVofg g t pkof]uL 5 ===g t
b'Mv d'lQmsf] af6f] xf] ===d}n] Jofs[t eg]/ b'Mv ===b'Mv ;d'bo ===b'Mv lg/f]w ===b'Mv lg/f]w
dfu{ eg] lsgsL of] wd{x? cflb a|Dxro{sf] lgldQ pkof]uL jf ;Daf]wL / lgjf{0fsf]
lgldQ cToGt ;xfos x'G5g\ .
-d=d= !@!%@ yfO{, d= #(!#(@ g]kfnL_
of] a'4jrgaf6 k|:TofpF5 sL a'4 wd{df /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ wd{x? sfd gnfUg]
5}g . h'g ljifodf cWoog u/]/ cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfr/0fdf k|of]u ubf{ x'g]
kmfObf tL ljifox?sf] dfq oxfF pNn]lvt ePsf 5g\ . eujfg a'4n] h'g ljifosf]
s'/f ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?sf] lxt, ;'v x'G5 To; s'zn wd{x?nfO{ b]zgf ug'{eof] .
of] dfyLsf] jfSox?af6 g} k|:Tofp5 sL a'4wd{ slt;Dd ;To / c;To jf
dfgL;x?sf] nfuL sltsf] kmfObfhgs jf a]kmfObfhgs 5 eg]/ k|Zt?kdf
b]vfPsf] 5 . h'g ljifodf 5nkmn u/]/ kfpg] kmn xf] Tof] s:tf] ljifo x'g' kg]{
eGg] ljifonfO{ klg oxfF k|:TofPsf] 5 . t/ cfhef]nLsf] of] xfd|f] ;+;f/df w]/}
h;f] nf]ssf] pTklt jf ljgf;, ljgf;jfg 5 sL 5}g eGg] ljifodf aftf{nfj ug]{
a}7sx?df g} ;do ljtfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ h'g ljifosf] 5nkmnaf6 at{dfg /
eljiosfnsf] nfuL kmfObfhgs xf] Tof] ljifonfO{ Toltsf] 5nkmndf e]6\g Tolt
;lhnf] 5}g . o;/L a'4wd{sf] ;Totf jf k|of]uhgs ePsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
54
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
Tolt dfq geO{ lqlk6ssf] ;+o'Qm lgsfosf] ;L;kfjg ;'qdf eujfg

a'4n] h+unaf6 cfk\mgf] xftdf s]xL kf6x? /fVb} eGg'ePsf] 5 M
===h+un e/L ePsf] kf6x? em} hfg]/ klg geg]sf wd{x? w]/} 5g\ === lsgsL
tL s'/fx? -wd{x?_ g t pkof]uL 5g\, g t cflb a|Dxro{sf] nflu g} pkof]uL 5 .
d}n] -tyfutn]_ atfPsf wd{x? of] xftdf /x]sf] clnslt kf6x? em} 5
===lsgsL ===oL wd{x? pkof]uL 5g\ ===cflb a|Dxro{sf] nflu pkof]uL 5g\ ===d}n] b]zgf
u/]sf wd{x? b'Mv, b'Mv ;d'bo, b'Mv lg/f]w / b'Mv lg/f]w ug{] dfu{ xf] .
-;=dxf= !(!&@ -yfO{_, ;+= !!@%!!@^ -g]jf/L_
To;sf/0f a'4wd{df /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ wd{x? /fd|/L 5fgljg / cEof;

kZrftsf] z'4 / pkof]uL wd{sf] ;+u|x xf] . pxfF ;TojfbL tyf oyfjfbL tyfsf/L
dg'io x'g'x'G5 ;fy} ;+VofTds eGbf klg u'0fnfO{ g} al9 k|fyldstf a'4n]
lbg'ePsf] 5 . a'4 wd{df ;Dk"0f{ 1fg wd{x? xfdL ;a}sf] nflu clt pkof]uL /
b'Mv d'lQmsf] af6f] xf] . af}4 wdf{g';f/ hLjg Joxf]g{]nfO{ cjZod]j pgLx?sf]
kmfObf x'g]5 . To;}sf] x]t' kl5 lgjf{0f b'Mv d'lQm If]q k|fKt x'g]5 . lsgeg]
eujfg a'4n] ;d'Gb|sf] g'lgnf] kfgLaf6 5fg]/ z'4 / lgd{n kfgL h;sf] ;]jgaf6
xfdLdf /x]sf] t[i0ff d]6\b5 To;nfO{ dfq b]zgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
pxfFsf] ;Dk"0f{ wd{x? ;To ePtfklg To; wd{nfO{ ;dofg';f/ af]Ng' kb{5
. o;sf] pbfx/0f ceo/fhs'df/nfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5 M
!= c;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] clk|o eGg'x'Gg
@= ;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] clk|o eGg'x'Gg
#= ;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] clk|o prLt ;dofg';f/ eGg'k5{
$= c;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] lk|o eGg' x'Gg
55
%= c;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] lk|o eGg' x'Gg

^= ;To pkof]uL 5}g csf{sf] lk|o ;dofg';f/ eGg'k5{ .
ceo/fhs'df/ ;'q
To;sf/0f a'4 wd{nfO{ $ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\, ;To,

pkof]uL, a|Dxro{ / ;f+;fl/s b'Mvaf6 d'lQm -lgjf{0f_ nfe xf] . z'4 / lgd{n
kfgLn] h;/L ljgf ;fO{t Okm]S6 xfdLx?sf] ltvf{ d]6\5, ;fydf h'g j:t' ;To 5
s'g} k|sf/sf] gSsnLaf6 al~rt 5 cjZo Tof] pkof]uL x'g]5 . a'4 wd{fg';f/
pkof]uL eGgfn] a|Dxro{ hLjg / b'Mv d'lQm lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
pxfF -a'4_ sf] wd{

