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Computer Architecture
Module 1: Introduction to Computer Architecture
1) Overview of Digital Logic for Computer Architecture 2) Machine level representation of data 3) Computer Organization and architecture 4) Computer structure and function 5) Brief history of Computers 6) Simplest Computer Architectures
1) Components 2) Organization 3) Working
1) Digital and Analog Systems 2) Digital Number System 3) Number Systems and Inter-conversion 4) Boolean Algebra 5) Expression Minimization 6) Logic Gates 7) Circuit minimization 8) Digital Arithmetic 9) Logic Circuits 10)Counters and Registers 11)Decoders and Encoders
Working
Represents presence or absence of voltage High 1 Low 0
Discussion
2) Binary
Only two symbols or possible digit values (0-1) Base-2 system
3) Octal
Working
Set of continuous values between two boundaries
4) Hexadecimal
A system with sixteen symbols Base-16 system
4) Inter - conversion
1) Binary to Decimal 2) Decimal to Binary 3) Octal to Binary 4) Binary to Octal 5) Hexadecimal to Binary 6) Binary to Hexadecimal 7) Decimal to Octal 8) Octal to Decimal 9) Decimal to Hexadecimal 10)Hexadecimal to Decimal 11)Octal to Hexadecimal 12)Hexadecimal to Octal
5) Boolean Algebra 1) The algebra of truth values and operations on them 2) Collective binary representation of multivalue terms
X Y first transistor second transistor
3) Expression minimization
Remember
rules K-Map
6) Logic Gates
8) Binary Arithmetic 1) Binary Representation 2) Addition 3) Subtraction 4) Multiplication 5) Division 6) Floating Point Operation 7) Is Complement 8) 2s Complement 9) Shift Operation 10)Rotate Operations
2) Sequential circuits
Circuit theory
Sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose
+ Output depends not only on the present input o But also on the history of the input.
2) Register
In computer architecture
A processor register is a small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly
+ Than storage available elsewhere
2) Decoder
A decoder is a device
Does the reverse of an encoder Undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved Same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode
Assembly Code
An assembly language is a low-level programming language
Computers Microprocessors Microcontrollers Integrated circuits
Implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine codes for particular architecture
Move AX, $102 Move BX, $104 ADD AX, BX Move $106, AX
Hardware
How it works
Elements
Bus
+ For inter and intra-communication of o Data o Address o Control
CPU
1010 1000 0010 1010 0100 0100 1100 1000 0110 1010 0110 1000
Hardware
RAM
+ Temporary Storage
Big Picture
Blocks communicate
Details
Inter and intra flow of information