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Figure 3–1
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A second way to choose options of the ZOOM command is through the Standard toolbar
area at the top of the display screen. Figure 3–2 shows a series of buttons that perform
various options of the ZOOM command. Four main buttons initially appear in the
Standard toolbar, namely Realtime PAN, Realtime ZOOM, ZOOM-Window, and
ZOOM-Previous. Pressing down on the ZOOM-Window option displays a series
of additional zoom option buttons that cascade down. See Figure 3–2 for the mean-
ing of each button. Click on the button to perform the desired zoom operation.
Figure 3–2
Figure 3–3 shows a third method of performing ZOOM command options using the
dedicated Zoom floating toolbar. This toolbar contains the same buttons found in
the Standard toolbar; it differs in the fact that the toolbar in Figure 3–3 can be moved
to different positions around the display screen. You can also activate the ZOOM command
from the keyboard by entering either ZOOM or the letter Z, which is its command alias.
Figure 3–3
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 151
Figure 3–4 is a complex drawing of a part that consists of all required orthographic views.
To work on details of this and other drawings, use the ZOOM command to magnify or
demagnify the display screen. The following are the options of the ZOOM command:
Command: Z (For ZOOM)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: (enter one of the
listed options)
Executing the ZOOM command and picking a blank part of the screen places you in
automatic ZOOM-Window mode. Selecting another point zooms in to the speci-
fied area. Refer to the following command sequence to use this mode of the ZOOM
command on the object illustrated in Figure 3–4.
Command: Z (For ZOOM)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: (Mark a point
at “A”)
Other corner: (Mark a point at “B”)
Figure 3–4
The ZOOM-Window option is automatically invoked once you select a blank part
of the screen and then pick a second point. The resulting magnified portion of the
screen appears in Figure 3–5.
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Figure 3–5
Identify the lower portion of the drawing editor, press and hold down the Pick button
of the mouse, and move the Realtime cursor up; notice the image zooming in.
Once you are in the Realtime mode of the ZOOM command, press the right mouse
button to activate the shortcut menu shown in Figure 3–7. Use this menu to switch
between Realtime ZOOM and Realtime PAN, which gives you the ability to pan
across the screen in real time. The ZOOM Window, Original (Previous), and Ex-
tents options are also available in the cursor menu in Figure 3–7.
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 153
Figure 3–6
Figure 3–7
154
Figure 3–8
Figure 3–9
The first time you click inside the Aerial View image, a box similar to Figure 3–10A
appears. This box represents the current zoom window. Notice that, as you move this
box around, your drawing pans to different locations of the screen. The trick to per-
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 155
forming zooms with this box is to make it smaller— by single-clicking on the left
mouse button, your pick button. When you perform this operation, the box changes
to an image of a new box as in Figure 3–10B. An arrow is present along the right edge
of the rectangular box. Single-clicking the pick button of the mouse allows you to
increase or decrease the size of the rectangle. Making the box smaller zooms in to the
drawing. Single-clicking again with the pick button of the mouse returns the rect-
angle to the image illustrated in Figure 3–10C. Here the rectangle is smaller; as you
move the rectangle around the screen, you can notice the magnified image panning
around in the background. To complete the operation, right-click the mouse button
to anchor the small rectangle to the image in the Aerial View dialog box.
In Figure 3–11, a small rectangular box has been created in the Aerial View dialog
box. The current position of this rectangle in the drawing is displayed in the back-
ground of the main AutoCAD screen. Right-clicking the mouse button makes the
rectangular box stationary in the Aerial View dialog box, as in Figure 3–12. This frees
you up to activate the main AutoCAD screen and work on your drawing in its zoomed-
in state.
Figure 3–11
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Figure 3–12
USING ZOOM-ALL
Another option of the ZOOM command is All. Use this option to zoom to the current
limits of the drawing as set by the LIMITS command. In fact, right after the limits of a
drawing have been changed, issuing a ZOOM-All updates the drawing file to reflect
the latest screen size. To use the ZOOM-All option, refer to the following com-
mand sequence.
Command: Z (For ZOOM)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: A (For All)
In Figure 3–13A, the top illustration shows a zoomed-in portion of a part. Use the
ZOOM-All option to zoom to the drawing’s current limits in Figure 3–13B.
USING ZOOM-CENTER
The ZOOM-Center option allows you to specify a new display based on a selected
center point (see Figure 3–14). A window height controls whether the image on the
display screen is magnified or demagnified. If a smaller value is specified for the
magnification or height, the magnification of the image is increased (you zoom in to
the object). If a larger value is specified for the magnification or height, the image
gets smaller, or a ZOOM-Out is performed (see Figure 3–14).
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Zoom Center. Follow the illustrations and com-
mand sequence below to perform a zoom based on a center point.
