UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE DRAWING

Structure
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction
Objectives

Introduction to Machine Drawing

Types of Machine Drawing Lines and Dimensioning Presentation of Views Lettering Dimensioning Orthographic Projection
1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 What is Projection? Drawing the Views of an Object Other Views How many Views?

1.8 1.9

Summary Answers to SAQs

1.1 INTRODUCTION
An engineer needs to communicate his ideas, proposals and decisions to his colleagues, subordinates superiors, buyers and users. Many of them may be engineers. The communication may be through spoken and written language but additionally an engineering idea is more accurately, conveniently and clearly communicated through drawings. The drawing speaks through graphical language and is effectively understood by engineers and artisians who normally are responsible to convert ideas into products. An engineering drawing conveys all the ideas about the product such as material to be used, machining operations and more importantly the size of parts, shapes and assembly procedure. However, both preparing such drawing and reading them requires in depth training and present text aims at that. Before you ready yourself to learn to communicate through drawing importance of such communication must be borne in mind. They become the tool of implementation of plan (like building, plant and structure) ideas and imagination (like design of machines and parts thereof). Having been implemented they become legal documents as building constructed and parts of machine made on contract. Deviation of actual entity may become the source of litigation between one who awards contract and the awardee. The drawing will serve as evidence to favour or disfavour the contractor. Therefore making right drawing is essential.

Objectives
After studying this unit you should be able to learn types of machine drawing, lines and dimensioning, presentation of views, lettering and dimensioning, 5

Machine Drawing

four quadrants between planes and identification of planes, how to project a solid on planes, what are methods of projections used while projecting a solid, and the advantages of orthographic projection.

1.2 TYPES OF MACHINE DRAWING

Assembly Drawing Any machine is represented totally in assembly drawing with parts placed in right positions. It is preferable that the dimension of the parts of the machine are not shown as they would crowd the drawing. Instead overall dimensions are shown. This drawing may be used during assembling. Part Drawing Each part of the machine is drawn separately with a number of views so that its manufacture will become convenient. Besides dimensions surface finish and limits, the part drawing shows finishing processes like heat treatment and any other surface finish (see Figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1 : Assembly Drawing

Shop Floor Drawing This drawing comprises both part and assembly drawings and facilitate manufacturing. Catalogue Drawings The skeletal drawings with leading dimensions and without sections are used in catalogues for presenting before potential buyers and users. (see Figures 1.2(a) and (b).

Introduction to Machine Drawing

(a) Parts of Tail Stock

(b) Assembly of Tail Stock Figure 1.2

Instruction Manual Drawing These are meant for users and are assembly drawings of a machine with parts numbered for ready identification. If need arises, the machine can be knocked down and reassembled with the help of instruction manual drawing (see Figure 1.3).

Machine Drawing

1. 2. 3.

Back Gear Engage/Disengage Knob Headstock Cover Leadscrew Forward/Neutral/ Reverse Lever 4. Headstock 5. Feed Selection Levers 6. Main Spindle 7. Belt Tensioning Lever 8. Tool Post 9. Compound Slide 10. Cross Slide Handwheel 11. Saddle Clamping Screw 12. Half Nut Lever

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Tailstock Tailstock Handwheel Leadscrew Bearing Bracket Leadscrew Bed Threading Bracket Apron Long/Cross Feed Selector Knob Feed Engage Knob Apron Handwheel Feed Box Feed Tumbler Bracket End Cover

Figure 1.3 : Catalogue Drawing

Drawings with Exploded View These drawing shows parts separated in full view and numbered. The parts appear in exact sequence of assembly and can be assembled easily even if one does not have such experience. No dimensions are placed on exploded view drawing. Drawings with Schematic Representation It is an important characteristic of machine drawing that several parts that are repeatedly used in machines are assigned symbols. For example, gears are represented by circles, springs by lines and threads by other schemes. There are many parts that come ready made from other manufacturers like ball and roller bearing pneumatic, electric and hydraulic transmission systems. They all have symbolic representations. If machine uses such parts the details of standard parts is omitted and symbols occupy their positions. Patent Drawing These drawings are more loaded towards establishing a claim of innovation and invention rather facilitating some one to understand for manufacture and assembly or operation. Though it may carry overall or leading dimensions, the detailed dimension may be missing.

