1.

INTRODUCTION OF PAINT

Figure 1.0: Dried green paint Paint is any liquid, liquifiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. Paint also may be described as a liquid composition capable of being applied over a surface. The viscosity of this liquid composition is adjusted to ease application by airless spray, brush, roller, etc. During the curing or drying process, this film becomes an impermeable, strongly protective, decorative coating. Modern paints have evolved due to an increasing demand for higher performance coatings. These paints have highly complicated compositions including four main components: the binder, the pigment, the extender, and the solvent. 1.1 FUNCTIONS OF PAINT Paint is a fluid that dries to form a continuous solid film when spread over a surface or substrate. Depending on its type and properties, paint can perform one or more of the following functions:

Table 1.1: Functions of Paint 1.2 PAINT SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS A paint system is basically composed of primer/sealer, undercoat and topcoat as shown in Figure 1.1.

Depending on the design requirement, texture coating may be provided. Due to volume constraint, this guide book will focus on paints that are commonly used in the local market. The functions of each system component are illustrated in Table 1.2 below.

1.3

CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT With technological advancements, the traditional classification of paints into either enamel or emulsion has become misleading. Today, the industry has enamel paints that can be diluted with water and emulsion paints that have smooth, glossy finishes. Hence, it becomes essential to identify paint by its resin components to minimize confusion. Appendix A shows some examples of paints classified by their resin components and properties. In general, enamel refers to solvent-based Alkyd resin which is generally used for wood and metal surfaces. Apart from classifying paints by their resin components, paints may also be classified in accordance with their curing mechanism, solvent used, function and market segment as shown in Table 1.3

Table 1.3: Classification of Paint

1.4

PROPERTIES OF PAINT The properties of paint determine the general quality of the coating and its workability, ease of application and resistance characteristics. Table 1.4 shows some basic properties of paints.

Table 1.4: Essential Properties of Paint

2.0

COMPONENTS OF PAINT

There are four main components: the binder, the pigment, the extender, and the solvent. 2.1 Binders Binders are the film-forming components of the paint in which the pigment and extenders are distributed. In most cases, binders produce the greatest volume of paint film and have the greatest influence on the paint characteristics (drying/curing, adhesion, hardness, strength, resistance to chemicals, etc.). Therefore, the type of binder is generally used to describe the generic type of paint. The binder, commonly referred to as the vehicle, is the actual film forming component of paint. It is the only component that must be present; other components listed below are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film. The binder imparts adhesion, binds the pigments together, and strongly influences such properties as gloss potential, exterior durability, flexibility, and toughness. Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as acrylics, polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine resins, epoxy and oil. Binders can be categorized according to drying, or curing mechanism. The four most common are simple solvent evaporation, oxidative crosslinking, catalyzed polymerization, and coalescence. There are others. Note that drying and curing are two different processes. Drying generally refers to evaporation of the solvent or thinner, whereas curing refers to polymerization of the binder. (The term "vehicle" is industrial jargon which is used inconsistently, sometimes to refer to the solvent and sometimes to refer to the binder.)

Depending on chemistry and composition, any particular paint may undergo either, or both processes. Thus, there are paints that dry only, those that dry then cure, and those that do not depend on drying for curing. Paints that dry by simple solvent evaporation contain a solid binder dissolved in a solvent; this forms a solid film when the solvent evaporates, and the film can redissolve in the solvent again. Classic nitrocellulose lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of dyes dissolved in solvent. Latex paint is a water-borne dispersion of sub-micrometre polymer particles. The term "latex" in the context of paint simply means an aqueous dispersion; latex rubber (the sap of the rubber tree that has historically been called latex) is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared by emulsion polymerization. Latex paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water, and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the latex binder particles and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint will not redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. Residual surfactants in the paint as well as hydrolytic effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water. Paints that cure by oxidative crosslinking are generally single package coatings that when applied, the exposure to oxygen in the air starts a process that crosslinks and polymerizes the binder component. Classic alkyd enamels would fall into this category. Paints that cure by catalyzed polymerization are generally two package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction initiated by mixing resin and hardener, and which cure by forming a hard plastic structure. Depending on composition they may need to dry first, by evaporation of solvent. Classic two package epoxies or polyurethanes would fall into this category.