Figure 3–14
USING ZOOM-EXTENTS
The left image of the pump in Figure 3–15 reflects a ZOOM-All operation. Use this
option to display the entire drawing area based on the drawing limits even if the objects
that make up the image appear small. Instead of performing a zoom based on the
drawing limits, ZOOM-Extents uses the extents of the image on the display screen to
perform the zoom. The right image in Figure 3–15 shows the largest possible image
displayed as a result of using the ZOOM command and the Extents option.
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Zoom Extents. Follow the illustrations and com-
mand sequence below to perform a zoom based on the drawing limits (All) and the
objects in the drawing (Extents).
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Figure 3–15
USING ZOOM-WINDOW
The ZOOM-Window option allows you to specify the area to be magnified by mark-
ing two points representing a rectangle, as in the top image of Figure 3–16. The center
of the rectangle becomes the center of the new image display; the image inside the
rectangle is either enlarged (see the lower image of Figure 3–16) or reduced.
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Zoom Window. Follow the illustrations and com-
mand sequence below to perform a zoom based on a window.
By default, the window option of zoom is automatic; in other words, without enter-
ing the Window option, the first point you pick identifies the first corner of the
window box; the prompt “Other corner:” completes ZOOM-Window as indicated
in the following prompts:
Command: Z (For ZOOM)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: (Mark a point
at “A”)
Other corner: (Mark a point at “B”)
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 159
Figure 3–16
USING ZOOM-PREVIOUS
After magnifying a small area of the display screen, use the Previous option of the
ZOOM command to return to the previous display. The system automatically saves up
to ten views when zooming. This means you can begin with an overall display, per-
form two zooms, and use the ZOOM-Previous command twice to return to the
original display. Zoom-Previous is also less likely to create a drawing regeneration
(see Figure 3–17).
Figure 3–17
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USING ZOOM-SCALE
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Zoom Scale. Follow the command sequences and
illustration in Figure 3–18 for performing a zoom based on a scale factor.
If a scale factor of 0.50 is used, the zoom is performed into the drawing at a factor of
0.50, based on the original limits of the drawing. Notice the image gets smaller.
If a scale factor of 0.50X is used, the zoom is performed into the drawing again at a
factor of 0.50; however, the zoom is based on the current display screen. The image
gets even smaller.
Enter a scale factor of 0.90. The zoom is again based on the original limits of the
drawing. As a result, the image displays larger.
Command: Z (For ZOOM)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window] <real time>: 0.90
Figure 3–18
USING ZOOM-IN
Clicking on this button automatically performs a zoom-in operation at a scale factor
of 0.5X; the “X” uses the current screen to perform the zoom-in operation.
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 161
USING ZOOM-OUT
Clicking on this button automatically performs a zoom-out operation at a scale factor
of 2X; the “X” uses the current screen to perform the zoom-in operation.
Issuing the PAN command displays the Hand symbol. In the illustration in Figure
3–19B, pressing the Pick button down at “A” and moving the hand symbol to the
right at “B” pans the screen and displays a new area of the drawing in the current
zoom magnification.
Figure 3–19A
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Figure 3–19B
In Figure 3–20, the Bottom view is now visible after the drawing is panned from the
Top view to the Bottom view, with the same display screen magnification. PAN can
also be used transparently; that is, while in a current command, you can select the PAN
command, which temporarily interrupts the current command, performs the pan,
and restores the current command.
Figure 3–20
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 163
You can choose Pan from the View pull-down menu, shown in Figure 3–21, or you
can enter P at the keyboard; P is the command alias for the PAN command. Also, don’t
forget about the scroll bars at the bottom and right side of the AutoCAD display
screen. They also allow you to pan across the screen (see Figure 1-1).
Figure 3–21
Pressing CTRL while the wheel is depressed places you in Joystick Pan mode (see
Figure 3–24A). This mode is identified by a pan icon similar to that shown in Figure
3–24B. This icon denotes all directions in which panning may occur. Moving the
mouse in a direction with the wheel depressed displays the icon in Figure 3–24C,
which shows the direction of the pan.
Figure 3–24A
The wheel can also function like a mouse button. Double-clicking on the wheel, as
in Figure 3–25, performs a ZOOM-Extents and is an extremely productive method
of performing this operation. As you can see, the IntelliMouse provides for realtime
zooming and panning with the addition of performing a ZOOM-Extents, all at
your fingertips.
Figure 3–25
menu as shown in Figure 3–26A activates the View dialog box, shown in Figure 3–
26B. You can activate this same dialog box through the keyboard by entering the
following at the command prompt:
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Views. Follow the next series of steps and illustra-
tions used to create a view called “FRONT”.