eujfg a'4n] k|fs[lts :jefjn] o'St / ;a}n] af]w ug{ ;Sg] 1fgnfO{
;/n / a'e\mg] ?kn] /fd|/L AofSVof ug{'eof] . o;/L pxfFn] lbg'ePsf] pkb]zx?nfO{
g} wd{ elgG5 h'g wd{df s;}nfO{ s/sfk 5}g\ . pxfFsf] of] wd{nfO{ cfP/ x]/]/
kl/Iff u/]/dfq ljZjf; ug{ jf cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf ptfg{sf] nfuL b]vfOPsf
aftf]x? dfq x'g . h;n] /fd|/L cWoog u/]/ cfk\mgf] b}gLs hLjgdf ptf5{ Tof]
k|of]uaf6 oxLF g} kmn ldNg] 5 . of] nf]saf6 csf]{ nf]sdf kmn ldNg]5 eg]/
eg]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ;do glaTb} g} k|ToIf kmn k|fKt x'g] pxfFsf pkb]zx? x'g\ .
pxfFn] lbg'ePsf pkb]zx?nfO{ ;Rrf wd{ / z}4flGts ?kdf tyf Jojxf/Ls ?ksf
;fy} j}1flgstfsf] af]w a'4wd{n] lbPsf] 5 . pxfFsf] pkb]zfg';f/ b}lgs hLjgdf
ptf/]/ kfpg] h'g cfWoflTds 1fg xf] Tof] cToGt cd'Nosf] xf] . oL cgGt
56
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
u'0fx?n] e/Lk'0f{ ePsf] cd'No /TgePsf] sf/0f wd{nfO{ a'4wd{fg';f/ cd'No bf]>f]
/Tgsf] ?kdf lnO{G5 .
a'4wd{df wd{ eGgfn] eujfg a'4n] k|fKt ug'{ePsf] af]lw1fgnfO{ lng]
u/LG5 . pxfFn] k|fKt ug{'ePsf] 1fg ;To jf ;+;f/sf] lgod xf] cyjf ;+;f/sf]
lgodnfO{ g} a'4wd{df wd{sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . h'g ;+;f/sf] pTklt ;+u} cfPsf]
5 . eujfg a'4n] wDdlgofd ;'qdf eGg'ePsf] 5
pKkfbf jf leSvj] tyfutfg+ cg'Kkfbf jf tyfutfg+ lytf j ;f wft'
wDdlTyttf wDdlgodtf ;Aa] ;+vf/f clgRrflt=== ;Aa] ;+vf/f
b'Svflt==== ;Aa] wDdf cgQflt
cyf{t, leIf' xf] rfx] tyfutsf] pTklt xf];\ jf gxf];\ of] ;+;f/sf] lgod
xf] ;a} ;+vf/x? clgTo 5g\ / lt clgTo ;+vf/x? b'Mvsf] sf/0f xf] . of] lg/Gt/
kl/jt{g eO{/xg] wd{ ePsf]n] l:y/ 5}g\ . To;}n] of] ufyfaf6 s] k|Zt ub{5 eg]
pxfF eujfg a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf wd{x? x/fO{/fv]sf] jf vf]Hg g;s]sf] dfu{nfO{
pxfFn] vf]h]/ xfd|f] cuf8L /fvLdfq lbg'eof] . To;}n] of] wd{df ljZjf; u/]/
cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfr/0fdf ptf5{ eg] cjZo g} ;'vsf] nfeL x'g]5 . t/
wd{sf] dlxdfnfO{ ga'lem jf a'emkrfP/ a:g]sf] nfuL x'g] a]kmfObf klg plgx?nfO{
g} x'g]5 .
eujfg a'4sf] wd{nfO{ xfdL b'O{ :t/df ljefhg ug{ ;Sb5f}+
!= nf]lso :t/ of] :t/df b}lgs hLjgsf] nfuL cfjZos g}lts lzIff
tyf ;fdfhLs Aojxf/x?sf] ljifodf b]zgf ug{'ePsf wd{x?nfO{ lnOG5 .
57
@= nf]s'Q/ :t/ of] :t/sf] wd{ eGgfn] Sn]zaf6 d'St eP/ lrQ z'l4
eO{;s]sf]nfO{ lnOG5 . of] :t/sf] wd{x? ( k|sf/sf 5g\ . lt x'g M rf/ dfu{, rf/
kmn / Ps lgjf{0f xf] .
o;/L b'O{ k|sf/n] ljefhg u/]tfklg wd{u'0fnfO{ k|Zt?kdf lng] xf] eg] ^
k|sf/sf 5g\ h:nfO{ b}lgs a'4k"hfdf :d/0f ug]{ ub{5f+} . lt x'g\ M
!= :jfSvftf] cyf{t /fd|/L b]zgf u/LPsf] wd{ jf cflb, dWo] / cGt;Dd
sNof0f x'g] wd{ cyjf eujfg a'44f/f b]zgf ug{'ePsf] wd{x? ;To 5g\ To;df
s]lx km/s 5}g\ . csf]{ ;Abdf, nf]s'Q/ wd{ eg]sf] g} :jfSvft wd{ xf] lsgsL of]
wd{ lgjf{0fsf] nfuL dfu{ xf] / lgjf{0f hfgsf] nfuL oxL dfu{nfO{ g} k|of]u ug'{
kb{5 .
@= ;lGblsf] cyf{t oxfFsf] oxLF g} kmn lbg] wd{ xf] . o;nfO{ rf/ k|sf/n]
lng ;lsG5 .
@=!_ cfo{k'b\un h:n] Sn]znfO{ cGt u/]sf] x'G5 pxfFnfO{ dfq yfxfx'G5
ls sltsf] Sn]z gi6 eO;Sof] / sltsf] afls 5 <.
@=@_ gf}nf]s'Q/ wd{ nfeL cfo{ k'b\unn] c?sf] ljZjf; ug]{ 5}g lsgsL
;Totf pxfFnfO{ af]w eO{;s]sf] x'G5 .
@=#_ cfo{hgx?n] Sn]znfO{ lhTg ;Ddfb[li6 pTkGg x'g' h?/L 5 .
@=$_ nf]s'Q/ eg]sf] ljrf/0fLo :jefljs wd{ xf] .
#= csflnsf] cyf{t eujfg a'44f/f b]zgf ug'{ePsf] wd{sf] s'g} sfn jf
;do 5}g jf ;do glaTb}df g} k|ToIf kmn k|fKt x'g] cyjf rf/ dfu{ / rf/ kmn
k|ToIf?kdf g} kmn lbg] ub{5 . o;sf] nfuL s'g} sfn ;dosf] cfjZostf x'b}g .
58
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
olt lbg kl5 of] k|fKt x'g]5 Tolt lbgkl5 olt k|fKtx'g]5 eGg] a'4 wd{df 5}g .
ha ;xgzLntf k'j{s h:n] k|oGt ub}{ hfG5 p:nfO{ cjioklg dfu{{ / kmnsf]
nfe x'g]5 . oxfF dfu{ / kmn eg]/ nf]s'Q/ 1fgnfO{ b;f{Psf] 5 .
$= Plxkl:;sf] cyf{t, cfP/ k/LIf0f u/]/ x]g{ of]Uo jf k/LIf0f u/]/
k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg] wd{ xf] . of] b'O{ k|sf/n] cy{ nufpg ;lsG5 .
s_ lsgsL of] w"j{ ;To xf] hlxn] klg ToxL g} eO{/fv]sf] clgTo, b'Mv /
cgfTd wd{ xf] To;}n] ;a}nfO{ kl/If0f u/fP/ b]vfpg x'g] wd{ xf] .
v_ lsgsL of] z'4 / lgd{n k|fs[lts :jefj xf] . o:df s]lx ld;fjt 5}g
To;}n] ;a}nfO{ af]nfP/ b]vfpg ldNg] wd{ xf] .
%= cf]kglosf] cyf{t cg';/l0fo wd{ h:nfO{ cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf
ptfg{' kb{5 lsgsL of] wd{sf] k|d'v pb]Zo g} b}lgs hLjgnfO{ ;'vdo agfpg' xf]
. ;a} dfgL;x? ;'v / zflGtsf] kl5 bf}l8/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] oL wd{x?nfO{
b}lgs hLjgdf ptf/]/ nf]s'Q/ ;'vnfesf] nfuL kfng ug{' clt g} h?/L b]vLG5 .
^= kRrt+ j]lbtAaf] lj~`"lt cyf{t, lj4fg ju{x? 4f/f 5'6\ofO{ cfkm}n] g}
cg'ej u/L;s]sf], x]/L, a'lem;s]sf] wd{ h:nfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf h:n] ptf5{
p:nfO{ cjZo g} dfu{ kmn k|flKt x'g] g} 5 .
59
rf/ cfo{;Tosf] 5f]6f] kl/ro .

!= b'Sv ;Rr -b'Sv ;To_
b'Mv eGgfn] cfkm"dfly kg{] s'g} klg c;xo 36gf xf] . a'4wd{ cg';f/
hGd lng', a'9f x'g', /f]uL x'g', dg'{, dg gkg{] JolQm;+u -a:t'_ ;+ut ug'{kg{], a:g'
kg{], dg kg{];+u cnu eP/ a:g' b'Mv, dgn] lrtfPsf] k"0f{ gx'g' cflb jf ;+If]kdf
eGg] xf] eg] of] k~r:sGwnfO{ g} b'Mv egL elgG5 of] ;+;f/Ls wd{ xf] .
@= b'Sv ;d'bo -b'Mvsf] sf/0f_
b'Mv ;d'bo ;To eGgfn] b'Mv pTklt x'g] >f]t jf sf/0f elg a'lemG5 .
t[i0ff g} b'Mvsf] d"n sf/0f xf] egL k|tLTo;d'Tkfb wd{sf] cWoogaf6 yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 . t[i0ffnfO{ # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ sfd t[i0ff ;f+;fl/s j:t' jf k~rsfddf /dfpg] OR5f
v_ ej t[i0ff km]/L km]/L hGd lng] OR5f
u_ ljej t[i0ff t[i0ffnfO{ g} lgd{"n gkf/L d'lQm kfpg] OR5f .
a'4wdf{g';f/ oL tLg t[i0ff g} b'Mvsf] >f]t jf sf/0f xf] .
#= b'Mv lg/f]w ;To -b'Mvsf] cGt_
lg/f]w ;To egL b'Mvsf] cGtnfO{ elgG5 . b'MvnfO{ lgefpg ;lsG5 jf
cGt ug'{ x'G5 egL yfxf kfpg' g} b'Mv lg/f]w ;To egL a'lemG5 . tL tLg
t[i0ffnfO{ lg:qmo jf lgd"{n kfg'{ g} ;Dk"0f{ ;f+;fl/s b'Mvaf6 d'lQm kfpg' xf] .
b'Mvaf6 al~rt x'g' g} lgjf{0f kb nfe xf] . ldlnGb k|Zg lgjf{0f ju{df ldlnGbsf]
k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf leIf' gfu;]g eGg' x'G5 .
60
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
OGb|Lo / ljifodf pkef]u jf cfWoflTds / jflxl/s cfotgdf xif{

gdfgL cfo{ k'bunx?n] of] t[i0ffnfO{ lgd"{n kfg'{ g} lg/f]w xf] . lg/f]w g} lgjf{0f xf]
.
lgjf{0f eg]sf] s'g} ljz]if 7fpF 5}g . jofg ug{ klg ufxf] 5 . t/ hf]
t[i0ffaf6 lgd"{n 5 Tof] g} lgjf{0f If]q xf] . lgjf{0fnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ul/G5
.
!= ;pkflbz]if lgjf{0f lhpFbf] cj:yfdf g} c/xGtkmn -a'4_ x'g' jf Ns]zaf6
d'Qm x'g' .
@= cg'kflbz]if lgjf{0f Ns]z d'Qm eO{ b]x ;+:sf/nfO{ Tofu ug'{ -kl/lgjf{0f x'g'_
$= b'Mv lg/f]w ufdLgL k|ltkbf dfu{ ;To
o:nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf dfu{ ;To jf dWod dfu{ cyjf dlHemdf k|ltkbf
elgG5 . dfu{ ;To eGgfn] t[i0ffnfO{ lgd"{n kfg{ cfjZos af6f] xf] .
wd{rqmk|jt{g ;'qcg';f/ * dfu{ 5g\ egL hgfPsf] sf/0f cfo{ci6flu+s dfu{ klg
eGg] ul/G5 . tL dfu{x? x'g\ . ;Dos b[li6, ;Dos ;+sNk, ;Dos jfrf, ;Dos
sdf{Gt, ;Dos hLjg, ;Dos Jofofd, ;Dos :d[lt / ;Dos ;dflw x'g' . oL *
dfu{x?df ;lDdlnt eP/ g} lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;/L af]lwd08ndf lj/fhdfg x'g'eO{ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLsf] / of] ;f+;fl/s
;TonfO{ ;j{1 1fgf/f ;lDem a'lemlng'eof] / ;j{1 1ftf ;Dos ;Da'4 x'g' eof]
. oxL ;j{1 1fgsf] dglzsf/ ub{} pxfFn] ufyff/f o:tf] pbfg ug'{eof] .
cg]s hflt ;+;f/+ ;Gwflj:;+ clglAa;+
61
uxsf/s+ uj];Gtf] b'Svf hflt k'gKk'g+

