EXPERIMENT NO. 7 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Olayan, Imma Coney P. Fatima Joy Cruz Tabud, Daryl G.

MAB3/Group 5 Ms.

I. ABSTRACT All solutes that dissolve in water fit into one of the two categories: electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity. When an acid, base or salt is dissolved in water and the resulting solution is a conductor of electric current, the compound is called an electrolyte and nonelectrolyte if otherwise. An electrolyte is an acid when it forms H+ ions in a solution and a base when it forms OH- ions. Acids have a sour taste, cause color changes in plant dyes, react with certain metals such as zinc, magnesium, and iron to produce hydrogen gas, react with carbonates and bicarbonate such as Na2CO3, CaCO3, and NaHCO3 to produce carbon dioxide gas and conduct electricity. Basic solutions have a bitter taste, feel slippery, cause color changes in plants dyes, react with acids to form salts and water and conduct electricity. Most metallic hydroxides are insoluble in water, of the common ones only NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, and NH3 are soluble. Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction between an acid and a base. Salts are strong electrolytes that completely dissociate into ions in water. A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base. Generally, aqueous acid-base reactions produce water and a salt, which is an

ionic compound made up of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH- or O2-. The ability of acids and bases to change the color of dyes is used in classifying the substances into acids, bases, and neutral salts. The experiment has five parts and for ease of discussion can be divided into two parts. The first part is consists of the classification of substances into acids, bases or salts using the following indicators: red and blue litmus paper, phenolphthalein, congo red and the pH paper, and the conductivity test to identify electrolytes from nonelectrolytes. The second part is titration including the preparations of reagents needed. II. KEYWORDS Electrolyte, Acid, Neutralization, Indicator Base, Salt, Titration,

III. INTRODUCTION Electrolytes may be further classified as acids, bases and salts. Acids are familiarly known for their sour taste, bases for their bitter taste and salts for their salty taste. Materials that can differentiate these classes can change color depending upon the nature of the solution and are called indicators. The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralization. The concentration of an acid can be

determined with a known concentration of a base by the titration process. In titration, incremental amounts of the standard solution are added until the equivalence point is reached which is signaled by the change in the color of the indicator. This experiment aims to classify substances into acids, bases and salts using indicators, to classify electrolytes as weak and strong based on conductivity properties, to prepare 0.25M NaOH solution from NaOH pellets, to prepare 0.1M NaOH solution from 1M NaOH solution, to determine the endpoint of an acid-base titration and to calculate the concentration of the unknown acid solution from the titration data. IV. METHODOLOGY Classifying Electrolytes Five (5) drops of each of the following 0.1 M solutions were placed to separate test tubes: NaOH, NH4Cl, HCl, Acetic acid, NaCl, Ethanol, Sucrose and Distilled water. The said solutions were then tested using litmus papers, phenolphthalein and Congo red. The colors of the solutions after the addition of indicators and the change in color of the litmus paper were noted to classify if the said solutions are acid, base or neutral. Then, pH papers were used. A chart was referred to so as to know the pH. Additional two solutions were also tested with litmus paper, pH paper and indicators. The first solutions were made through the mixing of 1 mL of a 1M HCl solution and 1 mL of a 1M NaOH solution. The second solution was made through the mixing of 1mL of 1M Acetic acid and 1mL of 1M NaOH. Conductivity Test

Conductivities of the above solutions were tested through the use of a conductivity apparatus. To do the conductivity test, 10 mL of the solutions were placed in a beaker. The electrodes were immersed in the solution to be tested. Lighting of the bulb means that the circuit has been closed by the solution which would mean that it is an electrolyte conducting electricity. Preparation of 0.25M NaOH using NaOH pellets The weight of NaOH pellets needed to prepare 250.00mL of 0.25M NaOH solution was calculated. 1M 0.25M; 100mL 250mL 0.25 mol (0.25L) = 0.0625 mol NaOH L 0.0625 mol NaOH (40 g NaOH/ 1 mol NaOH) = 2.5g NaOH An amount of NaOH pellets of 2.5g (range = 2.45g-2.55g) was weighed. The pellets weighed were placed in a watch glass as container, weighing should be done quickly as the pellets are hygroscopic meaning they take in moisture easily and uptake of moisture will produce incorrect weight data. After weighing, the pellets were transferred in a 50mL beaker and were dissolved in 50mL water. The mixture was then transferred to a 250mL volumetric flask with the aid of a stirring rod. The flask was swirled to mix the solution. Using a wash bottle, the watch glass and the beaker was rinsed carefully making sure that no NaOH pellets remains in the glassware. The water used in washing was also transferred to the volumetric flask. The flask was again swirled to mix the solution. Distilled water was then added to the volumetric flask up to the mark, a dropper may be used to adjust. The cap of the flask was replaced and