1.3 LINES AND DIMENSIONING

Drawings are made on standard size drawing sheets. 8 BIS standards prescribe six sizes. They are depicted in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 : Standard Sheet Sizes

Designation A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Dimension (mm) X Y 841 1189 594 841 420 594 297 420 210 297 148 210

Introduction to Machine Drawing

The student should learn to draw neat and always basic proper margin while drawing. A title in right hand bottom corner should always describe (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Name of the institution, Title of the drawing, Name of the Student, Scale, Class, Date, Sheet number and Roll number, (see Figure 1.4).

Drawing should be made to a scale which will give a true feel of the object. Thus, 1 : 1 scale should be preferred. Yet if size of a part and machine is too large then reducing scales like 1 : 2, 1 : 2.5, 1 : 5 to 1 : 100 and 1 : 200 may be used. If the part is too small then enlarging scales like 10 : 1, 5 : 1 and 2 : 1 can be adopted.
All dimensions in mm

15 15 10 10 10

Nam e of the institution Title of the Drawing Name of the student Class Roll No. 50 50 Date Sheet No. 50 Scale Symbolic presentation of view (first angle or third angle)

Figure 1.4 : Title Block

The student should particularly be careful in line drawing which can be identified by thickness and nature. The lines can be continuous, broken in dashes, chain lines, and with zig zag. They can be thin and thick along whole length or part of length. The specific uses are described in Table 1.2. The reader may not be able to appreciate the application at this stage. These points will become clear as we proceed in the text and several aspects will be explained. At this point the reader must develop an understanding about the type, thickness and appearance. 9

Machine Drawing

Table 1.2 : Lines Used in Drawing

Thickness in mm Type of Line Illustration Group-1 A. Continuous Thick 1.2 Group-2 0.8 Group-3 0.5 Group-4 0.3 Visible outlines bold and dark Dimension lines, leader lines extension lines, construction lines outlines of adjacent parts hatching lines and revolved section lines Irregular boundary lines and short break lines Hidden outlines and edges Centre lines, locus lines extreme position of the movable parts, parts situated in front of the cutting planes and pitch circles Application

B. Continuous Thin

0.4

0.

0.2

0.1

C. Continuous Thin Wavy D. Short Dashes Medium

0.4 0.6

0.3 0.4

0.2 0.3

0.1 0.2

E. Long Chain Thin

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

F. Long Chain Thick at Ends and Thin Elsewhere G Long Chain Thick H. Ruled Line and Short Zigzag Thin

1.2

0.8

0.5

0.3

Cutting plane lines

1.2

0.8

0.5

0.3

To indicate surfaces which are to receive additional treatment Long break lines

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

The feature of the drawing becomes sufficiently clear when all the views are drawn yet many times it may be necessary to show hidden lines, which are shown as broken lines as shown in Figure 1.5.

(a) Object (b) Third Angle Projection (c) First Angle Projection (d) Symbols for Projection

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Figure 1.5 Type of Projection of an Object

1.4 PRESENTATION OF VIEWS

You draw an object when looking from front, right, left, top and bottom. Two conventions are common, viz. first angle projection and third angle projection. In both projections the view by looking from front occupies the central position. In first angle projection the view by looking from right is placed on the left and that by looking from left is placed on the right of the view from front. In third angle projections the views are placed on the same side where they are looked from. Same is true for views from top and bottom. Figure 1.5(b) shows how a simple object of Figure 1.5(b) will appear when drawn in first angle projection. Figure 1.5(c) shows the same object in third angle projection. Figure 1.5(d) shows the symbols of two projections. It is this symbol which has to be drawn in Figure 1.4 where indicated.

