4G Wireless Systems

4G Wireless Systems
A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted to the faculty of Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Engineering, Pune In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering In Computer Engineering

Submitted By
ANUJ MITTAL UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Prof. S.D. JOSHI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2006 - 2007

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING BHARATI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ACADEMIC YEAR 2006-2007

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled: 4G MOBILE SYSTEMS has been successfully completed by Anuj Mittal, of class B.E.Computer, Roll No. 22, Department of Computer

Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, College of Engineering, under the guidance of Prof. S.D. Joshi in a satisfactory manner as partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Computer Science during the academic year 200607. Date: 25/03/2007 Prof. S.D.Joshi (Seminar Guide) Prof. Suhas H. Patil (H.O.D., Computer Science Deptt.)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inspiration and guidance are invaluable in every aspect of life, especially in the fields of academics, which I have received from my respected seminar guide Prof. S.D. Joshi, who at very discrete step in study of this seminar contributed his valuable guidance to solve every problem that arose. I would also like to thank the Head of Department of Computer Engineering, Prof. S.H. Patil, who has given me this opportunity to present this seminar. Lastly I would like to thank all the staff members and my classmates who directly or indirectly helped me time to time.

Anuj Mittal B.E. Comp I Roll No. 22

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Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Service Evolution

2.1 Dimensioning Targets 2.2 Dimensioning Objectives 2.3 Multi-technology Approach

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14 15 15

Chapter 3 The User-centric system

3.1 Key Features of 4G 3.1.1 User Friendliness and User Personalization 3.1.2 Terminal Heterogeneity and Network Heterogeneity

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18 18 19

Chapter 4

The Real Technical Step-Up of 4G

4.1 Integration of Heterogeneous Systems 4.2 System Design Rules 4.3 Provisioning of Heterogeneous Services 4.4 Multimode/Reconfigurable and Interworking Devices

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23 24 25 27

Chapter 5

Key 4G Technologies
5.1 OFDMA 5.2 Software-defined Ratio 5.3 Multiple input Multiple output 5.5 Caching and Pico cells 5.6 Coverage

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31 32 32 33 33
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Chapter 6 Conclusion Appendices

Bibliography List of Figures Glossary

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37 38 39

Abstract
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4G Wireless Systems The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the market have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation. Many prophetic visions have appeared in the literature presenting 4G as the ultimate boundary of wireless mobile communication without any limit to its potential, but in practical terms not giving any design rules and thus any definition of it. The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization. Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on fixed networks, for data and streaming applications. Mobile terminal usage (laptops, Personal digital assistants, and handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include: fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and simple autonomous terminals.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

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Introduction

The Second Generation of Mobile Communication Systems (2G) was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services brought to its customers. Besides high quality speech service, global mobility was a strong reason for buying 2G terminals. The Third Generation (3G) has been started in some parts of the

4G Wireless Systems world, but the success story of 2G is hard to be repeated . One reason is that the evolution from 2G towards 3G has not brought any qualitatively new service for the customer, leaving the business model largely unchanged. The well known services plus some additional ones are provided, which may not be enough to encourage the customers to change their equipment. The lack of innovative services was encountered too late by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP). In the latest documents, an attempt was made to incorporate some advanced services into the 3GPP architecture such as the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service Center (MBMS) in combination with the IP Multimedia System (IMS). However, these smaller corrections were made without the possibility to adjust the access technology properly . The upcoming Fourth Generation (4G) is projected to solve still-remaining problems of the previous generation and to provide a convergence platform for a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video, through highdata-rate wireless channels. Various visions of 4G have emerged recently among the telecommunication industries, the universities and the research institutes all over the world .