Still

other

films

are

formed

by

cooling

of

the

binder.

For

example, encaustic or wax paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases, they will resoften or liquify if reheated. Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and alternative means of curing have been developed, particularly for industrial purposes. In UV curing paints, the solvent is evaporated first, and hardening is then initiated by ultraviolet light. In powder coatings there is little or no solvent, and flow and cure are produced by heating of the substrate after application of the dry powder. 2.2 Pigment Pigments are the small particles of solid material distributed in the paint. Pigments can be divided into two groups: anticorrosive pigments, which prevent corrosion of metals by chemical and electo-chemical means, and coloring pigments, which give permanent color and hiding capacity. Pigments are granular solids incorporated into the paint to contribute color, toughness, texture or simply to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments. Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic types. Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic silicas. Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium

dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others.

Fillers are a special type of pigment that serves to thicken the film, support its structure and simply increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually comprised of cheap and inert materials, such as diatomaceous

earth, talc, lime, baryte, clay, etc. Floor paints that will be subjected to abrasion may even contain fine quartz sand as filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand some paints contain very large proportions of pigment/filler and binder. Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with the less toxic substitute, titanium white (titanium dioxide), even before lead was functionally banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silicon or aluminum oxides for various reasons such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) via better efficiency promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film. 2.3 Extenders Extenders are natural or synthetic materials finely distributed in the paint. They can also be considered inert pigments. The particles have different sizes and shapes: nodular, lamellar, acicular, etc. Extenders have significant influence on the physical properties of the paint. These include the gloss, water & chemical resistance, mechanical strength and hardness, and film build of the paint. 2.4 Solvent Solvents are used principally to facilitate application. Active solvents dissolve the binder to make a solution suitable for various methods of application. Latent solvents make the coating easier to apply, control the evaporation rate, and improve the quality of the final film. Diluent solvents are used in limited quantities in conjunction with active solvents to reduce costs. Diluent solvents do not dissolve the binder.

The main purposes of the solvent are to adjust the curing properties and viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and affects the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non volatile components. In order to spread heavier oils (i.e. linseed) as in oil-based interior housepaint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarilyonce the solvent has evaporated or disintegrated, the remaining paint is fixed to the surface. This component is optional: some paints have no diluent. Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints. Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of solvents as the diluent, including aliphatics, aromatics, alocohols, ketones and white spirit. These include organic solvents such as petroleum distillate, ester, glycol ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents. Such solvents are used when water resistance, grease resistance, or similar properties are desired. 2.5 Additives Besides the four main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in very small amounts and yet give a very significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify surface appearance, tension, increase improve wet flow edge, properties, improve improve the finished stability,

pigment

impart antifreeze properties, control foaming, control skinning, etc. Other types of additives include catalysts, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, texturizers,

adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight bacterial growth, and the like. Additives normally do not alter the percentages of individual components in a formulation.

3.0

TYPES OF PAINTS

Paints can be classified by generic types of binders, by function, or by drying/curing mechanism. 3.1 Antifouling coatings Antifouling coatings are chosen for their ability to control marine growth and limit undue hull roughness. The effect of roughness is an increase in the resistance to movement, resulting in reduced speed and increased fuel consumption. The main cause of hull roughness is fouling (growth of marine plants and animals on the hull). Modern antifoulings fall into three main groups: soluble matrix, insoluble matrix and self-polishing. Soluble matrix antifoulings have a natural rosin binder that slowly dissolves in seawater. When the coating is immersed in seawater, the biocide leaches out of the paint, but the release rate soon drops below that required to control fouling. As a result, effective protection lasts for a short time (12 months). Insoluble matrix antifoulings have a binder that is insoluble in seawater. Since only biocides are released, the paint film is left as a porous skeleton. As the porous layer increases, the rate of biocide release decreases. Eventually no more biocides can be released and performance drops dramatically. Effective life of this type of antifouling is 24 months. Self-polishing antifoulings are based on acrylic binders and fall into two categories: tin-free and tin-bearing. In contact with seawater, the binder hydrolyses or ablates and dissolves at an even, predictable rate. As the antifouling wears away or polishes, new biocide is continually exposed down to the last few microns of antifouling. The benefits provided by a self-polishing antifouling are increased service life (up to 60 months) and a very effective protection against fouling. The effective life span is directly proportional to the applied film thickness.