Clicking the New button activates the New View dialog box shown in Figure 3–27. Use
this dialog box to guide you in creating a new view. By definition, a view is created
from the current display screen. This is the purpose of the Current Display radio
button. Many views are created with the Define Window radio button, which will
create a view based on the contents of a window that you define. Choosing the De-
fine View Window button returns you to the display screen and prompts you for the
first corner and other corner required to create a new view by window.
Figure 3–27
166
In Figure 3–28, a rectangular window is defined around the Front view using points
“A” and “B” as the corners.
When the window is created, the Define New View dialog box redisplays. Clicking
OK saves the view name in the View dialog box in Figure 3–29.
Figure 3–28
Figure 3–29
Try It! Open the drawing file 03_Views Complete. A series of views have already
been created inside of this drawing. Activate the View dialog box and experiment
restoring a number of these views.
The image in Figure 3–30 illustrates numerous views created from the drawing in
Figure 3–28.
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 167
Figure 3–30
Figure 3–31
Figure 3–32
168
Figure 3–33
Figure 3–34
Figure 3–35
170
Figure 3–36
Figure 3–37
want to rotate these same objects at a certain angle. Rather than select the same set of
objects to rotate, you would pick the Previous option or type “P” at the “Select ob-
jects” prompt. This selects the previous selection set. The buffer holding the selection
set is cleared whenever you use the U command to undo the previous command.
Figure 3–40
ERASE—WINDOW
When erasing objects by Window, be sure the objects to be erased are completely
enclosed by the window, as in Figure 3–41.
Figure 3–41
ERASE—CROSSING
Erasing objects by a crossing box is similar to the Window Box mode; however, any
object that touches the crossing box or is completely enclosed by the crossing box is
selected. See Figure 3–42.
Figure 3–42
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Figure 3–43 displays the objects that were selected by the Window option. However,
the group of objects on the far right and left have mistakenly been selected and should
not be erased. These objects need to be removed or deselected from the current selec-
tion set of objects with the Remove option of “Select objects.”
Command: E (For ERASE)
Select objects: (Pick a point at “A” in Figure 3–148 and move the cursor to the right; this
automatically invokes the window option)
Other corner: (Mark a point at “B” in Figure 3–148 and notice the objects that highlight)
Figure 3–43
Before performing the ERASE command on the objects in Figure 3–43, issue the Re-
move option to deselect the group of objects shown in Figure 3–44. You can accom-
plish this easily by holding down SHIFT and picking the objects you do not want to erase.
Select objects: (While pressing the Shift key, begin picking all objects in Figures at “A” and
“B” in Figure 3–44. Notice the objects deselecting)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to execute the ERASE command)
Figure 3–44
Figure 3–45
Figure 3–46
PRE-SELECTING OBJECTS
You can bypass the “Select Objects:” prompt by pre-selecting objects at the Com-
mand: prompt. Notice that when you pick an object, not only does it highlight but a
series of blue square boxes also appear. These objects are called grips and will be
discussed in greater detail in Chapter 7. To cancel or de-select the object, press the
ESC key and notice even the grips disappear. You could also pick a blank part of your
screen at the Command: prompt. Moving your cursor to the right and picking a point
has the same effect as using the Window option of Select Objects. Only objects com-
176
pletely inside of the window will be selected. If you pick a blank part of your screen at
the Command: prompt and move your cursor to the left, this has the same effect as
using the Crossing option of Select Objects where any items touched by or com-
pletely enclosed by the box are selected.
Tip: Pressing CTRL + A at the Command: prompt selects all objects in the entire drawing
and displays the blue grip boxes. This will even select objects that are on a layer that has
been turned off, but will not select those on a layer that is frozen or locked.
This command works only if objects are defined in a drawing; the Quick Select
dialog box does not display in a drawing file without any objects drawn. Clicking in
the Object type edit box displays all object types currently used in the drawing.
This enables you to create a selection set by the object type. For instance, to select
all line segments in the drawing file, click on Line in the Object type edit box in
Figure 3–48. Clicking the OK button at the bottom of the dialog box returns you
to the drawing and applies the object properties to objects in the drawing.
AutoCAD Display and Selection Operations 177
Figure 3–48
Notice, in Figure 3–49, that all line segments are highlighted. (The square boxes
positioned around the drawing are called grips and will be discussed later in Chapter
7.) Other controls of Quick Select include the ability to select the object type from
the entire drawing or from just a segment of the drawing. You can narrow the selec-
tion criteria by adding various properties to the selection mode such as Color, Layer,
and Linetype, to name a few. You can also create a reverse selection set. Clicking on
the radio button to exclude from the new selection set, shown in Figure 3–47B, would
create a selection set of all objects not counting those identified in the Object type
edit box. The Quick Select dialog box lives up to its name—it enables you to create a
quick selection set.
Figure 3–49