You are on page 1of 41

Dening and Developing Standards

Peter Van den Bossche


Secretary of IEC TC69
Erasmus University College Brussels
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
1
P. Van den Bossche
EV Standardization

The electrically propelled vehicle

Is it a Vehicle?

Is it an Electrical Device?
2
P. Van den Bossche
Main Actors

International Electrotechnical Commission

Electrical standards

Founded 1906

IEC TC69

International Organization for Standardization

General standards, including road vehicles

Founded 1948

ISO TC22 SC21


3
P. Van den Bossche
A Chequered Past

Specic EV standardization work

Started around 1970 in the global committees

Conict of competence domains

Who should do the work

Background of committees

Differences in standardization culture

Automotive

Electrotechnical
4
P. Van den Bossche
Division of labour

ISO/IEC steering committee

Outstanding issues
ISO TC22 SC21 IEC TC69
Aspects related to the
electric vehicle as a whole
Aspects related to electrical
components and electric
supply infrastructure
5
P. Van den Bossche
Charging infrastructure at IEC TC69

IEC TC69 has been dormant for a number of


years, but has now started the revision of the IEC
61851 conductive charging standard

Part 1: General requirements

Part 21: Electric vehicle requirements

Part 22: a.c. charging station requirements

Part 23: d.c. charging station requirements

Part 24: communication protocol


6
P. Van den Bossche
The battle of the modes

Mode 1 charging: non-dedicated outlet

Mode 2 charging: non-dedicated outlet with in-


cable protection device

Mode 3 charging: dedicated outlet

Mode 4 charging: d.c. connection


7
P. Van den Bossche 8
Mode 1 charge

Use of standard, non-dedicated socket-outlets

Earthing and GFCI are essential for safety

Compulsory in all new electric installations

Not guaranteed in legacy installations

Not allowed in certain countries

Most widely used system today


P. Van den Bossche
Dangerous condition without earthing
9
P. Van den Bossche 10
Mode 2 charge

Use of standard socket-outlets

In-cable or in-plug protection box with pilot


function

Transitory solution in USA


P. Van den Bossche 11
Mode 3 charge

Dedicated socket-outlet for EV use

Protection with control pilot function

Power levels:

16 A: normal charging

32 A: semi-fast charging

High power - fast charging


P. Van den Bossche 12
Mode 3: Control pilot function

Verication of correct connection

Socket is dead if no vehicle is present

Integrity of earthing

Ampacity of charger

Essential for public infrastructure


P. Van den Bossche
Control pilot implementation

IEC 61851 (2001) requires a hard-wired physical


control pilot conductor

Extra wire

Impedance R between pilot and earthing: 1000

Current through loop pilot-earth

Breaking the current loop breaks the circuit


13
P. Van den Bossche
Hard-wired pilot conductor (example)
14
P. Van den Bossche
New developments

Revision of IEC 61851 replaces control pilot


conductor by control pilot function

Same functionalities

Example: use of carrier line signal between charging


post and vehicle

No extra conductor: use standard accessories

Compatibility of modes:

Mode 3 for public charging posts

Mode 1 for charging on private premises


15
P. Van den Bossche
Mode 3 fast charge

Charging via traction inverter


16
P. Van den Bossche
Mode 3 fast charge

No heavy off-board charger needed

Opportunities for bidirectional working

Peak-shaving

Grid management
17
P. Van den Bossche 18
Mode 4 charge

Stationary charger

d.c. connection

Heavy and expensive infrastructure

Standard IEC 61851-23 not


published (stuck at CD level) but will
be treated with the ongoing revision
P. Van den Bossche
Accessories

Wall side: plug and socket-outlet

socket-outlet

plug

Vehicle side: vehicle coupler

vehicle connector

vehicle inlet
19
P. Van den Bossche
Parts of the conductive connection
20
P. Van den Bossche
Case A: cable xed to the vehicle
21
P. Van den Bossche
Case B: separate cable
22
P. Van den Bossche
Case C: cable xed to charging post
23
P. Van den Bossche
Plugs and sockets

Mode 1: use of standard plugs and sockets

Compatibility with Mode 3 can be obtained

Standard plugs:

domestic types

industrial types
24
P. Van den Bossche
Domestic Accessories

Domestic accessories are not suited for EV duties

Long-term full load current

Disconnection under load

Mechanical stress

Environmental stress
25
P. Van den Bossche
Industrial plug standards

IEC 60309

IEC 60309-1: general requirements

IEC 60309-2: dimensional requirements


26
P. Van den Bossche
IEC 60309-2 plugs

International standard product

Reliable

Cheap

Well suitable for EV use in Mode 1

Also for Mode 3 (without physical pilot)