There has been tremendous interest recently in the Fourth Generation (4G) mobile communication technologies on the worldwide basis. Research and development on 4G technologies mainly focus on two directions: Open Wireless Architecture (OWA), and Cost-effective and spectrum-efficient high-speed wireless transmission. It is well predicted that the business of 4G industries will be over $800 billion by the year 2020, and therefore major developed countries have already spent huge R&D funds on this emerging communication technology. In Europe, the European Commission (EC) envisions that 4G will ensure seamless service provisioning across a multitude of wireless systems and networks, from private to public, from indoor to wide area, and provide an optimum delivery via the most appropriate (i.e., efficient) network available. From the service point of view, it foresees that 4G will be mainly focused on personalized services . In Asia, the Japanese operator

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4G Wireless Systems NTT DoCoMo has introduced the concept of MAGIC for defining 4G: Mobile multimedia; anytime, anywhere, anyone; Global mobility support; integrated wireless solution; and Customized personal service, which mostly focuses on public systems and treats 4G as the extension of 3G cellular service. This view is referred to as the linear 4G vision and, in essence, focuses on a future 4G network that will generally have a cellular structure and will provide very high data rates (exceeding 100 Mb/s). In general, the latter is also the main tendency in China and South Korea . Nevertheless, even if 4G is named as the successor of the previous generations, the future is not limited to cellular systems and 4G should not be seen exclusively as a linear extension of 3G. India aims to leapfrog to 4G (fourth-generation) wireless technologies, skipping 3G technologies as it has not been found to be cost-effective. Even if 4G is named as the successor of previous Wireless communication generations, it is not limited to cellular systems, therefore has not to be exclusively understood as a linear extension of 3G. Figure1 shows the shift in paradigm. There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of 4G. Indeed, in order to boost innovation and define and solve relevant technical problems, the systemlevel perspective has to be envisioned and understood with a broader view, taking the user as its departing point. This user-centric approach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation topics at all the different protocol layers and avoiding a potential mismatch in terms of service provisioning and user expectations. A new user-centric methodology that considers users as the cornerstone in the design of 4G and identifies their functional needs and expectations, reflecting and illustrating them in everyday life situations is needed. In this way, fundamental user scenarios that implicitly reveal the key features of 4G, which are then expressed explicitly in a new framework the usercentric system that describes the various level of interdependency among them. This approach consequently contributes to the identification of the real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G and thus to a less prophetic and more pragmatic definition of the forthcoming technology.

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Figure 1 Evolution from 2G to 4G[i] While 2G was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and 3G provides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the concept of vertical handover through the coupling with Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) systems, 4G will be a convergence platform extended to all the network layers. Moreover, in order to boost the innovation and define and solve relevant technical problems, it has to be envisioned and understood the system level at a broader view, taking primarily into account the user. This approach can result in a beneficial method for identifying innovation topics at all the different protocol layers. There is clearly a need for a methodological change in the design of the next wireless communication generation The design should be more user-centric to avoid potential flop of the system. Finally, it is also worth to highlight that the forthcoming technology should be as less dependent as possible from any geographical matter, addressing very different markets, such as Europe, Asia, and America.

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Chapter 2 Service Evolution

2.1 Dimensioning Targets 2.2 Dimensioning Objectives 2.3 Multi-technology Approach

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Service Evolution

The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality (e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization. Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenue model based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on fixed networks, for data and streaming applications[iv]. Mobile terminal usage (laptops, Personal digital assistants, handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include: fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and simple autonomous terminals. The infrastructure will be much more distributed than in current deployments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic: machine-to-machine. Figure 2 shows one vision of how services are likely to evolve; most such visions are similar.

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Figure 2 Service Evolution Vision

2.1 Dimensioning targets

A simple calculation illustrates the order of magnitude. The design target in terms of Radio performance is to achieve a scalable capacity from 50 to 500bit/s/Hz/khz (including capacity for indoor use), as shown in Figure3. As a comparison, the expected best performance of 3G is around 10 bit/s/Hz/km2 using High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), etc. No current technology is capable of such performance[iv].

Figure 3 Dimensioning Examples

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2.2 Dimensioning objectives

Based on various traffic analyses, the Wireless World Initiative (WWI) has issued target air interface performance figures. A consensus has been reached around peak rates of 100 Mbit/s in mobile situations and 1 Gbit/s in nomadic and pedestrian situations, at least as targets. So far, in a 10 MHz spectrum, a carrier rate of 20 Mbit/s has been achieved when the user is moving at high speed, and 40 Mbit/s in nomadic use. These values will double when MIMO is introduced. Clearly, the bitrate should be associated with an amount of spectrum. For mobile use, a good target is a network performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz in nomadic use.

