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When designing and installing heating and cooling systems, it is important to: 1. Properly size the system 2. Choose the type of the system and efciency of equipment based on available utility costs and anticipated use. 3. Design the components into the space available. Because of the various possibilities and the complexity of HVAC systems, the builder usually consults with skilled mechanical contractors who design and install such systems. On large projects a mechanical engineer may also be employed.
3.2 Denitions
1. Capacity: The ability of a heating or cooling system to heat or cool a given amount of space. In The US, heating is usually expressed in BTU's and cooling is usually expressed in tons.
The standard of measurement used for measuring the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (oF). Typically HVAC equipment uses BTUs to provide a measurement of heating or cooling capacity. Note: In the HVAC industry 36,000 BTU is understood as 36,000 BTU/hr or 36 MBTU. Measurement of air-conditioning (A/C) capacity (not used to measure heating capacity); 1 ton equals 12,000 BTU. The pump that moves the gas refrigerant from the indoor evaporator, compresses it to a liquid, runs it through the outdoor condenser and back to the evaporator again. The compressor is often called "the heart of the system" because it circulates the refrigerant through the entire system. The cooling coil portion of the refrigeration circuit. The evaporator is where the compressed liquid refrigerant is expanded creating a cold gas refrigerant that absorbs heat and humidity from warm air supplying cold air to the space. The device that contains a fan that circulates air from the room across an evaporator coil or heating coil. Ductwork is attached to this unit to distribute conditioned air. AHUs are sized by the amount of air they circulate in CFM. (cubic feet per minute)
3 Tons:
4. Compressor:
5. Evaporator Coil:
7.Condenser:
A device that transfers unwanted heat out of a refrigeration system to a medium (typically air or water) that absorbs the heat and transfers it outside the building. Most residential systems have an air-cooled condenser; however a water-cooled condenser can be a better option for certain applications. The refrigerating machine which includes the compressor and the condenser as one unit. The condensing unit is typically the outdoor portion of a split system air conditioner or heat pump system. An air conditioner that contains a refrigerant solenoid valve that allows it to change from a heating unit to a cooling unit. This allows for a single unit for heating and cooling.
8. Condensing Unit:
9. Heat Pump:
A central air conditioner system that usually consists of a condensing unit installed outside the building and an air handling unit installed inside the building. Refrigerant lines (suction and discharge) connect between the two components. This is the most common type of air-conditioning system installed in a home.
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3.2 Deniciones
1. Capacidad: La habilidad de un sistema de calefaccin o refrigeracin de calentar o enfriar una cantidad de espacio dado. En EEUU, la calefaccin es usualmente expresada en BTU y la refrigeracin es usualmente expresada en toneladas (TONS).
2. Unidad Trmica Britnica: El estndar de medida usado para medir la cantidad de calor requerido para incrementar la (BTU) temperatura de una libra de agua un grado Fahrenheit (oF). Tpicamente los equipos de HVAC usan BTUs para proveer una medida de capacidad de calefaccin o refrigeracin. Nota: En la industria de HVAC 36,000 BTU es entendido como 36,000 BTU/hr o 36 MBTU. 3. Tons (Toneladas): Medida de capacidad de aire acondicionado (A/C) (no usada para medir capacidad de calefaccin); 1 ton equivale a 12,000 BTU. La bomba que mueve el gas refrigerante desde el evaporador interno, lo comprime hasta un lquido, lo lleva a travs del condensador exterior y vuelve otra vez al evaporador. El compresor es a menudo llamado el corazn del sistema porque circula el refrigerante a travs de todo el sistema. La porcin de bobina de enfriamiento del circuito de refrigeracin. El evaporador es donde el lquido refrigerante comprimido es expandido creando un gas refrigerante fro que absorbe calor y humedad del aire caliente suministrando aire fro al espacio.