Introduction to Machine Drawing

1.5 LETTERING
For writing on drawing one should be careful to make it legible and uniform. The letters must conform to certain rules. The letters can be upright or slant. The writing should use capital case only except in case of abbreviations which are in small case. Slant letters are inclined at 75o to the vertical. The proportions are as below with reference to four parallel lines as in Figure 1.6. If h be the height of upper case letters : Height of lower case letter will be

5 h 7 1 h 7

or

7 h 10 1 h 5

Thickness of the line of letter will be

or

Distance between top and bottom line will be

10 h 7
3 h 7 1 h 14

or

7 h 5
3 h 5 1 h 10

Minimum spacing between words will be

or

Thickness of the lines will be

3/7h

or

K F
h

en
h 5/7h

gy

A k
10/7h

1/7h

Recommended Sizes of Letters First Two Lines in Title Block and Letters Denoting Cutting Plane h = 10, 12 mm Subtitles h = 6, 8 mm Notes such as Legends, Schedules, Material, dimensions h = 3, 4, 5 others (Alterations, Tolerances h = 2, 3 mm. Figure 1.6 : Lettering

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1.6 DIMENSIONING
Dimension is numerically expressed value in proper units. Distances, diameters, radii and angles may comprise dimensions that need specifying on drawing, for its understanding. The dimension may be essential to the function of a part when it is called functional dimension. A non functional dimension may not be essential to the functional of the part. An auxiliary dimension is only meant for information. It is placed in parenthesis. A dimension line is drawn between projection lines and two types are perpendicular to each other. At the ends of the dimension line arrow heads are placed. Sometimes the strokes replace the arrow heads. The magnitude of dimension is written on the top (outside) of the dimension line. The units are preferably mm and may be dropped. The projection lines mark a distinct feature of the drawing. Incase of space being insufficient for arrow heads they may either be reversed. Figure 1.7 shows the dimension line and projection line.
30 10 30

Projection line

30

20

Dimension line

Ending of dimension line

Figure 1.7 : Dimension Lines and Projection Lines

Elements of dimensions are explained in above Figure 1.7. Note one more line indicating the names has been used. This is called lead line or pointer line. It ends with an arrow on a projection line but without it on a dimension line. It ends at a point inside or between the feature line. Certain basics must be observed in respect of dimension lines. These are : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Dimensions should be placed on relevant feature only. Dimensions should be placed outside the drawing. Projection line should be drawn from visible outline. Dimensioning from a centre line should be avoided. The crossing of dimension line with other dimension lines and projection line should be avoided. Both dimension lines and projection lines should be thinner than the main drawing lines.

The linear dimensions are arranged as (1) (2) (3) (4) Chain dimensioning, Dimensions from a common feature, Dimensions by coordinates, Combining (1) and (2).

Letters R and are used for radius and diameter respective. These letters are followed by number. Spherical radius is represented as SR and spherical diameter by s followed by a number. Incase a particular feature is repeated, the dimensions are marked at one place only. A few examples of dimensioning are given below in Figure 1.8. There are many other dimensions which the reader will come across in the text. They all need be noted carefully and used in drawing exercise which are to be followed.

12

 19 + _ + _ + _ + _

Introduction to Machine Drawing

Chain Dimensioning

13

23

21

4 6.47

10 25 40 55

Dimensioning from a common feature and repeated feature (hole dia.)

10

3 15 = 45 55

Alternative to repeated feature as above

R15.6 50 40 36 18 35

Dimensioning of diameters and radius

Figure 1.8

SAQ 1
(a) (b) (c) Describe the types of machine drawing What is dimensioning? What is orthographic projection

1.7 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

This section will deal with projection of a solid object on various planes. It will be brought out that such projections create clarity in understanding the details and structure of a part. The explanation of two types of projection will also be given.