2.3 Multi-technology Approach

Many technologies are competing on the road to 4G, as can be seen in Figure 4. Three paths are possible, even if they are more or less specialized. The first is the 3Gcentric path, in which Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) will be progressively pushed to the point at which terminal manufacturers will give up. When this point is reached, another technology will be needed to realize the required increases in capacity and data rates. The second path is the radio LAN one. Widespread deployment of WiFi is expected to start in 2005 for PCs, laptops and PDAs. In enterprises, voice may start to be carried by Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN). However, it is not clear what the next successful technology will be. Reaching a consensus on a 200 Mbit/s (and more) technology will be a lengthy task, with too many proprietary solutions on offer. A third path is IEEE 802.16e and 802.20, which are simpler than 3G for the equivalent performance. A core network evolution towards a broadband Next Generation Network (NGN) will facilitate the introduction of new access network technologies through standard access gateways, based on ETSI-TISPAN, ITU-T, 3GPP, China Communication Standards Association (CCSA) and other standards. How can an operator provide a large number of users with high session data rates using its existing BVUCOE 15

4G Wireless Systems infrastructure? At least two technologies are needed. The first (called parent coverage) is dedicated to large coverage and real-time services. Legacy technologies, such as 2G/3G and their evolutions will be complemented by WiFi and WiMAX. A second set of technologies is needed to increase capacity, and can be designed without any constraints on coverage continuity. This is known as pico-cell coverage. Only the use of both technologies can achieve both targets (Figure 4). Handover between parent coverage and pico cell coverage is different from a classical roaming process, but similar to classical handover. Parent coverage can also be used as a back-up when service delivery in the pico cell becomes too difficult.

Figure 4 Multiple Overlay Architecture[iv]

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Chapter 3 The User-centric system 3.1 Key Features of 4G

3.1.1 User Friendliness and User Personalization 3.1.2 Terminal Heterogeneity and Network Heterogeneity

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The User-Centric System

In this section, I list and describe all the key features derived from the previous user scenarios. Inspired by the Helioscentric Copernican theory[i], the user is located in the center of the system and the different key features defining 4G rotate around him on orbits with a distance dependent on a user-sensitive scale.

3.1 Key Features of 4G 3.1.1 User Friendliness and User Personalization

In order to encourage people to move towards a new technology, which is a process that usually takes a long time and a great deal of effort from the operators side, a combination of user friendliness and user personalization appears to be the winning concept. User friendliness exemplifies and minimizes the interaction between applications and users thanks to a well designed transparency that allows the users and the terminals to naturally interact (e.g., the integration of new speech interfaces is a great step for achieving this goal). For instance, consider a scenario A, where even before leaving home to reach the place of a work appointment, users would like to receive information about train/subway schedules, door-to-door delays, and so forth, as well as more personalized information, such as knowing how long it takes to walking to be on schedule in order to eventually wait for the next train. According to the users decisions, their time-plan must consequently be scheduled in the most efficient way. During their stay on the train, users would like to download e-mails, listen to radio, watch TV, and so on. Finally, before they

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4G Wireless Systems get off the last planned train, the most time-saving exit and way to reach their final destination must be known and available in multimedia format. User personalization refers to the way users can configure the operational mode of their device and preselect the content of the services chosen according to their preferences. Since every new technology is designed keeping in mind the principal aim to penetrate the mass market and to have a strongly impact on peoples lifestyles, the new concepts introduced by 4G are based on the assumption that each user wants to be considered as a distinct, valued customer who demands special treatment for his or her exclusive needs. Therefore, in order to embrace a large spectrum of customers, user personalization must be provided with high granularity, so that the huge amount of information is filtered according to the users choices. This can be illustrated in scenario where users can receive targeted pop-up advertisements. The combination between user personalization and user friendliness provides users with easy management of the overall features of their devices and maximum exploitation of all the possible applications, thus conferring the right value to their expense.

3.1.2 Terminal Heterogeneity and Network Heterogeneity

In order to be a step ahead of 3G, 4G must not only provide higher data rates but also a clear and tangible advantage in peoples everyday life. Therefore, we believe that the success of 4G will consist of a combination of terminal heterogeneity and network heterogeneity. Terminal heterogeneity refers to the different types of terminals in terms of display size, energy consumption, portability/weight, complexity, and so forth (Figure5). Network heterogeneity is related to the increasing heterogeneity of wireless networks due to the proliferation in the number of access technologies available (e.g., UMTS, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth). These heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate. Therefore, each of them is practically designed to support a different set of specific services and devices. As explained below, 4G will encompass various types of terminals, which may have to provide common services independently of their capabilities. Therefore, tailoring content for end-user devices will be necessary in order to optimize the service presentation.