4. Compresor:
5. Evaporador de Bobina:
6. Unidad de Manejo de Aire: El dispositivo que contiene un ventilador que circula aire desde la habitacin frente a una bobina evaporadora o bobina de calefaccin. Los conductos son unidos a esta unidad para distribuir aire acondicionado. Las AHUs son dimensionadas por la cantidad de aire que circulan en pie/min. (Pie cbico por minuto) 7. Condensador: Un dispositivo que transere calor indeseado fuera de un sistema de refrigeracin a un medio (tpicamente aire o agua) que absorbe el calor y lo transere afuera del edicio. La mayora de los sistemas residenciales tienen un condensador refrigerado por aire; sin embargo un condensador refrigerado por agua puede ser una mejor opcin para ciertas aplicaciones. La mquina refrigerante que incluye el compresor y el condensador como una unidad. La unidad condensadora es tpicamente la porcin exterior de un sistema de aire acondicionado split o sistema de bomba trmica. Un acondicionador de aire que contiene una vlvula solenoide de refrigerante que le permite cambiar de una unidad de calefaccin a una unidad de refrigeracin. Esto permite a una sola unidad calentar y enfriar. Un sistema central de aire acondicionado que usualmente consiste de una unidad condensadora instalada afuera del edicio y una unidad de manejo de aire instalada dentro del edicio. Las lneas refrigerantes (de succin y descarga) se conectan entre los dos componentes. Este es el tipo de sistema ms comn de aire acondicionado instalado en una casa. HVAC 37
8. Unidad Condensadora:
9. Bomba Trmica:
A smaller Self contained cooling unit which is typically installed in a window or wall opening without the use of any ductwork. (These units house both the condensing unit and the AHU) A temperature control device, typically found on a wall inside that consists of a series of sensors that monitor and control the functions of a heating and cooling system. It is where the user turns on/off and sets the desired temperature for the area served by the a/c unit. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat
12. Thermostat:
13. Duct:
A pipe or closed conduit made of sheet metal, berglass board, or other material used for conducting air to and from an air handling unit. Most residential duct work is made of berglass foil faced board and insulated exible ducts which are spiral wound plastic covered with berglass and foil. Fans to vent stoves and bathrooms. In bathrooms without windows exhaust fans are normally required. A substance that produces a refrigerating effect while changing from a liquid to a gas. Common refrigerants for residential use include R-22 and R-134A. Water that is generated on the evaporator coil (or other cold surfaces) by the a/c system cooling warm humid air. Drain pans and drain lines collect and remove this water.
15. Refrigerant:
16. Condensate:
17. Humidity:
The amount of moisture in the air. Air conditioners as they cool, automatically remove moisture from the air which provides for added comfort. Often humidity is stated as relative humidity which it is the ratio of the amount of water vapor contained in the air to the greatest amount of water vapor the air could hold at the given temperature. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage.
The energy efciency rating of a/c equipment expressing the cooling output versus the electrical energy input. The higher the SEER the more efcient the equipment. 12 SEER produces about 12 Btu/hr of cooling effect per watt of electricity. For additonal information see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_energy_efciency_ratio AND www.buyerschoiceinspections.com/Efcency-Ratings The daily or yearly energy cost of operating HVAC equipment, based on energy use and utility cost. New equipment will often specify an approximate annual energy usage or annual operating cost (or may provide a SEER rating.)
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Una unidad refrigerante ms pequea auto-contenida que es tpicamente instalada en una ventana o apertura de pared sin el uso de ningn conducto. (Estas unidades contienen la unidad condensadora y la AHU). Un dispositivo de control de temperatura, tpicamente encontrado en una pared interior que consiste de una serie de sensores que monitorean y controlan las funciones de un sistema de calefaccin y refrigeracin. Es donde el usuario prende o apaga (on/off) y establece la temperatura deseada para el rea servida por la unidad de a/c. Vea: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat Una tubera o ducto cerrado hecho de chapa, bra de vidrio, u otro material usado para conducir aire hacia y desde una unidad de manejo de aire. La mayora del trabajo de ductos residenciales es hecho de lmina de bra de vidrio y ductos exibles aislados que son hechos de plstico envuelto en espiral cubiertos con bra de vidrio y aluminio.