3.2

Acrylic coatings Acrylic coatings are derived from an extensive family of polymers. Acrylics are single component paints that dry through solvent evaporation. They are not dependent on temperature and offer good adhesion to similar generic types such as vinyl. Designed for use on a wide variety of substrates, acrylics display excellent gloss and color retention. They are often used to modify other generic types to improve water and chemical resistance, flexibility, UV stability, gloss and color retention.

3.3

Alkyd coatings Alkyd coatings are a combination of natural oils and other chemicals. Alkyds are single component paints cured by oxidation. They are good general purpose coatings designed for a variety of applications above water. Alkyds are easy to apply and can be used for primers or topcoats. They offer good color and gloss retention, but only fair-to-poor chemical resistance. Alkyds are not suitable for application over alkaline surfaces.

3.4

Epoxy coatings Epoxy coatings are synthetic resins designed to provide a predetermined polymer structure. Epoxies are two-component, chemically cured paints. Since epoxies are synthetic, they are developed and used for a great variety of purposes. They form hard, abrasion-resistant films with excellent water, chemical, alkali and solvent resistance and are used on a variety of substrates from general purpose primers to high performance tank linings. Some epoxies present difficulties in overcoating due to hardness of cured film. Epoxies have a tendency to chalk and fade in direct sunlight. Epoxies are often modified with other binders to improve properties such as cathodic protection, surface tolerance, wetting, chemical resistance, gloss and color retention, abrasion resistance, and flexibility.

3.5

Heat resistant silicone coatings Heat resistant silicone coatings are self-polymerizing resins. They are cured by heat. Silicones offer excellent high heat resistance and good weather resistance. They are less prone to oxidation, giving excellent resistance to UV and weathering. Solvent resistance is marginal but improves markedly after exposure to very high temperatures and the burn-off of organic materials. The expense of silicone limits its application, but it is often used to modify other generic types in order to increase heat resistance.

3.6

Polyurethane coatings Polyurethane coatings are formed by a reaction between hydroxy and isocyanate compounds. They are the newest and potentially the largest polymer family in the coatings industry. Polyurethanes are normally two-component, chemically cured paints, but are also available in single-component form. Available in a wide range of formulations, polyurethanes are tough and abrasion-resistant, provide excellent chemical and solvent resistance, weathering properties, and gloss retention. They withstand mild acids and alkali and work well in combination with epoxy primers. Two-component formulations are sensitive to moisture in the wet stage, but when fully cured have an outstanding resistance to humidity. Single component formulations react with humidity to produce a dense, chemical- and corrosion-resistant film. Polyurethanes are often considered to be the best allaround coatings currently produced.

3.7

Vinyl coatings Vinyl coatings are film-forming polymers consisting of varying ratios of polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol. Vinyls are single-component paints that dry through solvent evaporation. They provide excellent acid and alkali resistance. Vinyls require a high degree of surface preparation and offer limited resistance to oil and solvents. Low solids content and high V.O.C. are making this product obsolete in the United States.

3.8

Zinc silicate coatings Zinc silicate coatings are inorganic coatings with high metallic zinc content for cathodic protection. Zinc silicates are two-component products chemically cured through water absorption. They may be solvent or water borne and require a high degree of surface preparation to work properly (intimate contact with steel is necessary). Zinc silicates are extremely resistant to mechanical stress, heat and organic solvents. Zinc silicates should not be used in acidic environments without being top-coated. Because combinations of zinc and rainwater are alkaline, zinc silicates should not be used in conjunction with alkyds. Zinc silicates are often designed as shop primers.