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4G Wireless Systems Furthermore, the capabilities of the terminal in use will determine whether or not new services are to be provisioned, so as to offer the best enjoyment to the user and prevent declining interest and elimination of a service offering. This concept is referred to as service personalization. It implicitly constrains the number of access technologies supportable by the users personal device. However, this limitation may be solved in the following ways:

Figure 5 Heterogeneous Terminals

3.1.2.1 By the development of devices with evolutionary design.

A naive example can clarify this concept: in the case where a user has a watchphone on which he would like to see a football match, simply by pressing a button on the watchs side, a self extracting monitor with a larger display can emerge. Therefore, having the most adaptable device in terms of design can provide customers with the most complete application package, thus maximizing the number of services supported[i].

3.1.2.2 By mean of a personalization transfer.

An example can clarify this concept: in the case where the user has a watch-phone on which he would like to see a video, he does not need to possess larger display terminals, as all the publicly available terminals can be borrowed for the displaying time. Therefore, the advantage for the customers is to buy a device on which they have the potential to get

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4G Wireless Systems the right presentation for each service, freeing it from its intrinsic restrictions. Furthermore, in a private environment, users can optimize the service presentation as they wish, thus exploiting the multiple terminals they have at disposal. The several levels of dependency highlighted by the user centric system definitely stress the fact that it is not feasible to design 4G starting from the access technology in order to satisfy the users requirements. A contextual and a strong preliminary consideration of the user are a more relevant and appropriate approach to the design.

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Chapter4 The Real Technical Step-Up of 4G 4.1 Integration of Heterogeneous Systems

4.2 System Design Rules 4.3 Provisioning of Heterogeneous Services 4.4 Multimode/Reconfigurable and Interworking Devices

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The Real Technical Step-Up of 4G

4.1 Integration of Heterogeneous Systems

The real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G can be summarized with the word integration seamless integration of already existing and new networks, services, and terminals, in order to satisfy ever-increasing user demands.

Figure 6. Heterogeneous Networks

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4.2 System Design Rules

Regardless of the actual technology, the forthcoming generation will be able to allow complete interoperability among heterogeneous networks and associated technologies, thus providing clear advantages in terms of:

4.2.1 Coverage.
In Fig. 5, the shift in paradigm is shown: while 2G was focused on full coverage for cellular systems offering only one technology and 3G provides its services only in dedicated areas and introduces the concept of vertical handover through the coupling with wireless local area network (WLAN) systems,4G will be a convergence platform extended to all the network layers. Hence, the user will be connected almost anywhere thanks to widespread coverage due to the exploitation of the various networks available. In particular, service provision will be granted with at least the same level of quality of service (QoS) when passing from one networks support to that of another one.

4.2.2 Bandwidth.
Resource sharing among the various networks available will smooth the problem related to the spectrum limitations relative to 3G.

4.2.3 Power consumption.

Battery drain is a chronic problem of wireless devices and battery technology is not progressing at an appropriate pace. For example, 2G mobile phones were shipped out with one battery, whereas 3G ones are shipped out with two batteries. Therefore, if we follow this 3G rule, power consumption will increase proportionally to more advanced services. For example, a cellular system that also supports short-range communications among the terminals can achieve the goals outlined above. The rationale for introducing short-range communications is mainly due to the need to support peer-to-peer (P2P) highspeed wireless links between mobile stations (MSs) and to enhance the communication between an MS and the base station (BS) by fostering cooperative communication