uxsf/s bLf]l; k'gu]x+ g sfxl;
;Aaf t] kmf;'sf eUuf uxs"t+ lj;+lvt+
lj;+vf/ut+ lrQ+ t0xfg+ vodHemof ..
-wDdkb, !%$_
cyf{t\,
km]l/ km]l/ of] ;+;f/df hGd lng' b'Mv ePsf] x'Fbf d}n] Tof] z/L/ ?kL 3/
agfpg] -u[xsf/s_ nfO{ vf]Hb} of] ;+;f/df af/Daf/ hGd lnO{ ;s]+ . x] u[xsf/s
ca d}n] ltdLnfO{ b]lv ;s]+ ltdL km]l/ of] 3/ agfpg ;Sg] 5}gf} . pQm 3/
agfpg] ;Dk"0f{ Hofjnx?nfO{ -/.u, 4]z df]x_ / agfpg] t/Lsfx?nfO{ -dfu{_ k"0f{
?kn] efFlr;s]+ . 3/ -k~r:s08_ sf] lzv/nfO{ ljgfz u/L;s]+ . lrQdf ;+:sf/
/lxt eO{;Sof] . b'Mvsf] d"n >f]t t[i0ffnfO{ Ifo -lgd"{n_ kf/L;s]+ .
o;/L ;j{1 1ft eO{ ;Dk"0f{ 1fgn] kf/+ut x'g'eO{ ;Dk"0f{ wd{df k|1f rIf'
;dGtrIf', pTkGg u/fO{, ;Dk"0f{ sd{nfO{ Ifo -ljgf;_ ug'{eof] . ;fy} :jo+n] oL
wd{nfO{ hfGg' eO{ ;Dos ;Da'4 x'g'eof] . ;Dos ;Daf]lw 1fg nfe kZrft
dgl;sf/ ub{} af]lwd08ndf & xKtf;Dd ljd'lQm ;'vdf al;/xg' eof] .
nlntlj:t/sf cg';f/ klxn] a'4 ePsf] b]lv ;Sg' ePsf b]jtfx?n]
l;4fy{ uf}td ;Daf]lw 1fg k|fKt ug'{ eO{ a'4 x'g' ePsf] v'lzdf lbAo k'ikj[li6 u/]+
. tL b]jtfdWo]df s'g}n] klxn]sf a'4x?n] a'4 ePkl5 cfk\mgf] a'4Tjsf] nIf0f
b]vfpg' x'GYof] t/ l;4fy{ uf}td a'4n] b]vfpg' ePsf] 5}g egL z+sf pTkGg ug'{
62
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
x'Fbf eujfg a'4n] ;Kttfn hlt dfly cfsfzdf p8]/ hfg' eO{ b]jtfx?nfO{ o:tf]
cf1f ug'{ eof]
of] d]/f] clGtd hGd xf], ca ddf s'g} cf>jx? 5}g,
t[i0ffn] d'Qm eO{;s]+, d]/f] b'Mv ;a} cGt eof] .
o;/L b]jtfx?nfO{ cf1f eO{ pxfF eujfg a'4 af]lwd08ndf ;ft
xKtf;Dd af]lw1fg nfe dglzsf/ u/L a:g' eof] .
o;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] b'Zs/ rof{ / af]lwj[Ifd'lg af]lwd08ndf g}/~hgf
glbsf] lsgf/df p?j]n ;]gfgLud gfpFsf] glhssf] h+undf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbg
df/nfO{ ljho u/L ^ jif{kl5sf] ckf/ c6'6 k|of; :j?k #% jif{sf] pd]/df
;Daf]lw nfe u/L ;Dos ;Da'4 x'g' eof] .
63
dxfkl/lgjf{0f
(Nirvana = Salvation)
leIf'x?, hflt, h/f / d/0f oL tLg :jefj wd{sf] sf/0f
tyfut ;Dos ;Da'4 pTklt x'g' eof] / wd{ ljgonfO{ b]vfP/ hfg'eof] .
kfnL b;s, c+= @$!%$&^
cg'Q/1fg nfe kZrft af]lwd08ndf lj/fhdfg x'g'eO{ ;Daf]lw1fgnfO{
bf]xofP/ ljrf/ ug'{ eof] . o;/L k|ltRr;d'Kkfbsf] cg'nf]d / k|ltnf]daf6 ljrf/
ub}{ ;ft xKtf kZrft dxfs?0ffn] kl/k"0f{ pxfFn] of] ;f+;fl/s ejrqmdf 3'ld/x]sf
;Tjx?sf] Ifdtf / :jefjnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ x]g'{eof] / hut lxtsf nflu wd{k|rf/
ug{ lx8\g' eof] . pxfFn] hfteftdf s'g} e]befj /fVg' ePg, ;Dk"0f{ dg'io
k|f0fLx?nfO{ ;dfg?kdf wd{ l;sfpg' eof] . ;a} hft -j0f{_ 7"nf, a8f, ;fgf, :qL,
k'?if ;a}df Psgf;n] ;dfg ?kdf ;Towd{nfO{ l;sfpg' eof] . pxfFsf] wd{df s'g}
e]befj / cn'Kt cfo{;To ePsf] sf/0f 5f]6f] ;dodf g} ckf/ k|rf/ / k|jlht
eO{ leIf' leIf'0fL x'g] tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfsf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .
leIf' jf leIf'0fL eGgfn] u[xTofu u/L a'4sf] pkb]z cg';f/ wd{ljgonfO{ lz/f]wf/
u/L hLjg Joltt ug{' x'g] JolQmnfO{ egL a'lemG5 . a'4wd{df >4f 5 t/
u[xTofuL geO{ u[x:y eP/ a:g' x'g] af}4x? k|jlht geO{sg} a'4 / pxfFn]
b]vfpg' ePsf] af6f]df hfg' eO{ wd{nfO{ cg';/0f ug'{eO{ s'zn sfo{x? ug'{eO{
cfkm" / cfk\mgf] eljionfO{ pHHjn kfg'{sf ;fy} a'4 wd{sf] pkTyfs jf ;+/Ifssf]
64
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
?kdf /xg' x'g] JolQmnfO{ a'4 wdf{g';f/ pkf;s -k'?if_ / pkfl;sf -dlxnf_nfO{
af}4 elgG5 .
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg a'4Tj nfe kZrft eujfg a'4 lx+8]/ k~rjuL{o
leIf'x?nfO{ wd{b]zgf ug{sf] nfuL Clifk6g d[ubfojgdf hfg' eof] . ToxfF cfiff9
k"l0f{dfsf] lbg k|yd wd{b]zgf -wd{rqm k|jt{g b]zgf_ kZrft sf]080o leIf' g}
klxnf] lzio / c/xGt kmn k|fKt u/] . To;kl5 c? rf/ hgf klg wd{rSv' nfe
u/L qmdz c/xGt kmn nfe ug'{eof] . pxfFx? g} a'4wd{sf klxnf leIf' / eujfg
a'4sf lziox? lyP . Clifk6g agdf g} aiff{jf; a;L/xg' ePsf] a]nfdf
ozs'df/ ;lxt c? ;fyLx? u/L hDdf ^) hjfg leIf' a'4wd{df ePkl5
dxfs?0ffn] kl/k"0f{ j;kf]n eujfg ;Dos;Da'4n] tL leIf'x?nfO{ af]nfO{ o:tf]
cf1f x'g' eof] .
===r/y leSvj] rfl/s+ ax'hglxtfo ax'hg;'vfo\ nf]sfg'sDkfo ===.
cyf{t\,
x] leIf'x? d -tyfut_ / ltdLx? b}jLo tyf dfg'lifs ;Dk"0f{ jGwgaf6
d'Qm eO{;s] c;+Vo dg'iox?sf] lxt ;'vsf nflu rf/Ls -w'Db} wd{ l;sfpg_ ub{}
wd{k|rf/ ug{ hfpm .
tyfutaf6 ;a} 5'f5'} af6f] u/L bzf}+ lbzfhfg] cf1f ePsf] lyof] . b'O{
hgf Ps} af6f]af6 ghfp===cflb dWo / cGtdf klg pksf/ ug{] cg'Q/ wd{, z'4
wd{ / kl/k"0f{ hLjg Aolttsf nflu cfjZos j:t' / t/LsfnfO{ atfpg';\ . d tyfut_ cfkm} klg k|rf/fy{ p?j]n ;]gflgud tkm{ hfg]5' .
65
o;af6 s] k|Tofp5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?n] klg pxfFn] em} b'Mv jf