1.7.1 What is Projection?

A line is drawn from any point on the contour of an object to a plane then the point on the contour is projected on the plane. The plane is called the plane of projection and the line is called the projector. If several such lines from several points on the contour are drawn to the plane, then a series of projected points are obtained on the plane of projection. The locus of all projected points on the plane of projection will generate an image of the

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Machine Drawing

contour of the object and all details of the object profile will be visible on the image which is called projection. Nothing has been specified about the angle between the projector and the plane of projection. If this angle is 900 then the projection is known as orthographic projection. It is not difficult to visualize that infinite number of planes can pass through a point or even through a line. But for the purposes of machine drawing we choose only two planes passing through a line and at right angles to each other. Such planes are shown in Figure 1.9. Four quadrants formed between these planes are identifiable and I, II, III and IV quadrant in anticlockwise manner. Note planes have been named as vertical and horizontal and the line of intersection as line of reference, named XY. The angle between planes is also referred to as dihedral angle.

Figure 1.9 : Four Quadrants or Dihedral Angles

1.7.2 Drawing the Views of an Object

The object to be drawn may be placed above or below the horizontal plane (H.P) in front of or behind the vertical plane (V.P). The projection lines can be drawn upto the plane by looking from the front or from above. The outline created by points of incidence form the desired drawing which can be present by rotating one plane through 90o. In Figure 1.10 a block marked with F for front and T for top has been placed infront of V.P and above H.P. The projectors have been drawn from four corners of F to cut V.P at four points which are joined in sequence to produce an image named as FV. Similarly projecting lines are drawn from four corners of T to cut H.P at four points which when joined in sequence produce image named TH. The H.P is then rotated through 90o and FV, called front view and TH called top view are shown as drawing in one plane, as in Figure 1.10(b). It must have been noted that the observer looked at the object from front or above. The drawing was created on the other side of the object which also means that the object fell between the observer and the image. The same is true for the image on H.P which was rotated clockwise to bring top view below the front view. This projection is called first angle projection. Though restrictions are not placed on projection in practice, yet Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S) has recommended first angle projection since 1991. The symbol for the first angle projection is shown in Figure 1.5(d). In third angle projection, which is also used by some, the object is placed in the third quadrant. The observer views the from the front and top and for this purpose the plane is regarded as transparent. The images will form on vertical and horizontal plane. The latter is rotated clockwise to bring the top view above the front view. Figure 1.11 illustrates both ways of obtaining images.

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Introduction to Machine Drawing

Figure 1.10 : Orthographic Projections Front and Top Views

(a) First Angle Projection

(b) Third Angle Projection Figure 1.11

1.7.3 Other Views

It is very natural to think that just looking at a three dimensional object in two directions, viz. from front and from above will not suffice to get all the details on the drawing. Extending the above discussion the object may be assumed to be surrounded by a set of six planes, mutually orthogonal. Thus there will be planes on right hand side and left hand side of the object, drawn on these planes. The side planes can then be rotated by 90o to bring side views in the same plane of paper as front and top views. The designations of the views on the six planes will be as follows : View from the front in the direction of A View from the top in the direction of B View from the left in the direction of C View from the right in the direction of D View from the bottom in the direction of E View from the rear in the direction of F Front View Top View (plane) Left Side View Right Side View Bottom View Rear View 15

Machine Drawing

Figure 1.12 shows the object surrounded by six planes.

Figure 1.12 : Six Planes Surround Object

According to the ideas developed earlier the first angle projection of right side of the object by placing the object between the observer and image on right side vertical plane is shown in Figure 1.13. The third angle projection of the same side of the object on the left side vertical plane is shown in Figure 1.14. How will these views appear on the planes of Figure 1.12 before they are given rotation and how will they appear after the right side vertical plane and bottom side horizontal plane are rotated to bring three of them in one plane is shown in Figure 1.15. This is first angle projection and note that the top side of the object is shown below the front view and left side of the object is shown on the right of the front view.

Figure 1.13 : First Angle Projection Side View

Figure 1.14 : Third Angle Projection Side View

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Introduction to Machine Drawing

Figure 1.15 : The Three Views of the Object Obtained by Rotating Projection Planes, in First Angle Projection

Figure 1.16 Three Views in Third Angle Projection

Figure 1.16 shows the left side and top side views of the object in third angle projection. Note the relative positioning of the images or views. Having understood the use of six planes of projection we can now see all the views of the object in Figure 1.17 and 1.18.