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4G Wireless Systems protocols among spatially proximate devices. This communication enhancement primarily refers to higher link reliability, larger coverage, higher spectral efficiency, and lower power consumption due to the use of exclusive cooperative stations (e.g., relay stations (RSs) deployed by operators) or short-range communications among different MSs. Indeed, the concept of cooperation introduces a new form of diversity where terminals are less susceptible to channel variations and shadowing effects. This results in an improvement of the reliability of the communication and the extension of the coverage. Furthermore, whereas in voice networks the resources are dedicated separately for each user, in cellularcontrolled short-range data networks it is possible to group users in clusters and gain the following advantages: Only the cluster head (CH) needs to have a dedicated channel to the BS, while the other MSs can communicate using unlicensed bands; thus, more bandwidth is not required. The CH selection is an important issue that should take into account, among other factors, the channel conditions of the short-range links (RS-MS and MS-MS) and the long-range ones (BS-MS), the available rate, the speed, the location, the computational power, and the residual energy of the MSs. Due to the short range of the transmissions performed by the MSs to the CH, it is possible to reduce their power consumption and hence prolong their battery life.

4.3 Provisioning of Heterogeneous Services

Services are heterogeneous in nature (e.g., different types of services such as audio, video, pop-up advertisements, etc.), quality, and accessibility. In fact, at a certain time and place, the quality of and the accessibility to a service may not be the same due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the network. For instance, users in proximity to the shopping mall but outside the coverage of a WLAN can still receive pop-up advertisements by exploiting a possible multihop ad hoc network in their surroundings. Therefore, thanks to the dynamics of the network environment (in which the number of users, terminals, topology, etc. can change), 4G maximizes the probability to provide users with the requested

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4G Wireless Systems connectivity. Therefore, contrary to the previous generations, the services provided in 4G will depend on the time, place, terminal, and user: S2G ~ const, (3) S3G ~ f (place), (4) S4G ~ f(time, place, terminal, user), (5) where the service provisioning depends on terminal and user because of terminal heterogeneity and service personalization, and user personalization, respectively. Apart from some soft additional emerging services (e.g., fast Internet connection, pop-up advertisements, etc.), there is still a lack of really new and distinct services that will enable new applications with tangible benefits for their users. Therefore, we envision that the real advantage in terms of services that 4G will bring will be based on the integration of technologies designed to match the needs of different market segments: Short-range wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, will enable machineto-machine (M2M) communications, where users sign up online on the waiting list, which sends them back the approximate waiting time, where they can transfer content to a publicly available larger display. In particular, from the sociological point of view, in the latter case the private and public spheres are definitely mixed. This recombination can result in the enhancement of public access such that the access to displays will be as common as the access to public telephone booths is nowadays. Short-range wireless technologies also open the possibility to cooperative communication strategies, which can provide better services at lower costs, thus maximizing the users profit. In this way, they increase the social cooperative behavior and empower the consumer to make clever use of it. Hence, the users personal device is no longer a mere medium for transferring information, but a social medium that helps to build groups and friendships. Since 3G networks are not able to deliver multicast services efficiently or at a decent level of quality, the synergy of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and digital audio/video broadcasting (DAB/DVB) will open the possibility to provide to mobile users interactive or on demand services so called TP data casting and

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4G Wireless Systems audio and video streaming in a much more efficient way than using the point-to-point switch network . The embedding in the user terminal of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver will offer the essential feature of location-awareness that is necessary to provide users with the most comprehensive and extensive level of information, thus bringing about real revolution in terms of personalized services. The user terminal can hence provide not only location based information, such as maps and directions to follow to reach a specific place, but also useful information relevant in time and space, such as pop-up advertisements concerning offers in shops nearby. However, GPS technology can only support outdoor localization. Indoor localization, which is important in order to provide, for instance, the guided tour in a museum, requires the cooperation of shortrange wireless technologies. Finally, it is worth highlighting that although users are attracted by high data rates, they would certainly be even more attracted by useful services exploiting high data rates. The support of imaging and video as well as high-quality audio gives service providers (SPs) a myriad of possibilities for developing appealing applications. These features, blended with the support of high data rates, result in a particularly attractive combination. Indeed, in addition to an explosive increase in data traffic, we can expect changes on the typically assumed downlink-uplink traffic imbalance. Data transfer in the uplink direction is expected to increase considerably and, as a result of these trends, the mobile user will ultimately become a content provider (CP). In future wireless networks, the CP concept will broaden to encompass not only the conventional small- or middle-size businessoriented service companies, but also any single or group of users. Mobile CPs will open up a new chapter in service provision.