t[i0ffnfO{ cGt u/L a|Dx ;'v kfj; / ;'vL hLjg ljtfpg ;sf];\ . To;}n] pxfFsf]
hLjg e/L If0fe/ klg ;donfO{ v]/ kmfNg' ePg . ;w} a'4rof{ hut
lxtfg'lxtsf] nflu uO/xg' eO{ ;lqmo eO/xg' eof] . o;/L a'4rof{df hut
lxtsf] nflu $% jif{;Dd ljleGg ufpF, gu/, b]z hgkbx?df wd{k|rf/ ug'{ eof] .
#% jif{sf] pd]/b]lv *) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;Towd{nfO{ hg;dIf k'ofpg' eO{
zflGtsf] Hof]lt afNg' eof] . To;/L ljleGg 7fpFdf uO{ a}zfnL hgkbsf]
a]n'jufpm gfds ufpFdf a:g'ePsf] lyof] . oxfF /x'Gh]n pxfFsf] :jf:Yodf s]xL
sdhf]/Lkg dx;'; ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 s]lx dlxgf kZrft kfjg r}Todf
al;/xg' ePsf] ;dodf b]jk'q df/ cfO{ kl/lgjf{0f eO{hfg' x'g cg'/f]w u/] .
eujfg a'4n] klg of] lbgb]lv tLg dlxgf kl5 kl/lgjf{0f x'g]5' egL cfo';+:sf/
Tofu ug'{ eof] . o;/L df/nfO{ cfo' ;+:sf/ Tofu ug{] a'4sf] jrgn] k[YjL g}
ys{dfg x'g]u/L e'O{rfnf] cfof] . ;fy ;fy} o:tf] pbf/L ug'{eof] .
t'ndt'n~r ej;+vf/dj:;lHh d'lg
jHemGt/f] ;dflxtf] clelGB sjrld jQ;DejlGt ..
To;} a]nfb]lv pxfF ;Towd{ k|rf/fy{ ysfO{ g} gdflg k|rf/ ug{df tlNng
x'g'eof] . cfgf] a'9f] z/L/ / ysfO{nfO{ g} Vofn g/fvL 5f]6f] ;do dfq afFsL
ePsf] sf/0f k|f0fLx?sf] lxt;'vsf nflu lg/Gt/ wd{k|rf/ ug'{ eof] clGtd
;dodf ;Dk"0f{ leIf'x?nfO{ ;fydf /fVg' eO{ l;4fy{ uf}td a'4 kfjggu/df k'Ug'
eof] / ToxfF r'Gb pkf;ssf] cfFksf] au}+rfdf -jg_ df af; a:g' eof] .
66
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
eujfg ;lxt leIf';+u cfgf] cfug;Dd af; a:g cfpg' ePsf] va/n]
r'Gb pkf;s xlif{t eO{ ef]hg lgdGq0ff u/] . eujfgf/f df}g x'g' eO{ :jLsfg'{
eof] . ljxfg ;j]/} eujfg a'4 ;lxt leIf';+3 r'Gb pkf;ssf] 3/df leIff6gfy{
hfg' eof] . r'Gb pkf;sn] ;'s/d2jsf] ef]hg bfg u/]sf] lyof] . r'Gbf/f lbOPsf]
;'s/d2j ef]hgnfO{ s;}n] ;'+u'/sf] df;' egL eg], s;}n] Psk|sf/sf] h+unL Rofp
egL eg] . h]xf];\, To; vfgdf cj:o g} vt/gfs k|fs[lts ljif ldl;Psf] x'g'k5{
. r'Gbsf] pQm ef]hgbfgdf ljif ePsf] yfxf kfpg' eO{, dxfs?0ffn] k"0f{
af]lw;Tjn] r'GbnfO{ eujfg cfkm"nfO{ dfq bfg lbg nufO{ afFsL ofSg] cf1f eof]
. ToxL ef]hg kZrft pxfFnfO{ c;Xo b'Mv pTkGg eof] t/ pxfFsf] ;To /
;Dkh~`ansf] k|efjn] kl/lgjf{0fsf] plrt ;donfO{ kv{g' eof] . pxfFnfO{ nfu]sf]
c;Xo b'Mv ;fob r'Gbn] lbPsf] ef]hgaf6 xf]nf egL ;dfh / r'Gb cfkm} klg
b'Mv gxf]pg egL pxfFn] leIf' cfgGbnfO{ af]nfO{ r'Gbn] lbPsf] bfgdf s'g} bf]if
5}g . klxnf] / clGtd cfxf/ -ef]hg_ Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ 5 egL eGg'eof] .
klxnf] ef]hgn] ;Daf]lw nfe u/]+
clGtd ef]hgn] dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g]5' .
To;kl5 leIf';+3sf ;fy dNn/fhfx?sf] hgkb s'l;gu/ hfg' eof] .
kfjggu/ b]lv s';Lgu/ ;Dd k'Ug pxfFn] w]/} sl7gfO{ ;xg' kof{] . a]n'ls ;fFem
kv s'l;gu/sf] lx?~hjlt glb lsgf/sf] ;fnjgdf k'Ug' eof] . To; ;fnjgdf
b'O{ ;fn j[If d'lg aLrdf leIf' cfgGbnfO{ ;+uflt ljR5\ofO{ cf;g ldnfpg lbg'
eof] . ToxL cf;gdf l;+xz}of cf;gdf kN6g' eof] . Ps v'fdfly csf{] v'f
67
/fvL pQ/ tkm{ kms{]/ cg'6\7;of;g cyjf slxNo} gp7\g] u/L n]6\g' eof] .
eujfg a'4sf] kf/dLtfsf] x]t'n] ljsfn d} tL b'O{;fn a[Ifdf km"nx? km"Nof] . tL
km'n]sf km"nx? em/]/ eujfg a'4sf] k"hf / clejfbg uof{] . b]jb]jtfx?n] klg
ljleGg lbJo ;'ulGwt km"njiff{ / dw'/ WjgLf/f u'0hfodfg agfOPsf] lyof] .
eujfg uf}td a'4 cfgGbn] ldnfO{ lbPsf] cf;gdf zfGt / b[9 lgd{n cj:yfdf
cf/fd lng'eof] . ToxL a]nf leIf' cfgGb eujfg a'4 ca kl/lgjf{0f g} x'g] eof] .
cfkm" eg] wd{nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g egL Psflt/ uO{ ljnfk ug{ nfUg' eof] .
eujfg a'4 lj:tf/} cfFvf pwf/L x]g'{x'Fbf leIf' cfgGbnfO{ gb]Vbf af]nfpg
k7fO{ leIf'x?sf] cufl8 cfgGbnfO{ ljleGg u'0fn] o'Qm, ;donfO{ a'g] tyf
;j{>]i7 pk6\7fs cflbf/f k|z+;f ug'{ eof] . To;}qmddf pxfFsf] dxfkl/lgsf{0f
kZrft wd{sf zf:tf sf] x'g] egL leIf' cfgGbn] k|Zg ug'{x'Fbf eujfg a'4n]
dxfkl/lgAafg ;'qdf -bL=o= !)/!$!/!&*_ o:tf] eGg'eof] .
cyvf] eujf cfo:dGt+ cfgGb+ cfdGt]l;, l;ofvf] kgfgGb t'Dxfs+ Pj+:;
ctLt;Ty's+ kfjrg+ glTy gf] ;Tyflt g vf] kg]t+ c;Gb Pj+ b x'Aa+
cyf{t, eujfgn] leIf' cfgGbnfO{ af]nfO{;s] kl5 o:tf] cf1f eof] . cfgGb
;fob ltdLx? kl5 tyfut laTg' eof] ca xfd|f] zf:tf 5}g . o;/L ltdLx?
ljrf/ gug'{ lsgsL of] jf] cfgGb dof wDdf] r ljgof] r b]l;tf] k~~ftf], ;f] jf]
dd~ro]g ;Tyf cyf{t,
d}n] -tyfut_ ltdLx?nfO{ h'g wd{ / ljgonfO{ b]zgf u/], k|1lKt u/]
d]/f] kl/lgjf{0f kZrft ltdLx?sf] zf:tf x'g]5 .
68
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
To;}n] a'4wd{df wd{ljgonfO{ pRr:yfg lbOPsf] 5 . To;kl5

s'zLgu/sf dNn /fhf / hgtfx?nfO{ pxfFsf] kl/lgjf{0f x'g] ;'rgf lbg
cfgGbnfO{ k7fpg' eof] . eujfg a'4 cfgf leIf' ;+3sf ;fy cfk\mgf] hgkbdf
af; a:gePsf] va/n] Pstkm{ v';L eP eg] csf{] tkm{ pxfFsf] clGtd lbg jf
kl/lgjf{0fsf] lbg ePsf]n] dNn/fhfx? ;lxt hgtfx? b'MvL / zf]sfs"n tyf
lj/x ug{ nfu]sf lyP . s'zLgu/ af;L :qL k'?if afns aflnsfx? ;a} lj/x ub{}
pxfFsf] clGtd bz{gfy{ zfnjgdf cfP . To;} ;do ;'eb| kl/a|fhs, a'4sf]
kl/lgjf{0f x'g] va/ ;'gL pxfF;+u s]xL k|Zg ;f]Wg' 5 egL eujfgsf] bz{gfy{
;fnjgdf pkl:yt eP . ;'eb| kl/j|fhsnfO{ k"/f ljZjf; lyP ls eujfg a'4n]
dfq p;sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg ;Sg'x'g]5 . ;fnjgdf k'Ug] lalQs} cfgGb;+u
e]6u/L cfgf] OR5fnfO{ JoQm u/] . t/, eujfg a'4 w]/} yfls;Sg' eof] / tL
k|Zgx? ;f]wL b'Mv lbg' plrt x'g] 5}g eg]/ cfgGbn] ;'eb|nfO{ cfu|x u/] . ;'eb|
eg] af/Daf/ cfgGb;+u eujfg e]6sf] nflu cg'dlt dfu] . ;kmn x'g ;s]g .
cGtdf eujfg a'4n] yfxf kfpg' eO{ ;'eb|nfO{ g/f]Sg leIf' cfgGbnfO{ o:tf]
cf1f eof] .
cfgGb ;'eb|nfO{ dsxfF cfpg b]p, p;nfO{ g/f]s . p;sf] OR5f cg';f/ cfpg
b]p . 1fgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ p;sf] hLjg ;fy{s x'g]5 . p dnfO{ b'Mv lbgsf nflu
cfPsf] xf]Og, p d]wfjL / ljfg\ 5, l5} wd{nfO{ a'g]5g\ .
69
eujfgsf] o:tf] cf1f ;'gL cfgGbn] ;'eb|nfO{ eujfg a'4sf] bz{gfy{