4.0

SURFACE PREPARATION

Good surface preparation is the most important part of any coating job. The greatest percentage of coating failures can be directly linked to poor surface preparation. A paint system applied to an unsuitable surface will not have a secure foundation to resist abrasion and other mechanical stress to which it may be subjected. Surface contaminants such as grease, oil, dirt or salt will prevent contact between the new coating and steel or existing coatings, leading to poor adhesion and eventual stripping and peeling. Rust and scale are other contaminants that prevent contact between the new coating and the steel substrate. They will allow pockets of moist air to remain which form corrosion cells beneath the new paint film and quickly destroy it. Salts in rust or on the steel substrate may encourage blistering by osmosis. Therefore, all surface contaminants must be removed. The methods of removal include fresh water, removal with the use of power tools and grit blasting. 4.1 Solvent cleaning Solvent cleaning is a process utilizing solvents or other cleaning compounds to remove oil, grease and other contaminants. Since solvents can be inherently detrimental to subsequent coatings, it is extremely important to remove any solvents or cleaning compounds from the surface prior to further preparation or applications. Solvent cleaning is often considered to be a preliminary step in the total surface preparation procedure. 4.2 Hand or power tool cleaning Hand or power tool cleaning is often considered technically suitable as a means of cleaning surfaces for coatings application; however, this method is laborious and frequently achieves less than satisfactory results. The methods of hand and power tool cleaning include hand brushing, scraping, mechanical wire brushing, disc grinding, chisel hammering and needle gunning. The inherent danger with

this method is the possibility of polishing and/or chipping the surface. Using a variety of hand and power tools to prepare a surface likely gives the best results. This method is best suited for areas in which grit blasting is not possible or practical; however, it should be limited to small jobs and areas with difficult access. 4.3 Abrasive blast cleaning Abrasive blast cleaning is the most effective and efficient method of removing rust, mill scale, paint, and other contaminants from a substrate. The high velocity impact of abrasive particles against the substrate cuts or abrades the impurities and removes them from the surface. Abrasive blast cleaning generally provides the proper surface profile to ensure adhesion of the coating system. When the proper type and size of grit, air pressure, and nozzle are chosen, abrasive blasting is the fastest and most effective method of surface preparation. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most expensive methods of surface preparations and is presenting increased environmental concerns throughout the world. 4.4 Water jetting Water jetting, also known as hydroblasting, uses a high energy water stream (5,000 to 50,000 PSI) to strip rust, scale and paint. It is also a very effective means of removing water-soluble salts, grease and oil. The advantages of water jetting include controlled removal of individual layers of paint, effective removal of soluble salts, a lack of dust and spark hazards, and a lack of contamination to surrounding areas. Disadvantages include the inability to create a surface profile, decreased production rates, and expense. Written and visual standards for water jetting have recently been introduced to the industry, and this method is becoming an increasingly popular method of surface preparation throughout the world.

4.5

Electrolytic descaling Electrolytic descaling is a method of surface preparation recommended where age and neglect make normal paint maintenance impossible. Anodes, specially designed to achieve heavy electrical current flow, are supplied as magnesium alloy strips. Strips are clamped or welded to steel at specified intervals and a tank is filled with clean seawater. A very strong electrical current is produced in the tank, which causes a breakdown of oxides (scale and rust) and the formation of a soft calcareous layer on the surface of the steel. The formation of this layer then forces the rust or scale to loosen and fall off. The tank is emptied, washed down, dried, and is ready for coating. Electrolytic descaling offers performance economy over traditional methods of surface preparation.

5.0

APPLICATIONS

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid and also for coating. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired. 5.1 Coating There are a variety of methods used to apply coatings, ranging from dipping to electrostatic spray. Because of size, time and cost constraints of a project, many applications are not suitable or practical in given conditions. The most popular and practical methods of application are brush, roller, and conventional and airless spray. Note that paint application should only be carried out when prevailing climatic conditions are suitable. Brush application is the historical method of application and is quite efficient in coating small and/or complex pieces. Application by brush is extremely effective at working paint into rough and porous substrates and is ideal for priming pitted surfaces and stripe-coating edges, flanges, and corners. Choosing the proper size, length, shape and bristle is extremely important when utilizing brush application. The disadvantages of brush application include its impracticality for use on large areas, its difficulty in controlling film build, and its impracticality for use with fast-drying materials. Roller application is two to three times faster than brush application and is ideal for large, flat surfaces. Roller cores may be wire mesh, plastic or phenolic; covers may be polyester, mohair, lambskin or nylon. Choice of roller type is dependent on the type of paint being applied and the surface being coated. Application by roller proves difficult to use in complex areas and in controlling film build. Roller application should not be used when priming. Conventional spray application is a widely accepted and speedy method of painting large surfaces. The coating material is atomized by a stream of compressed air and is propelled to the substrate by the air pressure.