4.4 Multimode/Reconfigurable and Interworking Devices

As illustrated in Fig. 5, 4G is characterized by the support of heterogeneous terminals, ranging from pen-phones to cars. However, due to its wide acceptance and usage in the past ten years, the mobile phone is still expected to be on the next edge of the wave of the mass market. Indeed, while the penetration of other devices will occupy a restricted BVUCOE 27

4G Wireless Systems niche role in the market (e.g., personal digital assistants (PDAs), watch phones, and penphones will continue to be restricted to an elite group of tech-savvy people), the mobile phone will still have no competitor in the near future, due to its size and weight, which guarantee high portability. Moreover, due to the casual and informal feeling it gives, people will pay more attention to the pop-up advertisements/news/events they receive on it than on any other device. Looking at the latest releases of mobile phones, the actual tendency is to use a General Packet Radio System (GPRS) platform and provide users with the most complete range of applications possible, trying to continually include new additional features (e.g., digital camera recorder, etc.). On the other hand, the emerging UIMTS phones essentially provide the possibility to support the mobile video communication. However, the real enhancement that 3G brings to our everyday life is not really clear. This new application cannot necessarily be considered as the killer application, as the quality of the video is low and it is practically limited to a semi-static situation that implies a complete concentration of users during the conversation (e.g., it is obviously not practical to watch a mobile phone while walking in the street), restricting the field of action and raising secondary problems, such as safety issues (e.g., for the driver and pedestrians while driving, etc.). Since 4G is based on the integration of heterogeneous systems, the future trend of wireless devices will move toward:

4.4.1 Multimode/reconfigurable devices.

The user terminal is able to access the core network by choosing one of the several access networks available and to initiate the handoff between them without the need for network modification or interworking devices. This leads to the integration of different access technologies in the same device (multimodality) or to the use of the softwaredefined radio (SDR) (reconfigurability) . For example, whereas the integration of Bluetooth in the user terminal will enable a personalization-transfer service, a built-in GPS receiver will allow users to utilize their personal devices as navigators just by plugging them in their cars and thus even lighten the number of needed devices. However, the

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4G Wireless Systems reconfigurability of the user terminal could be a key aspect that would make the future 4G technology as highly adaptable as possible to the various worldwide markets.

4.4.2 Exploitation of Interworking devices.

In order to reduce the hardware embedded in the user terminal and the software complexity, the use of interworking devices is exploited. For example, this is the case of an integrated access point (AP) performing the interworking between a wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) technology and a WLAN technology, such as WiMAX and Wi-Fi, respectively: the WMAN is considered as the backbone and the WLAN as the distribution network; therefore, instead of integrating both technologies, the user terminal will only incorporate the Wi-Fi card. The price to be paid for this relief is hence an increased system (infrastructure) complexity.

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Chapter5 Key 4G Technologies

5.1 OFDMA 5.2 Software-defined Ratio 5.3 Multiple input Multiple output 5.4 Caching and Pico cells 5.5 Coverage

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Key 4G Technologies

Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:

5.1 OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.

Figure 7 OFDM Principles[i]

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4G Wireless Systems As shown in Figure 7, the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is narrowband (a few kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path effects, provided a guard interval is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO.

5.2 Software defined radio

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.

5.3 Multiple-input multiple-output

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performance improvements: range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

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5.4 Caching and Pico Cells

Memory in the network and terminals facilitates service delivery. In cellular systems, this extends the capabilities of the MAC scheduler, as it facilitates the delivery of real-time services. Resources can be assigned to data only when the radio conditions are favorable. This method can double the capacity of a classical cellular system. In pico cellular coverage, high data rate (non-real-time) services can be delivered even when reception/transmission is interrupted for a few seconds. Consequently, the coverage zone within which data can be received/transmitted can be designed with no constraints other than limiting interference. Data delivery is preferred in places where the bitrate is a maximum. Between these areas, the coverage is not used most of the time, creating an apparent discontinuity. In these areas, content is sent to the terminal cache at the high data rate and read at the service rate. Coverages are discontinuous. The advantage of cost. coverage, especially when designed with caching technology, is high spectrum efficiency, high scalability (from 50 to 500 bit/s/Hz), high capacity and lower

5.5 Coverage
Coverage is achieved by adding new technologies (possibly in overlay mode) and progressively enhancing density. Take a WiMAX deployment, for example: first the parent coverage is deployed; it is then made denser by adding discontinuous pico cells, after which the pico cell is made denser but still discontinuously.