k7fP . ;'eb| kl/a|fhs klg pxfFsf] bz{g ug{ kfPsf]df xlif{t eO{ cfgf] k|Zg
5f]8\of] . ;'eb| kl/j|fhssf] k|Zg ;'g]kl5 eujfg a'4n] o;/L wd{b]zgf ug'{eof] .
x] ;'eb| h'g wd{ljgodf cfo{ ci6fls dfu{ wd{ x'+b}g . To; wd{
ljgodf cfo{;+3nfO{ klg kfpg ;Sb}g . To;}u/L x] ;'eb| h'g wd{ ljgodf of]
cfo{ci6ls dfu{n] k"0f{ x'G5 . To; wd{ljgodf >d0fx? klg cfo{ x'g\ . c?
wd{df >L >d0fx? x'g]5}g . x] ;'eb| ha;Dd leIf'x?n] cfo{ ci6fls dfu{nfO{
cg'udg u/L/xG5 ta;Dd o; ;+;f/af6 c/xGtx? vfnL x'g]5}g .
olt a'4jrg ;'g]kl5 cfgf] k|Zgsf] plrt pQ/ kfPkl5 ToxL wd{ljgo
cg'?k leIf' -k|j|lht_ agfO{lbg' x'g cg'/f]w u/] . eujfgn] klg cfgGbnfO{ cxfO{
;'eb|nfO{ leIf' agfO{lbP . 5f]6f] ;do d} dg Psfu| u/L Wofg efjgf kZrft
;'eb| kl/j|fhs c/xt x'g' ePsf lyP . h;/L leIf' sf}080o k|yd wd{b];gf
wd{rqm k|jt{g ;'q ;'g]/ wd{rSv' k|fKt u/L klxnf] lzio ag]sf lyP To;}u/L
;'eb| pxfFsf clGtd lzio eP . To;kl5 ;Dk"0f{ leIf'nfO{ ;DAff]wg u/L pxfFn]
atfpg' ePsf] wd{ljgo jf a'4 wd{, ;+3 / dfu{ jf k|ltk|bf dfu{x?df z+sf jf
pk;+sf eP ga'em]sf] 5 eg] ;f]w eGg'xF'bf ;a} zfGtn] a;] . To;kl5 clGtd
cj:yfdf clGtd jrg -klR5df]jfb_ sf] ?kdf eGg'eof] .
xGbbflg, leSvj] cfdGtofld jf] jo wDdf ;+vf/f, cKkdfb]g ;Dkfb]ylt .
cyf{t\, x] leIf'x? ltdLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{}5' . ;Dk'0f{ ;+:sf/ Joowd{ gfzjfg_ eO{ clgTo xf] . ck|dfbL k"j{s hfu?s -xf]; /fvL_ eO{ /fd|f] u'0fwd{nfO{
;Dkfbg ug{] u/ . of] g} tyfutsf] clGtd jrg xf] . To;kl5 pxfF zfGt
70
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
x'g'eof] s]xL af]Ng' ePg cg'nf]e / klts'n -kltnfd_ efjgf ub{} ;efklQ Wofgdf
a:g' eof], rt'y{ Wofgaf6 ;dgGt/ -lgSnb}_ eujfg a'4 kl/lgjf{0f x'g'eof] .
lj:tf/} z/L/sf] cGt eof] / wd{sfo qmd}l;t kl/lgjf{0f x'g' eof] . pxfF
dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g' eof] . laxfgsf] ldld{/] 3fd;+u} a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg k"0f{
dxfkl/lgjf{0f eO{ o;nf]saf6 ljbf lng' eof] .
71
lgZsif{
o;/L pxfFsf] hGd, ;Daf]lw 1fg nfe / dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf] tLg
dxTjk"0f{ lbgx? o; a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] kl/lgjf{0f kl5
a'4 kl/ifb\n] pxfFsf] ;Demgf / >4fsf] ?kdf a}zfv k"hfsf] lbgnfO{ af}4x? a'4
k"hfsf] lbgsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . eujfg a'4 zflGtgfos x'g'x'G5 . ;a} k|f0fLdf
;dfg Jojxf/ / ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] ;'vL / lxt rfxg' x'G5 . To;}sf] kmn:j?k
af}4?kdf wd{sf] ?kdf slxNo} em}eu8fx? ePg kmntM UN f/f pxfFsf]
;Demgfdf a}zfv k"hfsf] lbgnfO{ ;+;f/sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ lbgsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff
u/]sf lyP . ;fy;fy} ;Dk"0f{ af}4 / u}/ af}4x?n] of] lbgnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .
ljz]if u/]/ af}4x? tLg cs'zn sd{ -sfo{ sd{, jfrfsd{ / dgf] sfo{_ b]lv
cnUu /xL lr4 z'4kf/L s'znsfo{ ;+sng ug'{k5{ . cyjf sfo{ b'rfl/t, jrg
b'rl/t, dgf]b'rl/tnfO{ TofuL s'zn sfo{ ug'{ g} a'4 k"hfsf] d"n;f/ xf] . eujfg
a'4 k|1f u'0fn] k"0f{ kl/z'4 u'0fn] o'Qm / dxfs?0ffn] k"0f{ x'g'x'G5 h;n] pxfFsf]
u'0fnfO{ :d/0f u/L cfkm" / csf{sf] enf] lrtfO{ lrQ z'4 u/L d+unsfo{ u5{ .
h:t} M wd{b]zgf ;'Gg', Wofgefjgf ug'{, zLn lnP/ dgz'4 / zfGt kfg'{ cflb tyf
leIf' ;+3sf] bz{g / pxfFx?nfO{ bfgwd{ u/L k"hf ug{]x?sf] cjZo g} p:sf] nfuL
dxf d+un x'g]5 .
of] g} a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] .
72
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
cfld; k"hf
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf k"mn, w"k / alQ r9fpFbf af]lng] arg
odXd vf] do+ eujGt+ ;/0f+ utf, of] gf] eujf ;Tyf, o:; r do+ eujtf]
wDd+ /f]r]d . cxf];L vf] ;f] eujf dlHemd];' hgkb];' cl/os];' dg':;];' pKkGgf],
vlQof] hfltof uf]tdf] uf]Q]g ;Sok'Qf], ;Sos'nf kAalhtf], ;b]js nf]s] ;df/s]
;a|Xds] ;:;d0fa|fXd0fLof khfo ;b]jdg':;fo cg'Q/+ ;:df;Daf]lw+ cle;Da'4f],
lg:;+;o+ vf] ;f] eujf c/x+ ;Ddf;Da'4f] ljHhfr/0f;DkGgf] ;'utf] nf]sljb" cg'Q/f]
k'l/;bDd;f/yL ;Tyf b]jdg':;fg+ a'4f] eujf . :jfSvftf] vf] kg t]g eujtf wDdf]
;lGbl6\7sf] csflnsf] olxkl:;sf] cf]kglosf] kRrt+ j]lbtAaf] lj~`"lx . ;'kl6kGgf] vf]
kg:; eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], ph'kl6kGgf] eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], `fokl6kGgf] eujtf]
;fjs;+3f], ;fdLlrkl6kGgf] eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], olbb+ rQfl/ k'l/;o'uflg c6\7
k'l/;k'Uunf o]; eujtf] ;fjs;+3f], cfx'g]of] kfx']g]of] blSv0f]of] c~hlns/0fLof]
cg'Q/+ k'~`Sv]t+ nf]s:; . co+ vf] kg kl6df t+ eujGt+ pl2:; stf ofjb]j
b:;g]g t+ eujGt+ cg':;l/Tjf k;fb;+j]ukl6nfefo . do+ vf] Pt/lx Od+
lj;fvk'00fdLsfn+ t:; eujtf] hflt;Daf]lwlgAafgsfn;Ddt+ kTjf Od+ 7fg+ ;DkQf
Od] b08 bLk w"kk'Kkmflb ;Ssf/] ux]Tjf cQgf] sfo+ ;Ssf?kwfg+ sl/Tjf t:;
eujtf] oyf e'Rr] u'0f] cg':;/Gtf Od+ kl6df3/+ ltSvQ'+ kblSv0f+ sl/:;fd .
oyfulxt]lx ;Ssf/]lx k"h+ s'?dfgf, ;fw' gf] eGt] eujf ;'lr/kl/lgAa'tf]lk `ftAa]lx
u'0f]lx ctLtf/Dd0ftfo k~`fodfgf], Od] cDx]lx clxt] ;Ssf/] kl6Uu0xft' cDxfs+
bL3/Q+ lxtfo ;'vfo .
73
a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] Ps emns

!= k|ydofd k'Aj]lgjf;fg':;lt `f0f
@= dlHemdofd r't"Kkft `f0f
#= klR5dofd cf;jSvo `f0f
jQ #
Ns]zjQ
ljkfsjQ
!=
sd{jQ
@=
#=
ljkfsjQ
Ns]zjQ
sd{jQ
cs'znsd{ cs'znsd{kb
s'zn sd{ k"0olqmof kb
?kgfd k~rv08
nf]e, bf]if, df]x
cs'zn r]tl;s
cs'zn lrQ
74
!)
!)
!$
!@
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
;Gbe{ k":tsx? M
a'4 hLjgL2
!= dxfkl/qf0f -g]kfnefiffo\ cy{ ;lxt_

;Dkfbs, leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/, g]kfn k|]z, !((% .
@= wDdkb -g]kfnefiffo\ cy{ ;lxt_
leIf' cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/, zfSo k|]z, lj=;+= @)$^ .
#= af}4 ;+:s[lt, leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/
Go" g]kfn k|]z, lj=;+= @)%% .
$= gj;'q ;+u|x, k+= lbJo ah| ah|frfo{
tfO{jfgdf d"lb|t (CBBEF) !((( .
%= af}4 bk{0f, k|sfz ah|frfo{
wd{sLlt{ k|sfzg, g]kfn k|]z !((^ .
^= afnf]kof]uL ;lrq a'4hLjgL
efjfg'jfbs leIf' ljk:;L, tfO{jfgdf d'lb|t (CBBEF) !((( .
&= n'lDagLof lsrno\, leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/
dgf]h ckm;]6 k|];, lj=;+= @)%# .
*= zfSod'lg a'4sf :df/s, e'jgnfn k|wfg
;+3f/fd ljxf/, aL=P;=lk|=k|];, a'=;+= @%$% .
(= n'lDagLsf] sfvdf, leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/
Go" g]kfn k|];, lj=;+= @)%%, O=;+= !((* .
!)= cGo kqklqsfx? ..
75
!=
hDa'Lk / Toxfsf hgtf

lzIff
b[li6
dfgj
;/n lzIff ;fdfGo 1fg tyf zLNk ljBf

ljz]if lzIff j0ff{g';f/ ljz]if lzNkljBfsf] cWoog
zfZjt b[li6 d/0fkl5 hGd x'G5 eGg] b[li6
pR5]b b[li6 d/0fkl5 z"Go x'G5 eGg] b[li6
ldnSv
cl/os
k|zf;lgs ljefhg
s]lGb|o hgkb
If]qLo hgkb
!^ j6f hgkb
!= c+u
@= duw
#= sf;L
$= sf];n
%= jHhL
^= dNn
&= r]tL
*= j+;
Translated from Thai language.
76
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
(= s'?
!)= k~rfn
!!= dR5
!@= ;'/;]g
!#= c:;s
!$= cjGtL
!%= uGwf/
!^= sDaf]h
!= ;Ss
c? ;fgf ;fgf % /fHox?