Air and fluid pressures can be controlled to produce a proper fan pattern for application. Various nozzle sizes accommodate different paint types. It is very important to use the proper air pressure, usually 40 - 80 PSI. Disadvantages of conventional spray include the high loss of product caused by over spray, billowing and turbulence caused by required compressed air, and the sometimes necessary thinning of coatings to achieve proper atomization. Airless spray application is the most effective method of coatings application. Coatings material is pressed towards the nozzle or tip of a gun at high pressure. The coating is diffused by being forced through a small opening where the drastic change in pressure atomizes the paint and propels it to the substrate at a powerful rate. Application by airless spray increases production rate, reduces over spray, allows heavier film build, and eliminates the need for a pressure pot. Disadvantages of airless spray include difficulty in coating small, intricate objects, a fixed spray tip, and little control over the quantity of coatings being applied. 5.2 Solid As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, and then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere (stick) to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the overall object being painted). This is commonly referred to as "powder coating" an object. 5.3 Gas As a gas or as a gaseous suspension, the paint is suspended in solid or liquid form in a gas that is sprayed on an object. The paint sticks to the object. This is commonly referred to as "spray painting" an object. The reasons for doing this include:

 The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object ever touches the object being painted; The distribution of the paint is very uniform so there are no sharp lines; It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint; A chemical (typically a solvent) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted; Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint molecules. 5.4 Liquid In the liquid application, paint can be applied by direct application

using brushes, paint rollers, blades, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers. Paint application by spray is the most popular method in industry. In this, paint is atomized by the force of compressed air or by the action of high pressure compression of the paint itself, which results in the paint being turned into small droplets which travel to the article which is to be painted. Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles which can be attached to allow for painting at different heights. Generally, roller application takes two coats for even color. A roller with a thicker nap is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an angled brush. After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional painted regions (at the "wet edge") called "open time." The open time of an oil or alkyd-based emulsion paint can be extended by adding white spirit, similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or commercial open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of different wet paint layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable for water-based coatings.

Paint may also be applied by flipping the paint, dripping, or by dipping an object in paint. Interior/exterior house paint tends to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom. It should be mixed before use, with a flat wooden stick or a paint mixing accessory; pouring it back and forth between two containers is also an effective manual mixing method. Paint stores have machines for mixing the paint by shaking it vigorously in the can for a few minutes. The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a drawdown card. Oil-based paints when dry tend to be very durable, washable, and long-lasting. The paint would take about almost 1 day to dry. Water-based paints tend to be the safest and easiest to clean up after usingthe brushes and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water. It is difficult to reseal the paint container and store the paint well for a long period of time. It should be stored upside down, for a good seal. Storage should be in a cool dry place, protected from freezing. Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be usable for a primer coat or an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to make a larger amount of a uniform color. If it is necessary to dispose of paint, one approach is to dry it, either by leaving the lid off until it solidifies (which tends to work well only for small quantities), or by pouring it into a disposable drying device, such as a piece of plywood surrounded by a lip. Once dry, the paint may be discarded with normal trash. Wet oil based paint should be treated as hazardous waste, and disposed of according to local regulations.

6.0 6.1

BENEFITS OF PAINT Life Cycle Researchers have calculated that one ton of steel is completely converted into rust every 90 seconds. Since todays modern economic infrastructures are built with steel, this ceaseless action of rust and corrosion takes a healthy toll on national wealth as well as on the profitability of industrial companies. The cost of corrosion in developed countries is estimated to equal 3% to 4% of their gross national product. Up to 25% of this huge loss can be prevented using available technologies to slow or stop corrosion. Prevention of corrosion is a minor part of the total cost of any construction. Professional application of modern high-quality coatings is a reliable and costeffective method for prolonging service life and is normally a very minor expenditure compared to the value of the total investment. A coating system is designed based on the area to be protected and the service conditions to which it is exposed. The areas vary from underwater hulls to superstructures, from ballast tanks to above ground storage tanks, and from bridges to industrial plants. The design of a coating system must take into account all these variables. In addition, the surface preparation and application methods can become determining factors in choosing one coatings system over another. All paints will eventually age and gradually lose their protective properties. When premature breakdown occurs, the first reaction is usually condemnation of the paint, but this is seldom justified. Most premature failures can be avoided if sound specifications are prepared and adhered to in all respects. At least 80% to 90% of coatings failures are a result of poor or inadequate surface preparation, application technique, and application under poor or unsuitable conditions, insufficient thickness or the use of unsuitable paint types.