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Figure 8 Pico cell network design[iv]

Finally the pico cell coverage is made continuous either by using MIMO or by deploying another pico cell coverage in a different frequency band (see Figure 9). Parent coverage performance may vary from 1 to 20 bit/s/Hz/km, while pico cell technology can achieve from 100 to 500 bit/s/Hz/km, depending on the complexity of the terminal hardware and software. These performances only refer to outdoor coverage; not all the issues associated with indoor coverage have yet been resolved. However, indoor coverage can be obtained by:

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4G Wireless Systems Direct penetration; this is only possible in low frequency bands (significantly below 1 GHz) and requires an excess of power, which may raise significant interference issues. Indoor short range radio connected to the fixed network. Connection via a relay to a pico cellular access point.

Figure 9 Example of deployment in dense traffic areas

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Conclusion

The provision of megabit/s data rates to thousands of radio and mobile terminals per square kilometer presents several challenges. Some key technologies permit the progressive introduction of such networks without jeopardizing existing investment. Disruptive technologies are needed to achieve high capacity at low cost, but it can still be done in a progressive manner. The key enablers are: Sufficient spectrum, with associated sharing mechanisms. Coverage with two technologies: parent (2G, 3G, WiMAX) for real-time delivery, and discontinuous pico cell for high data rate delivery. Caching technology in the network and terminals. OFDM and MIMO. IP mobility. Multi-technology distributed architecture. Fixed-mobile convergence (for indoor service). Network selection mechanisms. Many other features, such as robust transmission and cross-layer optimization, will contribute to optimizing the performance, which can reach between 100 and 500 bit/s/Hz/km2. The distributed, full IP architecture can be deployed using two main products: base stations and the associated controllers. Terminal complexity depends on the number of technologies they can work with. The minimum number of technologies is two: one for the radio coverage and one for short range use (e.g. PANs). However, the presence of legacy networks will increase this to six or seven.

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7
2001

Appendices

7.1 References : Journals and Magazines

i. Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank H.P Fitzek, and Ramjee Prasad, Aalborg University, Marcos D. Katz, Samsung Electronics, Defining 4G Technology from the Users Perspective, published by IEEE Jan/Feb 2006 ii. Third/fourth generation wireless networks, proceeds of the IEEE conference

iii. K.R.Santhi, G. Senthil Kumaran, Migration to 4 G: Mobile IP based Solutions, published by IEEE 2006 iv. D. Rouffet, S. Kerboeuf, L. Cai, V. Capdevielle, 4G Mobile, technical paper published by Alcatel. v. Linda Doyle, Beyond 3G: 4G Based Mobile Networks

7.2 References : Websites

vi. www.wikipedia.org vii. www.alcatel.com viii. www.ieee.org

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4G Wireless Systems ix. www.eurotechnology.com

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7.3 List of Figures and Tables used

Fig.1 Fig.2 Fig.3 Fig.4 Fig.5 Fig.6 Fig.7 Fig.8 Fig.9

Evolution from 2G to 4G Service Evolution Vision Dimensioning Examples Multiple Overlay Architecture Heterogeneous Terminals Heterogeneous Networks OFDM Principles Pico cell network Design Example of deployment in dense traffic areas 35

10 14 14 16 20 23 31 34

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7.4 Glossary

Access Point(AP): An access point is a station that transmits and receives data (sometimes referred to as a transceiver). An access point connects users to other users within the network and also can serve as the point of interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed wire network.

Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium.

Broadband: Broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information.

CDMA: CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9GHz bands.

Fourth Generation Mobile Systems: 4G is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G). While neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, it is expected that end-to-end IP and high-quality streaming video will be among 4G's distinguishing features.

GSM: GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. BVUCOE 40

4G Wireless Systems IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.

MIMO: MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver).

OFDM: Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies.

Pico Cell: Very small cell in a mobile network for boosting capacity within buildings.

UMTS: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) is a third-generation (3G) broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia at data rates up to 2 megabits per second (Mbps).

WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless industry coalition whose members organized to advance IEEE 802.16 standards for broadband wireless access ( BWA ) networks.

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