BASIC THEORY

1. Phase, component, and degree of freedom A phase (P) is any physically separable material in the system. Every unique mineral is a phase (including polymorphs); igneous melts, liquids (aqueous solutions), and vapor are also considered unique phases. It is possible to have two or more phases in the same state of matter (e.g. solid mineral assemblages, immiscible silicate and sulfide melts, immiscible liquids such as water and hydrocarbons, etc.) Phases may either be pure compounds or mixtures such as solid or aqueous solutions--but they must "behave" as a coherent substance with fixed chemical and physical properties. So, phase is a condition of a system in which it has uniformity physically and chemically Component ( C ) is the minimum number of chemical components required to constitute all the phases in the system. If two possible components always occur in the same proportions in multiple phases in a system, these can be combined into a single component For example the reaction of: CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 SiO2 = CaMgSi2O6 + 2 CO2 Dolomite + 2 Quartz = Diopside + 2 Carbon Dioxide Can considered as a ternary system with components: CaMgO2, SiO2, and CO2 (three components) Degree of freedom (F) refers to the number of variables (e.g. pressure and temperature) that can be independently changed without altering the state of the system (i.e. the number of phases and their compositions are constant). Three common types of equilibria are possible:

Invariant equilibria, in which neither P or T can be changed; on a phase diagram, this is represented as a singular invariant point

Univariant equilibria, in which either P or T can be changed independently, but to maintain the state of the system, there must be a corresponding change in the other variable; on a phase diagram this is referred to as a univariant curve and

Divariant equilibria, in which both P and T are free to change independently without changing the state of the system (but bounded by the conditions defined by the univariant equilibria).

To count the numbers of degree of freedom then used F=cp+2 F = degree of freedom C = component of the system P = numbers of phase

2. Phase diagram In discussing the critical state of matter, would more appropriately deal with the three states of matter simultaneously, instead of discussing two of the three substances. Phase diagrams are a convenient way show states of matter as a function of temperature and pressure. As a typical example, the phase diagram of water. In the phase diagram it is assumed that the substance is well isolated and no other substances that enter or exit the system

The phase diagram is a two component system phase diagram liquid-liquid which dissolves partly or condensed systems. Condensed system is a system in which the condensed vapor phase is negligible (relatively low temperature) so that the price of degrees of freedom f = C P +1 The state of phenol-water system are as follows: Phenol was added into the water little by little. The system starts from a point and move to the right. From point a to point b is obtained which means that one phase is added phenol is soluble in water and form a single phase which is characterized by a clear color. (L1)

Point B: at this point occurs the maximum solubility of phenol in water From the point ka b c point: there are two layers L1 and L2 and the system is in two phases of water-soluble phenols and partially characterized by a muddy color. Getting to the right will decrease the number of L1 and L2 number will increase. At point C phenol was added enough water to dissolve all of the phenol. So that at point C is on a single phase system. From C to D, the system will again be a single phase which is characterized by clear color (L2). Tc is the critical point where the solubility limit (critical solubility temperature). Above Tc mutually soluble liquids in a variety of compositions perfectly. In the phenol-water system has a Tc = 65.85 C.

3. Two-component phase equilibrium of liquid Partially mixed fluid, the fluid does not mix in all proportions at all temperatures. Examples are hexane and nitrobenzene. Suppose that when adding a little liquid B on the other fluid sample A at a certain temperature T ', B dissolve perfect fluid and a binary system remains single phase. With more addition of B, when a stage in which B does not dissolve anymore. Now that the sample consisted of two phases which are in equilibrium with each other. Phase contains the most saturated by A and B. other phase is a little B and saturated by A. in the temperature composition diagram is illustrated. If more B is added, A bit late in the composition B. composition of both phases in equilibrium remains a 'and a', but both increased with reduced saturated the first phase. An equilibrium will be obtained if the B in such a way much, so it dissolves all the A, and the system back into a single phase. The addition of B even more now will only dilute the solution and so the solution is still single phase. The temperature impacts on the composition of both phases in equilibrium phase. Therefore, a two-phase system is not as extensive as any in the equilibrium phase richer one of the two components: the phase that contains a lot more rich in A and phase B is much more rich in B contains A. whole phase diagram can be created by repeating the observations of various temperatures and then describe the line connecting the two phase region. For two-component system for single-phase F = 2-1 +3 = 3. So there are three variables that