@= sf]lno
#= eUu
$= ljb]x
@=
zfSo / sf]lno j+zfjnL

dxf/fhf cf]Ssfs/fh
sf]lno j+z
zfSo j+z
%= c+u'Q/fk
j0f{
$ hgf /fhs'df/ / % hgf /fhs'df/L
If]lqo /fhf
a|fDx0f
a}Zo
z"b|
;Lxxg'
s~rgf
r08fn
o;f]w/f
;'4f]bg dfof ;'Ssf]bg cldtf]bg wf]tf]bg

k|hfktL
ls;fuf]tdL
l;4fy{
o;f]w/f
/fx'n
77
ho;]g
wlgtf]bg kldtf
cldtf
gGb
?kgGbf
dxfgfd
cfgGb bf;L
cg'?4
jf;e/jlQof
k|;]glht /fhf
78
/f]lx0fL
ljb'be
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
sf]lno j+z
#=
h]i7 /fhs'df/L b]jbx/fhf
dxfa|Dxfn] ;Gt'l;t b]jk'qnfO{ cjt/0f eO{ dg'io ue{df
Ph]g
k|lt;lGw lng k|fy{gf u/]sf]
Ph]g
/fhdftf dfofb]jL /fgLn] ;]tf] xflQ sdnsf] km"n lnO{

ue{df k|j]z u/]sf] ;kgf b]v]sf] .
c~hgf
o;f]w/f
s~rgf
a'4;Dat !) dlxgf / *) jif{ cuf8L ljlxaf/sf] lbg
ue{df k|lt;lGw ePsf]
b08kfl0f
dfof
k|hfktL
hGd z'Ns 5}7f}+ dlxgf z'qmaf/sf] lbg a'4;Dat k"j{ *) jif{

n'lDagLdf cfhef]ln ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf kb{5 .
b]jbQ
hGd / jfNoj:yf
hGd k"j{sf 36\gf
;'Kka'4
-cldtf_
laDaf cyjf o;f]w/f
79
;xhft -;u} hGd]sfx?_
laDaf
cfgGb
5Gg -;f/yL
sGys -3f]8f_
sfn'bfoL
af]lwj[If
$ wg38fx?
80
k|fltxfo{
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
/fhdftfsf] ;kgf b]Vg'
ue{df a:bf kmf]x/af6 cnUu /x]sf]

b]jtfx?f/f ;]jf;'wf/ ePsf]
dgtftf] kfgLaf6 :gfg ePsf]
hGd]kl5sf 36\gfx?
t]>f] lbgdf cl;t Clifsf] cfudg / /fhlktff/f
k|ydjf/ jGbgf
kfrf}+ lbgdf gfds/0f / eljiojf0fL ljwL
lr;f] kfgLaf6 :gfg ePsf]
;ftf}+ lbgdf /fhdftfsf] :ju{jf;
hGdg] lalQs} & kfO{nf rfn]sf]
;ftf
cf;lejfrf af]n]sf]
eljio jf0fL ug{] a|fDx0fx?
jif{sf]
pd]/df
lzNkljBf
;f]x| jif{sf] pd]/df ozf]w/f jf laDaf;u ljjfx .
!= u[x:yLdf /x] rqmjlt{ /fhf x'g]
$=
@= u[xTofu u/]df cu|d zf:tf x'g] .

u[xTofu u/L ;+;f/sf] cu|td
zf:tf x'g]5 eljiojf0fL ug{] .
81
cWoog
k|f/De,
/fhlktff/f tLgj6f kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f / /fhlktff/f

bf]>f]jf/ aGbgf
!= /fd
@= nIf0f
#= o~`
b'O{ k|sf/sf]
$= wh
eljiojf0fL
%= ef]h
^= ;'bQ
&= ;'ofd
*= sf]08~`
k|j|Hof
a'9f]
/f]uL
nfz
>d0f
rf/ b]jb"t bz{g
82
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
laDafaf6 /fx'ns'df/sf] hGd
@( jif{sf] pd]/df sGys 3f]8f r9L 5Ggsf] ;fydf
k|j|hLt :yfg cgf]df gbLsf] tL/
3l6sf/ a|Dxfaf6 rLj/ / kfq bfg
k|j|Hof kl5 ;ftlbg;Dd cg'lko cfd| jgdf lj>fd
/fhf lalDa;f/;u e]6 /fhf lalDa;f/f/f k|ltIff

bz{g e|d0f lzIff cfnf/sfnfd k'q ci6 ;dfklQ
Wofg k|fKt
pb\bs/fdk'q
b'Zs/ rof{ -lqmof_
u[xTofu
Zjf;k|Zjf;nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ tyf /f]s]/

cln slt dfq vfP/ jf ef]s} a;]/
pk:yfs
k~rjuL{o leIf'
sf]08~`
jKk
el2o
dxfgfd
83
c:;lh
84
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
%= af]]lw1fg nfe
ljd'lQm ;'vdf & xKtf af;
;'hftf pkfl;sf4f/f vL/ bfg k|fKt g}/~h/f gbLdf
!= af]lwj[Ifd08ndf a;]/ ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf] af]lw r}To
;f]lTyo a|fxd0faf6 * d'ls'z 3f; u|x0f
@= pe]/ af]lwj[IfnfO{ x]bf{ ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf] clgld; r}To

#= af]lwj[If / clgld; r}Tosf] aLrdf r+qmd0f ub{} ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej
kfqnfO{ 5f]b]sf]
Sn]zdf/ ;u le8Gt, !) kf/ldtf4f/f ljho

bfg IfflGt
zLn
;To
g}iqmDo
u/]sf] /Tgr+qmd0f r}To
clw:yfg
/Qg3/ r}To
%= chkfn lgu|f]w j[Ifd"lg a;]/ ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf] <
k|1f
d}qL
jLo{
pk]Iff
#% aif{sf] pd]/df af]lw1fg k|fKt
^= d'rlnGb a[Ifd'lg Wofg ub{} ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf] d'rlnGb r}To
p?j]nf ;]gf lgud ufpmsf] g}/~h/f gbL tL/df af]lwa[Ifd'lg

jt{dfg a'4uof -ef/t_
z'SnkIf rGbdf; 5}7f}+ dlxgf a'wjf/ $% jif{ a'4 ;Dat k"j{
k|yd k|x/
dWodk|x/
klR5d k|x/
$= dl0f3/df a;]/ clewd{ lrGtg ub{} ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf]
k"j]{lgjf;fg' :d[lt1fg
r"t'Kkfb1fg
cf>jIfo1fg
&= /fhfotg a[Ifd'lg a;]/ ljd'lQm ;'v cg'ej u/]sf] /fhfotg r}To
tk':; / elNnsn] eujfgsf] ;dIf ]jflrs z/0f lnPsf]
rf/ k|sf/sf sdnsf km"nx?;u dflg;x?sf] t'ngf ug'{ ePsf]
pU3lgt~`'
ljklrt~`'
g}o
kbk/d
k|yd b]zgf ;'Gg] JolQmsf] vf]h
cfnf/sfndek'q
85
k~rjuL{o
86
pb\bs /fdk'q
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
^=
leIf' c:;lh
k|yd b]zgf / k|yd >fjs
z'SnkIfsf] k~rbzL -k"l0f{df_ sf] lbg af]lw1fg nfe b'O{
lq/Tgsf] k"0f{tf
dlxgf kl5 ClifkQg d[ubfojgdf k|yd b]zgf
a'4/Tg
wd{/Tg
&=
wd{rqmk|jt{g ;"q b]zgf
pbfg jrt
canDag ug{ gx'g] cGt

sfd;'vlNnsfg'of]u
cQlsnyfg'of]u
canDag ug{ of]Uo dfu{
;f/ ;+If]k
wd{k|rf/
leIf['ozs'df/
oxf h+hfn 5 .
oxf ed]nf 5
cg'k'lAasyf / rf/cfo{ ;To
cfo{dfu{
;Do]s
;Do]s
;Do]s
;Do]s
rf/cfo{ ;To
b[li6
;+sNk
jrg
sd{
;Do]s
;Do]s
;Do]s
;Do]s
cfhLj
Jofofd
:d[lt
;dflw
b'Mv
;d'bo
lg/f]w
dfu{
k|yd >fjsx? leIf' sf]080o wd{rSIf' k|fKt

leIf' jKk
leIf' el4o
cgQnSv0f ;"qsf] wd{b]zgf

;'g]/ c/xTj k|fKt
leIf' dxfgfd
87
;'Gg kfPsf]
bfgsyf
bf]>f] k6s
c/xTj k|flKt
zLnsyf
:ju{ syf
sfdfbLgjsyf
g]SvDdflg;+;syf
k|yd pkf;s leIf' ozs'df/sf a'af
k|yd pkfl;sf leIf' ozs'df/sf cfdf / klxn]sL kTgL
%$ hgf leIf' ozs'df/sf ldqx?
88
;+3/Tg
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
ljdn ;'afx' k'00flh ujDklt
;Towd{nfO{ k"0f{?kn] a'g ;s" .
c? %) hgf -gfd plNnlvt 5}g_
a]n'jgf/fd ljxf/ bfg
# hgf hl6n bfh'efO{
cu|>fjsx?
p?j]nsfZok %)) lzio ePsf

gbLsfZok #)) lzio ePsf
cflbTokl/ofo ;"q wd{b]zgf

;'g]/ c/xTj ePsf
uofsfZok @)) lzio ePsf

pk;Dkbf ljwL
P]lx leSv' pk;Dkbf
wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ wd{rIf' nfe

h'g wd{ x]t'f/f pTkGg x'G5, tyfut To; wd{nfO{ atfpg' x'G5
. ;fy} To;sf] lg/f]w wd{sf] af/]df klg pxf atfpg'x'G5 .
pk;Dkbf ePsf] kGw|f}+ lbgdf j]bgfkl/Uux ;"q wd{b]zgf ;'g]/
lt;/0fudg'k;Dkbf
*=
bfof leIf' ;f/Lk'q k|1fjfgdf cu|:yfg k|fKt leIf' c:;lhsf]
/fhu[x k|j]z
/fhf lalDa;f/nfO{ wd{b]zgf
clw:yfg
/fhf x'g kfpm .
;Dos ;Da'4 cfgf] /fHodf cfpg\ .
c/xGtx?sf] ghLsdf /xg kfpm .
c/xGtx?af6 wd{b]zgf ;'Gg kfpm .