Figure 1.17 The Views in First Angle Projection the Letters A, B, etc. refer to the Direction of Observation as in Figure 2.4

Figure 1.18 : Relative Positions of the Six Views in the Third Angle Projection Refer to Figure 1.12

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Machine Drawing

1.7.4 How Many Views?

How many views of an object should be drawn is a question to answer before one proceeds to draw. Naturally symmetry plays an important role. The most symmetric object can perhaps be presented in one view and the most unsymmetric will require several (we have already talked of six views and more than six are not required). An axisymmetric object can be drawn in a single view or a flat object having features penetrating the thickness can also be drawn in a single view. However, an object having symmetry about two orthogonal axes may require two views. Increasing unsymmetry may require three or more views although most machine parts due to nature of manufacture can be presented in three views. Example 1.1 Figure 1.19 shows isometric view of an object. Select number of views and draw them.

Figure 1.19

Solution Look at the figure and observe that object is symmetric about plane passing through width of 45mm. Further note that two holes with axes in horizontal and vertical plane pass through thickness. Front view and top view as shown in Figure 1.20 are drawn in first angle projection and are sufficient to express details.

Figure 1.20

The reader must do this exercise on drawing sheet and dimension the views. It must be noted that holes are hidden details in both the views and broken lines have been used to show the hidden details. The reader may further like to draw the two views in third angle projections and then note that exercise simply brings the front view below the top view. Example 1.2 For the object shown in isometric view in Figure 1.21 draw orthographic projections to convey all details.

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Solution Apparently complicated looking object has two axes of symmetry one parallel to direction of arrow passing through the middle of the length and other perpendicular to first passing through the centre of the holes. Two views are sufficient to show the details and are shown in first angle projection in the same Figure 1.21. The readers are advised to draw the views on drawing sheet and dimension the drawing.

Introduction to Machine Drawing

Figure 1.21

Example 1.3 For the object shown in Figure 1.22 draw (a) front view (b) top view (plan) and (c) left side view. Show the scheme of developing these views on drawing sheet and dimensions.

Figure 1.22

Solution The three views are drawn in Figure 1.23. Two lines as x and y axes are drawn to divide the space in equal quadrants. The front view is drawn to scale in the second quadrant. The lines from this view are drawn to develop the plan or top view and L.H. side view respectively in third and first quadrant. Missing details are drawn from the lines drawn from L.H. side and top views upto a line in fourth quadrant drawn to make angle of 45o with both axes.

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Machine Drawing

Figure 1.23

SAQ 2
Draw two or three views of objects shown in following Figures 1.24 to 1.32.

Figure 1.24

Figure 1.25

Figure 1.26

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Introduction to Machine Drawing

Figure 1.27

Figure 1.28

Figure 1.29

Figure 1.30

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Machine Drawing

Figure 1.31

Figure 1.32

1.8 SUMMARY
A solid body is assumed to be placed such that mutually perpendicular planes surround it. The projection lines from various points on the profile of the body are drawn to and perpendicular to the planes. The locus of the incident points planes represent the projection of the body on vertical or horizontal are side planes. The planes are rotated to bring all the projections in a plane (the plane of the paper). The view on each plane is properly named depending upon the direction in which observer looks at the object. A front view is developed if body is looked from the front. For top view (plan) and side view the body is viewed from above or from side respectively. In first angle projection body is placed in the first quadrant of a dihedral and object lies between the observer and the view on the relevant. In the third angle projection the view (image) is placed between the observer and the object. First angle projection is more preferred. In first angle projection the top view (plan) will fall below the front view and right hand side will be on left of the front view.

1.9 ANSWERS TO SAQs

Refer the relevant preceding texts in the unit or other useful books on the topic listed in the section Further Readings to get the answers of the SAQs.

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