must be determined, namely temperature, pressure and concentration. Thus the graph of a three-dimensional graphs are difficult to draw. For simplicity, taken one variable constant, usually taken p fixed, to obtain a diagram expressing the relation of TC. Two-component system also rejuvenate by taking the equilibrium-equilibrium separately, namely the equilibrium Liquid-gas Solid-gas Liquid-liquid Solid-liquid

DISCUSSION

This experiment used two test tubes, test tubes A and test tube B. In the first test tube (A), 10 mL of phenol is added by 2 mL of aquades. In the initial additional, the system become one phase (cant be differed, all the same in the brown liquid color). if it based on the theory, the system said to be in right curve. and was obtained in the low temperature (280 C from the experiment). The aquades was continually added (each 2 mL), till it was seen cant be fused again and formed two phase. In each addition, this solution then was heated till dissolve each other end formed one phase. The solubility of solution is increases if the temperature is increases too. This produced T1 (temperature to make the system one phase). Then the system was cooling down to make it be two-phase again. This produced T2 (temperature to make the system two phase). From the theory, the temperature to make this two-phase mixture become one phase is going higher due to the more water is added. But from the experiment, the temperature was going lower. It could be the heat produced by the spiritus wasnt hot enough, the error made when measure the temperatures scale, or due to the circumstances are not precisely measure when the phase change. After that, aquadest continually added till the solution started to form one phase again. From the experiment, the addition of aquades is 16 times. It produced the almost fused phase, but there was still the rest of water layer in the bottom of solution. Theoretically, the system said to be in the left curve. The temperature has to be going lower, because the system started to undergoes one-phase equilibrium. Then if the aquades continually added, it just means the dilution of phenol in the water. As a whole, from the experiment the temperature of T1 and T2 was decreased.

T1= 63, 68, 67, 64, 62, 64, 65, 63, 64, 66, 70, 64, 66, 60, 58, 59 T2= 55, 51, 48, 50, 48, 48, 48, 51, 49, 51, 55, 49, 40, 49, 48, 49

In the second t test tube (A), 10 mL of water is added by 2 mL of phenol. Unlike the previous test tube, the system directly be turbid. Then it was heated to find T1.

The phenol was continually added (each 2 mL. In each addition, this solution then was heated till dissolve each other end formed one phase. The solubility of solution is increases if the temperature is increases too. Then the system was cooling down to make it be two-phase again. This produced T2. Both temperature of T2 and T1 was going lower, there were no peak on the graph, just made any wave. After that, phenol continually added till the solution started to form one phase again. From the experiment, the addition of phenol is 16 times. It still produced the turbid solution (two-phase system). Theoretically, if the phenol continually added, it just means the dilution of phenol in the water in the phenol and make the T1 is lower. As a whole, from the experiment the temperature of T1 and T2 was decreased. T1= T2=

From the first experiment, obtained the T1 (the temperature when system in one phase) and T2 (the temperature when system two phase) as well the second experiment. Then the graph is made , x axis is the concentration component (ercentnage component) of phenol, and the y ordinat is T1 and T2. To determine the percentage of phenol used the formula :

The graph is as follow :

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 T1 T2

From the graph, can be found .. There are two intersecting point, in the first 620 C and the second 530 C. the graph shown any wave in almost the path. This is not same with the theory; T1 has to increase since the percentage of phenol is higher. Because the more phenol in the solution, the more heat needed to make it one phase. While the T2 has to decrease since the percentage of water is lower. This is due to the percentage of phenol is higher, need less heat to make it separate. The theory said that the critical temperature of phenol-water is 65.8 0 C. But from the experiment we got the 62 0 C, the error made could be.