the contents mixed. The solution was set aside for the next part. Preparation of 0.1M NaOH from available concentration of NaOH The volume of the 0.25M NaOH solution needed to prepare 250mL of 0.1M NaOH solution was calculated. M1V1 = M2V2 (0.25M)(V1) = (0.1M)(250mL) V1 = 100mL A volume of 100mL of the 0.25M NaOH solution was measured using a 100mL graduated cylinder. The volume was then transferred to a 250mL volumetric flask with the help of the stirring rod. The graduated cylinder was washed with the water from the wash bottle to completely transfer the solution. The washing was also transferred to the volumetric flask. Distilled water was added to the solution up to the mark. The cap was replaced an the volumetric flask was agitated to mix the solution. Titration of an Acid with a Base The burette was washed thoroughly with soap and water. It was rinsed thrice small portions of the standard base (0.1M NaOH). The stopcock was closed and the burette was filled with 0.1M NaOH, the stopcock was rapidly turned to its vertical position to remove air space at the tip of the burette. The solution was let out until the lower meniscus is at the zero mark and the burette was clamped on the iron stand. A 10mL volume of the unknown acid prepared by the instructor was each transferred to three Erlenmeyer flasks. A 50mL volume of distilled water and 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein were added to each of the flasks. The flask

was then swirled to disperse the indicator and the water. For every trial, one of the Erlenmeyer flasks was placed below the burette with the tip aligned with the opening of the flask. A piece of white paper was placed below the flask for easier comparison of the endpoint color. Small amounts of the 0.1M NaOH were added and then the flask was swirled until the first appearance of a permanent light pink coloration. The final volume reading was recorded. The process is repeated for the remaining two trials. V. RESULTS Classifying Electrolytes Table 1. Reaction of Different Indicators Classification
Litm us Pap er B B R B R R B R R R B R R R B R B B R R B Con go Red

Reagents to and their

pH pap er (pH ) 12. 5 Classific ation (acid, base or neutral) Base

Reag ents

Phenolph talein

NaOH

Violet

Red

NH4Cl

Colorless

Red

Acid

HCL

Colorless

Blu e

1.5

Acid

HC2H 3O2

Colorless

Blu e

Acid

NaCl Distill

Colorless Colorless

Red Red

7 7

Neutral Meutral

ed Water Sucro se

Ethan ol 1 mL 1M NaOH +1 mL M HCl 1 mL 1M NaOH + 1mL 1M Acetic Acid

B R R B B R R B B R R R R B R

r Sucr ose Colorless Red 5 Neutral Etha nol 1 mL 1M NaO H+ 1 mL M HCl 1 mL 1M NaO H+ 1mL 1M Aceti c Acid Neutral No Light No Light None Nonelectrol yte Nonelectoly te

Neutral

None

Colorless

Red

Neutral

Neutral

No Light

None

Nonelectoly te

Colorless

Blu e

Acid

R R B R

Weak

No Light

None

Nonelectoly te

Colorless

Red

Acid

Preparation of 0.25M NaOH using NaOH pellets Conductivity Test Table 2. Electrolyte Classification of Reagents Using Conductivity Apparatus
Classifi cation (Strong or weak) Strong Weak Strong Weak Neutral Neutral Classifi cation (Strong , Weak, Nonelectrol yte) Strong Strong Strong Weak Strong Nonelectrol yte

1M 0.25M; 100mL 250mL 0.25 mol (0.25L) = 0.0625 mol NaOH L 0.0625mol NaOH (40g NaOH/ 1mol NaOH) = 2.5g NaOH needed to prepare 250ml 0.25M NaOH Preparation of 0.1M NaOH from available concentration of NaOH M1V1 = M2V2 (0.25M)(V1) = (0.1M)(250mL) V1 = 100mL Titration of an Acid with a Base 1 9.3mL 10mL Trial 2 9.5mL 10mL 3 9.6mL 10mL

Rea gent s

Condu ctivity Appar atus

Conductivit y (Good/We ak/None)

NaO H NH4 Cl HCl HC2 H3O2 NaCl Distil led Wate

Bright Bright Bright Dim Light Bright No Light

Good Good Good Weak Good None

Volume of 0.10M NaOH Volume of

Unknown Acid Solution Molarity of Unknown Acid Solution Average Molarity of Unknown Acid Solution