6.2

Maintenance The need to perform maintenance can be measured against the internationally accepted ISO 4628 - Evaluation of Degrading of Paint Coatings. This is a pictorial standard giving objective criteria for evaluating coatings breakdown by rust, blistering, cracking, flaking and chalking. International experience shows the most cost-effective maintenance interval to be when a degree of 1% rust area is reached. Allowing rusting and coating breakdown to continue becomes very costly to repair, while prompt and immediate touch-up is inexpensive and highly effective. Even top-quality coatings systems will require maintenance at some point. A protective coatings system must be maintained in order to achieve the desired performance life of a structure. Much like an engine, preventive maintenance of a coatings system will allow it to perform in the desired manner and help prevent the spread of corrosion should a breakdown occur. The benefits of a properly maintained coatings system are long term cost savings and reduction of rework. Maintenance is necessary both for protection and for appearance.

6.3

Health and Safety These notes are designed to give general information regarding health and safety issues when using paint and thinners. 6.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment: When using paints and thinners, it is extremely important to wear protective clothing and safety glasses. The use of an appropriate, properly fitted, NIOSH/MSHA approved respirator is recommended. For confined space applications, consult with your on site health and safety department for specific recommendations.

6.3.2 Fire and Explosion Dangers: The majority of paints contain flammable organic solvents. To avoid the possibility of fire or explosion, all sources of spark or flame should be kept well away from any area where paint is stored or in use. 6.3.3 Inhalation Dangers: The inhalation of dust, fumes and paint vapors should be avoided. The best means of protection is a respirator. Consult your safety and health department for specific recommendations on the type of respirator best suited to your job. 6.3.4 Skin and Eye Contact: Various constituents in paint can cause skin and eye irritation. Proper precautions should be taken to avoid direct contact with liquid paint. The following general precautions should be followed: Wear sensible clothing that covers as much of the body as possible. If clothing becomes soaked with paint, remove clothing wash with soap and water. Launder clothing before reuse. Always wear gloves. Do not touch mouth or eyes with gloves. If eyes are splashed with paint, rinse them immediately with water for at least 15 minutes. If skin is splashed with paint, wash immediately with soap and water. Do not use solvent to clean skin. Read and follow additional precautionary statements on the label and/or MSDS.

6.3.5 Disposal: The disposal of waste and empty containers should follow all local and national regulations regarding such materials.

6.4

Precaution from dangers Non-toxic paints Average household paint contains up to 10,000 chemicals, of which about approximately 300 are toxins, and 150 are harmful and have been linked to kidney damage, liver damage, or cancer. Even after application and drying, paints and finishes continue to release these toxic emissions into the air for many years to come. The sources of those toxins are VOCs. Up until recently very high levels of VOC's were widely utilized in paint products and finishes. NonToxic paints do not contain as many volatile organic compounds, which makes enclosed air safer to breath for people vs. regular paint. It also has a less damaging effect on the environment as it reduces landfill, groundwater and ozone depleting contaminants. VOC's are the second largest source of emissions into the atmosphere after automobiles.

7.0

REFERENCES o Bently, J. (Author) and Turner, G.P.A. (Author) (1997). Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of Paint Technology. Unk.. ISBN 0412723204. o Talbert, Rodger (2007). Paint Technology Handbook. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. ISBN 1574447033. o Woodbridge, Paul R. (Editor) (1991). Principles of Paint Formulation. Unk.. ISBN 0412029510. o http//:www.google.com

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons) APPLIED CHEMISTRY (AS225)

COLLOID AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY (CMT 602)

ASSIGNMENT: APPLICATION OF PAINT

PREPARED BY: AHMAD YAAKOB TASYRIF B MD ADNANI (2008410992)

PREPARED FOR: MR. STEPHEN LEE KOON LIANG

DATE SUBMITTED: 16 OCTOBER 2009