89
luHems"6 kxf8sf] ;"s/vft u'kmfdf c/xTj nfeL

afof leIf' df}b\uNofog Cl4 k|fltxfo{df cu|:yfg k|fKt
lgb|f x6fpg] ljlw ;'Gg'eof]
pk;Dkbf ePsf] ;ft lbg kl5 sNnjfn

d'Qufddf t0xSvo wd{b]zgf ;'g]/ c/xTj k|fKt .
90
(=
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
u[x:yLsf] gfd lkKkmln dfgj

tLg a'4f]jfbnfO{ lrGtg dgg
c/xTj nfe
w't+uwf/Ldf cu|:yfg k|fKt
j]n'jgf/fd ljxf/df cf]jfbkfltdf]Sv b]zgf M
t];|f] dlxgfdf k"l0f{dfsf lbg af]lw1fg nfe ePsf] ( dlxgf kl5
rft'/;lGgkft 36\gf -df3k"l0f{dfsf]_ rf/ ljz]iftfx? M
cfxf/df dfqf hfg]sf] x'g', PsfGtjf; ug'{ / lrQ z'l4sf] lglDt

of]u -Wofg_ ug'{ .
-#_ kfksd{b]lv cnUu /xg' -kfksd{ gug'{_
s'znsd{ ;+ro ug'{ -k'0o ;+ro ug'{_
lrQnfO{ kl/z'4 kfg'{ -lrQz'4 ug'{_
kfr yl/sf zogfzgsf] cg'dlt
!= ljxf/ b'O{lt/ ofs 5fgf ePsf] s'l6
!= k"l0f{dfsf] lbg kg'{

@= !@%) >fjsx? lagf lgdGq0f e]nf x'g'
@= k|;fb w]/} tNnf ePsf] 3/
#= ;a} >fjsx? c/xGt / cle~`f o'Qm /x]sf] x'g' .
$= c8\9of]u Psflt/ dfq 5fgf ePsf] s'l6

%= xlDdo sf};L h:tf] 5fgf ePsf] s'l6
$= ;a} PlxleSv' pk;Dkbf ljlwf/f pk;DkGg ePsfx? x'g'

b]zgfsf] ;f/;+If]k
-!_ IfflGt -;xgzLntf_ g} k/d tk xf] .
a'4flb >]i7x? -pQd_ lgjf{0fnfO{ >]i7 eGb5g\ .
csf{nfO{ 3ft ug{] k|j|lht ;Rrf >d0f xf]Og .
#= u"xf kxf8sf u'kmfx?
pk;Dkbf ljwL
`lQrt'TysDd'k;Dkbf /fw leIf'sf] pk;Dkbf b]lv z'?
kRrGt hgkbdf sd;]sd % hgf leIf' ;lDdlnt x'g'kg{]
dlHemd hgkbdf sd;]sd !) leIf' ;lDdlnt x'g'kg{]
csf{nfO{ kL8f lbg] k|j|lht ;Rrf >d0f xf]Og

91
-@_ s;}nfO{ lgGbf jf lx+;f glbg', k|fltdf]SIfzLndf ;+od ug'{,
duw/fHodf a'4s[To
leIf' dxfsfZoknfO{ b]zgf
92
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
cf]jfbkl6Uux0f'k;Dkbf sfZok leIf'sf] pk;Dkbf

l;ufn dfgjnfO{ ^ j6f lbzf ;DaGwL pkb]z
la:;Gt/ hfts b]zgf
/fhlktfnfO{ b]zgf
!=
@=
k"j{ lbzf cfdfa'af

klR5dlbzf -klt_ kTgL / 5f]/f 5f]/L
leIff6g ug{] sfo{df ck|dfbL x'g', ;'rl/q Jojxf/ x'g', wfld{s hLjg
JotLt ug{]n] o; nf]s / k/nf]sdf klg ;'v kfp5 .
#=
cwf] lbzf gf]s/ tyf sfdbf/x?
>f]tfkGt nfeL .
$=
blIf0f lbzf u'? cfrfo{x?
%=
^=
pQ/ lbzf sNof0f ldqx?

pWj{ lbzf >d0f a|fDx0fx?
!)= slknj:t' e|d0f -cfudg_
sfn'bfoL cdfTof/f lgdGq0f u/]sf]

lbgsf] Ps of]hgf k}bn uO{ @ dlxgf latfpg' ePsf]
ljgu|f]wf/fd ljxf/df a:g' ePsf]
Cl4 k|fltxfo{ b]vfpg' ePsf]
/fhf z'4f]bgf/f t]>f] k6s k'qjGbgf u/]sf]

kf]Sv/ jiff{ ePsf]
93
!!= sf]zn /fHodf >d0f

cgfylkl08s >]li7nfO{ b]zgf
klxn]sf] gfd ;'bQ
cg'k'lAa syf / rf/cfo{ ;Tosf] b]zgf
>f]tfkGg nfe
af}4 pkf;sn] clw:yfg -k|sfz_
h]tjgf/fd ljxf/ bfg
cgfylkl08s >]li7 / h]t /fhs'df/af6 ljxf/ bfg
!@= kl/lgjf{0f
94
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
z'SnkIfsf] k~rbzL d+unjf/ a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg, s'l;gu/df
%= sfnl;nfufpm
^= ;lAk;]l07s kj{t
cfo';+:sf/ Tofu
&= tkf]bf/fd pwfg
*= j]n'jgf/fd ljxf/
a}zfnLsf] j]n'jufddf $% cf}+ aiff{jf;df kl/lgjf{0f

x'g'eGbf ltg dlxgf cuf8L
e"sDk x'g] sf/0fx?
(= hLjsDajg
@= ^ k6s a}zfnLdf
!)= d2slR5 ldubfojg
!!= pb]g r}To
!@= uf]td r}To
!= x'/L atf;n] slDkt kfgLsf] sf/0f
!#= ;QDa r}To
!$= ax'k'Q r}To
@= Cl4jfgsf] k|efjsf] sf/0f

#= af]lw;Tj t'liftnf]saf6 Ro't eO{ dg'ioue{df k|lt;lGw
!%= ;f/Gb r}To
!^= kfjfn r}To
$= af]lw;Tjsf] hGd
z/L/ ;'Gb/ x'g] b'O{ sfn
%= a'4af6 af]lw1fg k|fKt
!= af]lwlj1fg nfe ;do
^= a'4af6 k|yd wd{b]zgf

&= a'4f/f cfo';+:sf/ Tofu
@= kl/lgjf{0f x'g] ;do

lk08kfq cflg;+;df cu|lk08kfqx?
*= a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0f
!= ;'hftf pkfl;sff/f lbOPsf] k|yd ef]hg
a'4af6 !^ k6s lgldQ cf]ef;
@= r'Gb pkf;sf/f lbOPsf] clGtd ef]hg
!= !) k6s /fhu[xdf
!= luUems"6 kj{t
#= rf]/kKkf]t
@= uf]tdlgu|f]w
$=;Qj00f u'kmf
95
96
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
;+j]hgLo :yfgx? -:d/0fof]Uo :yfgx?_
eujfgsf] >Lkfbdf clejfb
!= a'4sf] hGd :yfg
leIf' dxfsfZok
@= a'4n] af]lw1fg nfe :yfg

#= a'4f/f k|yd wd{b]zgf lbPsf] :yfg
lgUuxsd{ ug{] ljrf/

bfx ;+:sf/ kl5 z]if /x]sf wft'x?
$= a'4 kl/lgjf{0f ePsf] :yfg
eujfgsf] z/L/ k|blIf0ff
!= clTy, nf]df, bGtf
:t"k agfpg of]Uo k'b\unx?
@= s]zf, gvf, @ kq sk8f
!= a'4
#= c/xGt >fjs
@= kRr]s a'4
$= rqmjlt{ /fhf
clGtd >fjs leIf' ;'eb|f
dNn /fhfx?
;'ulGwt dfnf tyf hn ;lxt afhfufhff/f

a'4 z/L/ k"hf
a'4sf] zjnfO{ ;ftlbg;Dd w'dwfdn] k"hf
cfr{gf
!#= a'4sf] z/L/ k"hf -clUg ;+:sf/_
ds'6 aGwg r}To s'zLgu/sf] k"j{lbzflt/
5}7f}+ dlxgfsf] s[i0fkIf ci6ld k"hfsf] lbg

leIf' cg'?4
eujfga'4sf] zj nfg] af6f] atfpg' eof]

leIf' dxfsfZoknfO{ kvf{g' eof] .
a[4 k|j|lht leIf' ;'eb| wd{ ljgo k|lt b'j{rg af]n]sf]
97
!$= a'4sf] cl:ywft' ljefhg

afl8lbg] JolQm b|f]0f a|fDx0fn] eujfg a'4sf] cl:ywft'nfO{
cf7 efudf ljefhg u/L ;'gsf] kf7L -t'Da_ f/f afl8lbP
.
98
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
a'4sf cl:ywft' kfpg]x?
!%= ;Ddf;Da'4 r}Tosf] k|sf/
!= chftzq' /fhf
/fhu[x
@= lnR5jL /fhf
#= zfSo /fhf
j}zfnL
slknj:t'
$= y'nL /fhfx?
cNnsKk
%= sf]lno /fhf
/fdu|fd
^= dxfa|fDx0f
&= dNn/fhf
j]bLkbs
kfjf
*= dNn /fhf
s'zLgu/
kl5 efu lng cfOk'Ug]
wft' r}To eujfg a'4sf zf/Ll/s cl:ywft'

wft' r}To ePsf gu/x?
!= /fhu[x
@= a}zfnL
#= slknj:t'
$= cNnsKk
%= /fdu|fd ^= j}bLks &= kfjf