0.093M 0.095M 0.096M

0.095M

Calculations: M1 = [(9.3 mL)(0.1M)]/(10mL) = 0.093M M2 = [(9.5mL)(0.1M)]/(10mL) = 0.095M M3 = [(9.6mL)(0.1M)]/(10mL) = 0.096M VI. DISCUSSION Classifying Electrolytes Acids and bases are defined according to three theories. The first theory, the Arrhenius theory, describes acids as substances that yield H3O+ / H+ ions while bases as substances that yield OH- ions in both in aqueous solutions. The second theory, the Bronsted-Lowry Theory defines acids as substances capable of donating protons while bases as capable of accepting protons. The last theory, Lewis Theory, defines acid as a substance that accepts an electron pair while a base as a substance that donates and electron pair. There are several tests used in determining the acidity or the basicity of a substance. In the experiment, the use of litmus paper, pH paper and certain indicators such as phenolphthalein and Congo red were done. Litmus paper is piece paper that has been treated with a specific indicator - a mixture of 10-15 natural dyes obtained from lichens (mainly Roccella tinctoria). In the experiment, two kinds of litmus paper

was usedthe red and the blue ones. The red litmus paper turns blue through the addition of a base or a basic solution while the blue litmus paper turns blue through the addition of an acid or an acidic solution. Both do not change color if a neutral solution or substance is added. The pH paper is a sheet of a paper that provides a set of three colors which change upon addition of a substance. It comes with a chart to which comparison can be made that indicates the specific set of colors for a certain pH level. The last two tests which used indicators were the use of phenolphthalein and Congo red. The phenolphthalein solution is dark pink to fuchsia when a substance of pH 8-10 is being tested and turns colorless upon use of substances of pH below 8. The Congo red solution is violet at its neutral state which shows upon testing of a substance of pH 3 to 5.2 while it turns blue for solutions of pH below 3 and turns red for solutions above 5.2. Deviations in the results The pH of both Sucrose and Ethanol should have been 7 since they are neutral. The solution of NaOH and HCl should also have a pH of 7 since mixing of a strong acid and a strong base would produce a neutral solution. The solution of NaOH and Acetic acid should have a pH of greater than 7 (basic) since NaOH is a strong base and Acetic acid is a weak acid. For the NH4Cl, the said substance is really acidic since Cl- acts as a base but is characterized by having a very low strength so as to oppose the acidic properties of NH4+. Conductivity Test

In the experiment, a conductivity apparatus, which provides an open circuit, was used. This circuit can only be closed and will have its light bulb produce illumination through the use of a conductive material. Electrolytes are any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. This is because ions, which have charges, allow electrons to move, allowing electricity to pass by. Strong electrolytes, therefore, would be good conductors of electricity while weak electrolytes would be weak conductors of electricity. By definition, strong acids and strong bases completely dissociate into ions. It is precisely because of this reason that they are strong electrolytes. Conversely, weak acids and weak bases do not completely dissociate into ions so they do not create as much ions as strong acids and strong bases do which is why they are weak electrolytes. All salts, although not strong acids nor strong bases, are strong electrolytes and good conductors. This is because salts completely dissociate into ions just as strong acids and strong bases do. Deviations in the results For the conductivity and electrolytic properties, the mixture of NaOH and HCl should pass the conductivity test since a salt (NaCl) would be formed together with water. Also, the mixture of NaOH and Acetic acid should also pass the conductivity test since Sodium acetate, a salt, is formed and water. Both are strong electrolytes.

Preparation of 0.25M NaOH using NaOH pellets Concentrations of solutions are usually expressed as molarity, which is the number of moles per liter of solution. In the experiment the original instructions was to create 100mL 1M NaOH but due to constraints in the glassware, 250mL 0.25M NaOH was used. The molarity of a solution is related to the mass of dissolved solute, the volume of the solution and the molar mass of the solute. Multiplying the molarity by the volume of solution needed equals the number of moles of solute in that amount of solution and multiplying this amount by the molar mass of the solute will equal to the number of grams of the solute needed to achieve the desired concentration. Preparation of 0.1M NaOH from available concentration of NaOH For this situation, the use of proportions is convenient. Using the formula M1V1 = M2V2 one is able to find any one variable provided with the other three. This formula is based on the fact that the amount of solute does not change, only the volume of the solution which is strongly related to the concentration of the solution. Titration of an Acid with a Base Quantitative studies of acid-base neutralization reactions are most conveniently carried out using titration. In titration, a solution of accurately known concentration called a standard solution is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two is complete. If the volumes of the standard and the unknown solutions used in the titration, along with the concentration of the standard solution are known, the concentration of the unknown solution can be calculated. The liquid whose concentration is