12. Termostato:
13. Conducto:
14. Ventilador de Exhauste: Ventiladores para ventilar estufas y baos. Son normalmente requeridos en baos sin ventanas. 15. Refrigerante: Una sustancia que produce un efecto refrigerante cuando cambia de un lquido a un gas. Los refrigerantes comunes para uso residencial incluyen R-22 y R-134A. Agua que es generada en la bobina evaporadora (u otras supercies fras) por el sistema de a/c enfriando el aire hmedo clido. Colectores de drenajes y lneas de fuga colectan y remueven esta agua. La cantidad de agua en el aire. Los aires acondicionados cuando enfran, automticamente remueven humedad del aire que provee confort adicional. A menudo la humedad es establecida como humedad relativa que es la tasa de la cantidad de vapor de agua contenido en el aire respecto a la cantidad mxima de vapor de agua que el aire puede mantener a la temperatura dada. La humedad relativa normalmente es expresada como un porcentaje.
16. Condensado:
17. Humedad:
18. S.E.E.R.: La tasa de eciencia energtica de un equipo de a/c expresa la salida de fro respecto a (Ratio de Temporada la entrada de energa elctrica. Mientras ms alto el SEER ms eciente el equipo. Un de eciencia de energa) SEER de 12 produce acerca de 12 Btu/hr de efecto enfriador por watt de electricidad. Para informacin adicional consulte: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_energy_efciency_ratio Y www.buyerschoiceinspections.com/Efcency-Ratings 19. Costo de Operacin: El costo de energa diario o anual de operar equipos HVAC, basado en uso de energa y costo de servicios. Equipos nuevos a menudo especicarn un uso de energa anual aproximado o costo de operacin anual (o pueden proveer una taza de SEER).
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Air conditioning (heating and cooling) size is affected by the following factors: Outside temperature peaks (highs and lows) Area (square feet) served by the system Amount of windows, and exposure of windows to sunlight or cold Number of persons in the conditioned space Amount and exposure of exterior walls How well sealed is space from air inltration How well insulated is the conditioned space How much ventilation or exhaust air is used The air conditioning loads should be calculated by a professional and not simply done on a square foot basis. Tons per square foot should only be used as a check of the reasonableness of the calculated loads. Because of all these complicated factors, sizing HVAC systems should be done by professionals.
An HVAC ceiling supply box roughed in with exible duct connected. Una caja de suministro de cielorasso de HVAC colocada conectada con conducto exible.
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A unit used for small cooling loads. (Electric only) These units are relatively affordable and are easy to install, however they have poor energy efciency, can be noisy and aesthetically not pleasing. These utilize the principal of adiabatic cooling; no refrigerant, no compressor. These have low energy cost, however evaporative coolers only work in very low humidity environments (i.e. deserts). Swamp coolers can be 1/3 the cost of refrigerate based cooling systems. The most common residential system (over 75% in the US). These are relatively affordable and have good efciency, and can be coupled with various heating systems. Common types of a/c split systems are: -Air Cooled for cooling only (No heat or with a separate heating system) - Air Cooled for cooling with electric heat in the AHU. - Air Cooled for cooling with gas or Propane heat in the AHU. - Air Cooled with heat pumps (These use the refrigeration reverse cycle for heating. They are more expensive, but more efcient than electric coil heat.)
Are the most energy efcient but most expensive cooling option. Water cooled heat pumps require a large body water nearby and can be difcult to maintain.
F) Hydronic Heating:
G) Hot water, steam, or electric heat only Air Handling Units. H) Baseboard or wall mounted electric heaters: I) Wall mounted gas/propane heaters:
A very typical low cost heating system. Not very efcient except that with heating of this type one can easily, separately control the temperature in each room, which can provide efciency in the system. These are very efcient but care must be taken to properly vent fumes.