*= s'zLgu/
kl/ef]u r}To M eujfg a'4f/f k|of]u ul/Psf s'g} klg j:t'
jf :yfg
wd{ r}To eujfg a'4sf] wdf{]kb]z c+lst r}To
p2]zLs r}To eujfg a'4sf] u'0ffg':d/0fsf] nflu lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] :yfgj:t'
df]l/o -df}o{_ /fhf

lkKknLjg -cl:ywft' af8L;s]sf] x'bf uf]n / v/fgL
lnP/ kms{] .
99
100
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
!^= ;+ufogf
!= klxnf]
@= bf]>f]
!= sf/0f M jlHhk'q leIf'x?df ljgo ;DaGwL !) k|sf/sf ldYof
!= sf/0f a[4 k|j|lht leIf' ;'eb|ff/f wd{ ljgok|lt b'j{rg

@= k|d'v ;+3 leIf' dxfsfZok dxf:ylj/
@= k|d'v ;+3 M leIf' ozsfs08sk'q dxf:ylj/
leIf' pkfnL, ljgo
#= k|Zgstf{ M leIf' /]jt dxf:ylj/

$= pQ/stf{ M leIf' ;AasfdL dxf:ylj/
leIf' cfgGb, ;"q / clewd{
%= ;lDdlnt leIf' ;+Vof M &)) leIf' ;xefuL hgfP
#= k|Zgstf{ leIf' dxfsfZok dxf:ylj/

$= pQ/btf
wf/0ff pTkGg
^= pkTyfs, bftf M sfnfzf]s /fhf
%= ;+ufogfdf
;lDdlnt
%))
leIf' ;+Vof
^= pkTyfsbftf /fhf chftzq'
&= ;+ufogfsf] :yfg ;Qk00f u'kmf, /fhu[x, ef/t
&= :yfg M jfn'sf/fd j}zfnL gu/, jHhL b]z -hgkb_, ef/t

*= u/]sf] aif{ M a'4 ;Dat !))
(= nfu]sf ;do M * dlxgf
*= u/]sf] jif{ a'4 kl/lgjf{0f # dlxgf kl5

a'4 ;Dat
(= nfu]sf] ;do & dlxgf
101
102
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
#= t]>f]
$=
!= sf/0f M tLy{s/x? a'4 wd{df gSsnL k|j|lht ePsf]

@= k|d'v ;+3 M leIf' df]Uulnk'Q lt:; dxf:ylj/
rf}7f]
!= sf/0f M a'4 wd{sf] l:y/tfsf] nflu
#= k|Zg stf{ M leIf' df]Uulnk'Q lt:; dxf:ylj/
@= k|d'v ;+3 M leIf' dlxGb| dxf:ylj/
$= pQ/ stf{ M kf6lnk'q gu/sf ;a} leIf'x?

%= ;lDdlnt leIf' ;+Vof M !,)))
#= k|Zg stf{ M leIf' dlxGb| dxf:ylj/
^= pkTyfs , bftf M ;d|ft czf]s dxf/fh
$= pQ/ stf{ M leIf' cl/ dxf:ylj/
&= :yfg M czf]sf/fd ljxf/

*= u/sf] aif{ M @#$@#%
(= nfu]sf] ;do M ( dlxgf
%= ;lDdlnt leIf' ;+Vof M ^,*))

^= pkTyfs, bftf M /fhf b]jfglDko lt:;
&= :yfg M y"kf/fd, cg'/fwk'/, >Ln+sf
*= u/]sf] aif{ M @#&@#*
(= nfu]sf] ;do M !) dlxgf
103
104
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
%= kfrf}+
!= sf/0f M leIf' ;+3df e]b / JolQmx?sf] :d/0fzlQmdf Ifo tyf
a'4 jrgnfO{ lnlkj4 u/]sf]
@= k|d'v ;+3 M leIf' a'4bQ dxf:ylj/
#= k|Zg stf{ M leIf' a'4bQ dxf:ylj/
$= pQ/ stf{ M leIf' dxflt:; dxf:ylj/
of] jf] cfgGb dof wDdf] r ljgof]r

b]l;tf] k~`Qf], ;f]jf] ddRro]g ;Tyf
d}n] -tyfut_ ltdLx?nfO{ b]zgf u/]sf wd{x?, gLlt lgodx?,
d]/f] d[To' kZrft ltdLx?sf] zf:tf x'g]5 .
-dxfkl/lgjf{0f ;'q_
%= ;lDdlnt leIf' ;+Vof M %))!,)))

^= pkTyfs, bftf M /fhf jufd0fL ceo
&= :yfg M cfnf]s;]g :yfg, dno hgkb, >Ln+sf
*= u/]sf] aif{ M $%)
xGbbflg leSvj] cfdGtofld

jf] jowDdf ;+vf/f cKkdfb]g ;Dkfb]o
;a} ;+:sf/x? clgTo gMZj/ x'g\ ck|dfb wd{nfO{ ;Gro u/ .
-dxfkl/lgjf{0f ;'q_
(= nfu]sf] ;do M ! jif{
105
106
-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_
n]vssf] kl/ro
gfd
M leIf' ;'hg -;'hgsLlt{_
hGd:yfg
M anDa', xfdggL tf]n, sf7df08f}
ljxf/
M gu/ d08k >LsLlt{ ljxf/, sLlt{k"/
pk;Dkbf
M jft kfsgfd ;Ldf, a}+ss, yfO{n}08
pkHemfo
M leIf' ;f]db]rk|mf dxf/fhd+unfrfo{
cfrfo{
M leIf' ;'bz{g dxf:ylj/
jt{dfg ljxf/ :yfg
M The Buddhavihara Temple
e|d0f
M yfO{n}08, sDaf]l8of, l;fk"/, >Ln+sf, ef/t, k|mfG;, l:jh/n}08,

hd{g, g]8/n}08, a]lNhod, cfa'bflj, O{n}08, :s6n}08 / a]N;
Kings Bromley, DE13 7HR, UK

cWoog
M Pd=P= -a'4;f;g zfi6_, yfO{n}08

M aL=P= -wfld{s cWoog_, yfO{n}08
sfo{ cg'ej
M yfO{n}08af6 O{n}08sf] nflu af}4 wd{b"t

M ;x;+:yfks tyf k|aGws yfO{ g]kfn af}4 ;f];fO{lt, yfO{n}08
M ;+:yfks;Dkfbs Dhamma News, PBSUK
M ;x;Dkfbs;+of]hs The Friends Dhamma, UK
M ;Nnfxsf/ g]kfn a'4wd{ ;f];fO{lt, nG8g
M ;xk|lzIfs The Buddhavihara Temple
Kings Bromley, DE13 7HR, UK
ljxf/ lgdf{0f ;b:o
M tIolznf dxf a'4 ljxf/, kGhfa, ef/t

M kGhfa a'l4:t ;f];fO{lt, O{n}08
k|sfzg
M a'4wd{sf] ;f/, d+unwd{ / ljleGg klqsfx?df n]v
107
108

Baisakha Purnima

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Baisakha Purnima

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

-leIf' ;'hgsLlt{_

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a'4wd{sf] dxTjk"0f{ lbg, ljZjlbjzsf] lbg

;+o'Qm/fi6;+3af6 a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ ljZjlbjzsf]

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

recognized and, in particular, at United Nations headquarters and other

United Nations offices,

Headquarters and other United Nations offices would constitute

continues to make to the spirituality of humanity,

Agenda item 174

arrangements shall be made for international observances of Vesak at

Republic of Koria, Russian Federation, Seychelles, Slovakia, Spain,

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASEMBLY

introducing in the General Assemble the Subject international Recognition of the

When addressing the General Assambly in plenary debate on the 23rd of

Lakshman kadirgamar, conveyed to the General Assembly, pursuant to a decision

AMBASSADOR JOHN DE SARMA

PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF SRI LANKA

AGENDA ITEM 174: INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE DAY OF VESAK

Permanent mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

millions in other countries in other regions of the world.

Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka with the teachings of The Buddha.

almost theree centuries earlier.

through the thousands of years that followed, and to this day.

of the Buddha-the Enlightened one.

Lanka through to millennia.

meditation, to years of wandering and reflection in search of complete and true

to recognise Vesak as the most sacred day in Buddhism

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

to allow for appropriate arrangements to be made for observances of

Psnf]s wft'df b'O{ a'4 x'g ;Sb}g ===c;Dej 5 ===

The arrangements for such observances to be made, in consultation with the

rf/ ;+j]hgLo :yfg

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

THE DAY OF VESAK1

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

the border of Kapilavastu and Devadaha city, presently

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

according to him that should not be practiced. These are not

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

then gave last opportunity to his disciples to clear any doubt

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

In November, 1998 all the Buddhist countries such as Sri

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f

- leIf' ;' hgsLlt{ _

a' 4wd{s f] dxTjk" 0f{ lbg a}zfv k"l 0f{d f