27
P. Van den Bossche
Dedicated EV accessories

Standardization work IEC SC23H

IEC62196-1:2004 - Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle


couplers and vehicle inlets - Conductive charging of
electric vehicles

Based on the denitions of IEC61851

Functional requirements based on IEC 60309-1

Physical control pilot

No dimensional denitions

Up for revision

Examples of dedicated EV plugs


28
P. Van den Bossche
Framatome plug

Used by EDF in France

Predates SC23H work

Extra pin voor pilot

Compatible in Mode 1
with standard
French/Belgian socket

Expensive

Poor reliability
29
P. Van den Bossche
Scame plug

Extra pin for pilot

Rated 16 A in mode 1

Rated 32 A in mode 3

Conforms to IEC 60309-1

Reliability of an industrial plug

Non compatible with IEC 60309-2 or with


domestic plugs

National Italian standard


30
P. Van den Bossche
Mennekes plug

Modied IEC 60309-2 design

Complies to IEC 60309-1

Lateral contact for pilot

Rated 16 A in mode 1

compatible with standard


IEC60309-2 socket

Rated 32 A in mode 3

with special socket

Used in Switzerland
31
P. Van den Bossche
Vehicle Coupler Design Constraints

Accomodate high and low power charging

Vehicle real estate

Reliability and Safety

Cost

IEC61851 solution is very complicated

Rationalization due with revision


32
P. Van den Bossche
Denitons of IEC 61851
33
The electric vehicle - raising the standards
;c
Position Universal Basic Functions
High power
a.c./a.c.
High power
d.c./a.c.
Domestic
a.c.
a.c.
U
A
U
D
U
,:
B
,oo V :,o A coo V ,oo A -
-
High power
d.c./a.c.
: ,oo V :,o A coo V ,oo A -
-
High power
d.c./a.c
, ,oo V :,o A - -
-
High power a.c.
, ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A
L
, ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A
L:
c ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A
L,
; ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A ,oo V ,: A
Neutral
s Rated for fault Rated for fault Rated for fault Rated for fault PE
, ,o V : A ,o V : A ,o V : A ,o V : A
Control pilot
o ,o V : A ,o V : A ,o V : A - Communication
(+)
,o V : A ,o V : A ,o V : A - Communication :
(-)
: ,o V : A ,o V : A ,o V : A - Clean data earth
, - - - ,o V : A
Power indicator
, - - - ,o V : A
Power indicator
Table .: Overview of the vehicle interface requirements
,,o
The design of the interface did grow with the other specifications in the developing
standard document to eventually evolve to two designs at the vehicle interface
,,
:
!! A universal interface which provides for all modes of charging. It features
domestic a.c. connection (up to ,: A), and either high power a.c., or high
power d.c., since it is deemed unlikely that these two would be used at the same
time. The universal interface contains up to : contacts, which may be used or
not: one may have a high-power connector, featuring either a.c. or d.c. high
power, as well as domestic a.c. contacts, or a domestic connector, featuring
only domestic a.c. contacts. The universal vehicle inlet shall be intermateable
,,:
with either the high power a.c. connector or the high power d.c. connector. Both
types of vehicle inlet shall be intermateable with the domestic a.c. connector.
The ratings of the contacts are shown in Table ,.,. Lower current values are
available.
!! A basic interface, for modes , : and , charging only, providing for
domestic a.c. connection only, single-phase or three-phase. This consists a
lower cost solution for vehicles which do not require fast charging. The basic
vehicle inlet shall be intermateable with either the single-phase or the three-phase
basic connector. It shall not be intermateable with accessories of the universal
interface type. Ratings are shown in Table ,.,. Lower current values (e.g.
c A) are available.

,,o
irc cs,-::oo, Table i
,,
Ibid., s.
,,:
Intermateability: the ability of like accessories to join together with the mating accessories they are
intended to be used with (irc c:,ccrv, :.c)
P. Van den Bossche
Vehicle connector

1990s designs:

AVCON (US)

Marchal (F)

Common vehicle inlet for normal


or fast charging

Connectors in light and heavy


version
34
P. Van den Bossche
New proposal for standard coupler

New work item proposal for IEC SC23H


initiated by Japan

IEC 62196 Part 2: Dimensional interchangeability


requirements for pin and contact-tube vehicle
couplers

Rated 230V, 30A

Basic interface as to IEC61851-1


35
P. Van den Bossche
New proposal for vehicle connector

Single phase power

Earth

2 signal contacts
36
P. Van den Bossche
Battery connectors

Used for industrial vehicles

Used as internal connector

Not for operation under load

Not suitable for consumers


37
P. Van den Bossche
The rst ever EV standard (1913)
38
P. Van den Bossche
The rst international EV standard

British Standard BS74


39
P. Van den Bossche
Regional standardization

Europe

Activities in CENELEC TC69X transferred to IEC level

USA

SAE standardization

Japan

JARI standardization
40
P. Van den Bossche
Conclusions

Benets of International Standardization

Use of Standard Industrial Plugs

Mode 3 charging at public premises

Mode 1 charging at private premises

Benets of Standardized Vehicle Couplers

International Collaboration

Avoidance of Conict

Avoidance of Double Work


41

You might also like