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F) Calefaccin Hydronic:
G) Unidades de manejo de aire: AHUs que contienen slo bobinas calentadoras. (Vea Unidad de Manejo de Aire 3.2 #6) de agua caliente, vapor, o calefaccin elctrica slo H) Calentadores de zcalos: Un sistema de calefaccin muy tpico de bajo costo. No muy eciente excepto que o paredes elctricas calentando con este tipo uno puede fcilmente controlar separadamente la temperatura montadas. en cada habitacin, lo que puede proveer eciencia al sistema. I) Paredes calentadoras montadas de gas/propano: Estas son muy ecientes pero debe tenerse cuidado de ventilar humos apropiadamente.
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These can provide a good source of secondary heat. Units that have a separate combustion air intake are the most efcient.
K) Portable electric heaters: These have the lowest initial cost and are reasonable for heating small areas that require minimal use. Care must be taken not to leave portable heaters unattended or near combustibles as these are known re starters.
Figure 3.41
Ins and Outs of an Air Handling Unit (AHU) for a split air conditioning system.
(1) Liquid refrigerant line: 3/8 dia Copper (typ.) Brings compressed liquid ref rigerant f rom the condensor.
(3) Gaseous Refrigerant line 1 dia Copper insulated (Typ.) Delivers cold refrigerant gas back to the compressor.
(5) Secondary drain line: Drains to emergency pan inside, which then ows to secondary drain line to outside.
Figure 3.41 shows the entrances and exits to a residential Air Handling Unit. For a Cooling Cycle: Compressed refrigerant from the Condensing Unit enters through an un-insulated pipe at high pressure.(1) Inside the AHU liquid refrigerant is allowed to expand to a gas, causing it to cool in the evaporator coil. The cold gas absorbs heat from the air circulated through the AHU and delivers the air conditioning to the buildings rooms through Supply Air Ducts. (2) Room temperature air returns to the AHU from a Return Air Duct, (Not Visible in Photo) The cool refrigerant gas is delivered back to the compressor outside.(3) The evaporator coil will produce condensate which drains out of the AHU through the primary drain line which drains to outside or to house sanitary drain system. (4) Or through the secondary drain line.(5) 44 HVAC
Estas pueden proveer una buena fuente de calor secundario. Las unidades que tienen una entrada de aire de combustin separada son las ms ecientes.
K) Calentadores elctricos Estos tienen el costo inicial ms bajo y son razonables para calentar reas pequeas que porttiles: requieren uso mnimo. Debe tenerse cuidado de no dejar calentadores porttiles desatendidos o cerca de combustibles ya que son conocidos como iniciadores de fuego.
Figura 3.41
Entradas y Salidas de una Unidad de Manejo de Aire (AHU) para un sistema de aire acondicionado split.
Lnea de refrigerante lquido 3/8 dia. cobre (tp.) Trae lquido refrigerante comprimido del condensador
Lnea de gas refrigerante 1 dia. de cobre aislado (Tp.) Emite gas refrigerante fra de vuelta al compresor.
Lnea secundaria de desage: Drena al contenedor de emergencia dentro, que luego uye a la lnea de desage secundaria al exterior.
Figura 3.41 muestra las entradas y salidas de una Unidad de Manejo de Aire residencial. Para un Ciclo de Enfriamiento: El Refrigerante comprimido de una Unidad Condensadora entra a travs de una tubera no aislada a alta presin . (1) Dentro de la AHU, se permite la expansin del lquido refrigerante hasta gas, provocndole enfriamiento en el evaporador de bobina. El gas fro absorbe calor del aire que circula a travs del AHU y entrega el aire acondicionado a las habitaciones del edicio a travs de los Conductos de Suministro de Aire.(2) Aire a la temperatura de la habitacin retorna a la AHU desde el Conducto de Retorno de Aire, (No visible en la Foto). El gas refrigerante fro es entregado devuelta al compresor afuera. (3) El evaporador de bobina producir condensado que drena afuera de la AHU a travs de la lnea primaria de drenaje que drena hacia afuera o para albergar el sistema de drenaje sanitario. (4) O a travs de la lnea secundaria de drenaje. (5) HVAC 45
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A return air grill in a nished wall El parrilla de aire de retorno en una pared terminada
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2.