known is called the titrant while the liquid whose concentration is unknown is called the analyte. First, a known amount of the analyte is transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and some distilled water is added to make up a solution. Next, the titrant is carefully added to the analyte from a burette until the equivalence point is reached, this is the point at which the acid has completely reacted with or been neutralized by the base. The equivalence point is usually signaled by a sharp change in the color of an indicator in the acid solution. In acidbase titration, indicators are substances that have distinctly different colors in acidic and basic media. One commonly used indicator is phenolphthalein which is colorless in acidic and neutral solutions but reddish pink in basic solutions. At the equivalence point, all the analyte has been neutralized by the added titrant and the solution is colorless. However, if just one more drop of the titrant is added, the solution will immediately turn pink because the solution is now basic. VII. GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS AND

ability to carry electrical charge thus giving the electrolyte the capability to conduct electricity.

3. Calculate the pH of the following solutions:

a. 0.001 M HCl pH = -log (H+) pH = -log (0.001) pH = 3 b. 0.005 M NaOH [OH-] = 5 x 10-3 M pOH = - log [OH-] pOH = - log (5 x 10-3) pOH= 2.30 pH = 14.00 pOH = 14.00 2.30 = 11.70

c. 0.10 M NH4OH solution (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + NH4+(aq) Kb = [NH4+][ OH-] [NH3] = 1.8 x 10-5

1. From your results, what relationship can you draw between the acidity/basicity of a substance and its electrolyte property? A strong acid/base acts as a strong electrolyte while weak acid/base acts as weak electrolyte. 2. Why are electrolytes conductors of electricity? Electrolytes are conductors of electricity because in a solution, when electrolytes are dissolved, they dissociate into ions. Ions have the

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) 0.10 M -------XM ------(0.10 X) M -------

OH-(aq) + 0M +X M XM

NH4+(aq) 0M +X M XM

Kb = [NH4+][ OH-] = (X) (X) = 1.8 x 10-5 [NH3] 0.10 X We neglect X relative to 0.10 M

X2 = 1.8 x 10-5 0.10 X2 = (0.10) (1.8 x 10-5) = 1.8 x 10-6

X = [OH-] = (1.8 x 10-6) = 1.34 x 10-3 pOH = - log [OH-] = - log (1.34 x 10-3) = 2.87 pH = 14.00 pOH pH = 14.00 2.87 pH = 11.13

d. 0.02 M HCOOH (Ka = 1.8 x 10-4)

HCOOH H+ + HCOOKa = [H+] [HCOO-] [HCOOH] H+ 0 +X M XM = 1.8 x 10-4

HCOOH 0.02 M -X M (0.02 X) M

HCOO0 +X M XM

Ka = [H+] [HCOO-] = (X) (X) = 1.8 x 10-4 [HCOOH] 0.02 X Assume that x is negligible compared to 0.02. 0.02 X 0.02 Ka = x2 = 1.8 x 10-4 0.02 Solving for x, we have X2 = (0.02)(1.8 x 10-4) = 3.6 x 10-6 X = (3.6 X 10-6) = 1.9 x 10-3 [H+] = x = 1.9 x 10-3 M pH = - log (1.9 x 10-3) = 2.72

are basis for their classification with the use of various indicators. As electrolytes break into ions, they make good conductors of electricity because the electrons can travel through them making an aqueous solution of electrolytes a path that can close a circuit. In the conductivity test, the intensity of the light classifies the strength of dissociation and ultimately, a substances strength as an electrolyte. Titration is essentially neutralization, amounts of acids reacting with proportional amounts of bases and vice versa. Given the concentration of the titrant and the volume of both the titrant and the analyte, the concentration of the analyte can be determined. A more accurate way to measure basicity or acidity of a substance would be by using a pH meter as compared to manual visual pH determination methods. A more objective way of describing the intensity of the light in the conductivity test would have been more efficient. IX. REFERENCES Chang, R. Chemistry Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. : New York, 2010. Joesten, M., Castellion, M., Hogg, J., et al. The World of Chemistry Essentials Fourth Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole: California, 2007. King, B., Caldwell, W., & Williams, M. College Chemistry Seventh Edition. D. Van Nostrand Company: USA, 1977.

VIII.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Electrolytes break into ions when they are in aqueous solution. Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes. When acids break in solution, it forms H+ ions while bases form OH- ions. Salts break similar to acids except that its the H+ ion is replaced by a metal ion. The characteristics of acids, bases and salts

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report.

----------------------------------------------Olayan, Imma Coney P.

----------------------------------------------Tabud, Daryl G.