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Contents

Computer Architecture
Module 1: Introduction to Computer Architecture

1) Overview of Digital Logic for Computer Architecture 2) Machine level representation of data 3) Computer Organization and architecture 4) Computer structure and function 5) Brief history of Computers 6) Simplest Computer Architectures
1) Components 2) Organization 3) Working

Overview of Digital Logic for Computer Architecture

1) Digital and Analog Systems


1) digital system
A data technology that uses discrete (discontinuous) values Hardware

1) Digital and Analog Systems 2) Digital Number System 3) Number Systems and Inter-conversion 4) Boolean Algebra 5) Expression Minimization 6) Logic Gates 7) Circuit minimization 8) Digital Arithmetic 9) Logic Circuits 10)Counters and Registers 11)Decoders and Encoders

Working
Represents presence or absence of voltage High 1 Low 0

Discussion

1) Digital and Analog Systems


2) Analog system
A data technology that uses continuous values Hardware

2) Digital Number System Numbering system


1) Decimal
Composed of 10 numerals or symbols (0-9) Base-10 system

2) Binary
Only two symbols or possible digit values (0-1) Base-2 system

3) Octal
Working
Set of continuous values between two boundaries

A system with eight symbols Base-8 system

4) Hexadecimal
A system with sixteen symbols Base-16 system

4) Inter - conversion
1) Binary to Decimal 2) Decimal to Binary 3) Octal to Binary 4) Binary to Octal 5) Hexadecimal to Binary 6) Binary to Hexadecimal 7) Decimal to Octal 8) Octal to Decimal 9) Decimal to Hexadecimal 10)Hexadecimal to Decimal 11)Octal to Hexadecimal 12)Hexadecimal to Octal

5) Boolean Algebra 1) The algebra of truth values and operations on them 2) Collective binary representation of multivalue terms
X Y first transistor second transistor

XY, X+Y, X`Y`, (X+Y) XY+X`Y`

3) Expression minimization
Remember
rules K-Map

6) Logic Gates

7) Logic Circuit Minimization 1) Rules from Boolean Algebra 2) K- Map

8) Binary Arithmetic 1) Binary Representation 2) Addition 3) Subtraction 4) Multiplication 5) Division 6) Floating Point Operation 7) Is Complement 8) 2s Complement 9) Shift Operation 10)Rotate Operations

9) Logic Circuits 1) Combinational circuits


Circuit theory
Combinational logic is a type of digital logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits Output is a pure function of the present inputs only

2) Sequential circuits
Circuit theory
Sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose
+ Output depends not only on the present input o But also on the history of the input.

10) Counter and Registers 1) Counter


Counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred Relationship to a clock signal Types
Up counters Increment counters Down counters Decrement Counter

11) Encoder and Decoders 1) Encoder


An encoder is a
Device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person That converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of
+ Standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size

2) Register
In computer architecture
A processor register is a small amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly
+ Than storage available elsewhere

2) Decoder
A decoder is a device
Does the reverse of an encoder Undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved Same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode

Machine level representation of data


Natural Language Abstract Level Representation Algorithm Pseudo-Code Computer Program Assembly Code Machine Code Hardware

Assembly Code
An assembly language is a low-level programming language
Computers Microprocessors Microcontrollers Integrated circuits

Implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine codes for particular architecture

Move AX, $102 Move BX, $104 ADD AX, BX Move $106, AX

Machine Code Machine code or machine language


A system of instructions and data executed directly
By a computer's central processing unit

Hardware
How it works
Elements
Bus
+ For inter and intra-communication of o Data o Address o Control

CPU

Move AX, $ 02 Move BX, $ 04 ADD AX, BX Move $ 06, AX

1010 1000 0010 1010 0100 0100 1100 1000 0110 1010 0110 1000

Hardware

+ Registers + Arithmetic + Control

RAM
+ Temporary Storage

Big Picture
Blocks communicate

Details
Inter and intra flow of information

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