Centralize the location of air handling equipment to minimize ductwork. Soffits may be necessary to route ducts below f loor joists.
3.
4.
Place the return air in a hall or common area to allow ease of return air circulation from all rooms. Place operable windows in bathroom as this may eliminate the need for an exhaust fan. Room air supply grills should be placed near outside walls of rooms and near windows where possible. This provides the best air circulation in the room. Proper orientation of the house as well as designing the house with windows that collect winter sun, but summer shade will greatly reduce heating and cooling costs.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Una unidad de pared de aire acondicionado In general up-ow furnaces installed in a buildings basement are correctamente instalada the most cost effective conguration for almost any central heating application. Programmable Thermostats provide a good means to automatically adjust temperature settings for lower use during periods of lower occupancy. Remember the best energy efciency of any system is OFF.
9.
10. In areas of mild climates or dry nighttime conditions, ventilating the space with a whole house fan (a fan designed to pull large volumes of air through the house from the outside) may be a very economical way to reduce the use of the air conditioning for cooling.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
La instalacin y ventilacin y de Chimeneas pre-fabricadas es tpicamente parte del contrato de HVAC. The Instalation and venting of pre-fabricated Fireplaces is typically part of the HVAC contract.
9.
10. En reas de climas templados o condiciones nocturnas secas, ventilar el espacio con un ventilador de toda la casa (un ventilador diseado para tirar grandes volmenes de aire a travs de la casa desde afuera) puede ser un modo muy econmico para reducir el uso del aire acondicionado para refrigerar.
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Copper refrigerant lines are installed through the exterior wall and will be connected to the condensing unit. Lneas refrigerantes de cobre son instaladas a travs de la pared exterior y estarn conectadas a la unidad condensadora. 50 HVAC
La unidad condensadora terminada, instalada para un sistema de aire acondicionado split en Texas. The nished, installed condensing unit for a split system air conditioner in Texas. HVAC 51
A bathroom exhaust fan used to vent a bathroom is roughed in. An exhaust fan is required if the bathroom does not have an operable window. Un ventilador de exhauste de bao utilizado para ventilar un cuarto de bao esta en preliminar. Un ventilador de exhauste es necesario si el bao no tiene una ventana operable.
The Finished bathroom exhaust fan. Grills and fan covers must wait to be installed till after painting is complete. A gas furnace is installed in a buildings basement. Un horno de gas es instalado en un stano del edicio. 52 HVAC El ventilador de exhauste del cuarto de bao terminado. Parrillas y cubres de ventiladores deben esperar a ser instalados hasta despus de que la pintura se complete.
Recursos de la Web
Un gran sitio para comparar opciones y diferencias de costo para hornos y equipos de aire acondicionado. www.furnacecompare.com/furnaces/ Localice contratistas calicados de HVAC en su rea y obtenga estimaciones online por trabajos de HVAC. www.furnacecompare.com/perl/nd_contractors.pl Sociedad Americana de Ingenieros de Calefaccin, Ventilacin y Aire Acondicionado. www.ashrae.org/ Una buena explicacin de sistemas de calefaccin de losa radiante: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_oor_heating Una buena explicacin de evaporadores de bobina: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporative_cooler La Asociacin Nacional de Centro de Investigacin de Constructores de Casas. Provee ideas innovadoras y consejos para ahorrar dinero sobre construccin de casas con muchos links que son aplicables a HVAC: www.nahbrc.org/builder/tips/index.aspx Una buena explicacin tcnica sobre Controles y cableado de Termostatos de HVAC para diferentes sistemas: www.hometech.com/learn/hvac.html Varios artculos sobre control trmico, humedad y ujo de aire en una casa relacionados a HVAC: www.buildingscience.com/buildingphysics Los siguientes sitios de vendedores de equipamiento de HVAC pueden proveer mucha informacin til: www.Carrier.residential.com www.Trane.com/residential www.Air.1800anytyme.com/info www.Arch.hku.hk/~kpcheung/new2004/ac/ www.hvacplus.com/ (En Espaol)
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