IEEE Antennos and Propagation Society Newsletter, February

1985

transponder surplus was being reduced s l i g h t l yb u t , t o of even so, t h e r e were 145 i n a c t i v e r a n s p o n d e r s u t 360, a u t i l i z a t i o n o f o n l y 60% ( S a t e l l i t e Week, August 6, 1984). The INTELSAT space segment i s a l s ou n d e r - u t i l i z e d a t t h e moment due tosluggish demand growth f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a li r c u i t s . c And t o make matters worse, the f u t u r e growth of s a t e l l i t e systems i s b e i n gs e r i o u s l y challenged by theadventofhigh-capacityfiber-optic cables, at least or oint-to-point pplications. f p a Indeed, the TAT-8 t r a n s a t l a n t if i b ec a b ls c h e d u l e d c r e f o rp e r a t i oin o n 1988 with capacity equivalent of 37,800 voice channels promisesbe to a s e r i o u s comof which petitor o he t t INTELSAT V I s a t e l l i t e s , each 33.000 voicechannels. An arhas a capacityofabout t i c l e in the May 21, 1984 i s s u eo f BUSINESS WEEK sugg e s t s t h a t ' I . . . f i b e r o p t i c s i s even l i k e l y t o make obs o l e t et h ef l e e t so f communications s a t e l l i t e s now rewill l a y i nd a t a g aroundworld. technology the ?his make ground communications so cheap and f a s tt h a t few commercial communication s a t e l l i t e s w i l l be launched in the1990's." Maybe. But theprophetsof doom overlook the poss i b i l i t y t h a t suchcompetitionmightstimulatefurther s a t e l l i t e growth and innovationboth for point-topointwell as as wideband m u l t i d e s t i n a t i o n p p l i c a a tions such thin-route as and broadcasting. The Times a r t i c l e u g g e s t e dh as a t e l l i t e a p a c i t y s t t c demand i s cyclic. This i s presumptuous s i n c e e t i r e th n in e d u s t r yi s n ' to l d enough tohaveexperienced any signif i c a n tc y l c e sy e t ! is t o f f i r mh a t a t The p o i notfh i d i g r e s s i o n t s t h i s book i s indeed timely. The c o n t i n u e d i a b i l i t y v and c o m p e t i t i v e n e s s s a t e l l i t e of communications w i l l u l t i m a t e l y depend on i t s c o s te f f e c t i v e n e s s and t h a t , long run, i s d i r e c t l y e l a t e d o r b i t a l r t o and i nh e t spectrum efficiency. This book i c e r t a i n l y s a convenient source of r e f e r e n c em a t e r i a l on policy and t e c h n i c a li s s u e sr e lated o t i t s intended subject the of GSO and i t s efI t i s a p p a r e n ttlhie s t fyr fectiutilization. ve s y s t e m a t i ct r e a t m e n to fa l lr e l e v a n ta s p e c t so fi n t e r ference anlysis including major the antenna contribut i o n s s e la sh e f f e c t s f r e q u e n c y l a n s aw l t e o p and It begins with an analog and d i g i t a l o d u l a t i o n s . m overview developments policy of and i n t e r n a t i o n a l regulations. Next i s presented subject the matter of t h l a r g e sp a rotfh e e t t book, namely the technical analysis spectrum of and o r b i tu t i l i z a t i o n . Beginning with simple the homogeneous model, which p o s t u l a t e s i d e n t i c asly s t e me q u i d i s t a n t s from each along other t h ea r c ,t h ei n f l u e n c eo fa n t e n n as i d e l o b ee n v e l o p e s , frequency interleaving, modulation parameters, satelIt then l i t es p a c i n g , and p o l a r i z a t i o na r ed i s p l a y e d . proceeds deeper into levels of detail covering the more r e a l i s t i c b u t c o m p l i c a t e d non-homogeneous c a s e , a detailedreatment f nalog t oa and d i g i t a l o d u l a t i o n s m from the viewpoint spectrum of efficiency, a discuss i o no ft h ea n a l y t i c a la s p e c t so fi n t e r f e r e n c ec a n c e l l a t i o n and reduction techniques, and a number o f apGSO geopendicesdealingwithmodulationparameters, metry,stationkeeping, and othertopics. While t h o v e r a lo u t l i n e e l is logicallyrdered, o the book s u f f e r s from several flaws including an unu s u a l l y l a r g e number oftypographical and s p e l l i n g e r rors, givingtheappearance that i t was e d i t e d h a s t i l y 23

Allen Glisson
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Mississippi University, M S 38677 (Sal)232-5353

BOOK BEvIgwS

Communication S a t e l l i t e s n h e e o s t a t i o n a r y i t G Orbit, by Donald M. Jansky and Michel C. Jeruchim, Artech A House, Dedham, M, 1983, x i i + 519 pages, ISBN: 089006-115-7, hardcover, $60.00. The frequency spectrum and g e o s t a t i o n a r y b i t or (GSO) a r e f i n i t e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s and t h e i r e f f i c i e n t userequiresthecoordinationofbothpolicy and techThis book i s a p p a r e n t l y h e i r s t t f n o l o g i c af a c t o r s . l to onsolidate c and p r e s e n t h e x t e n s i v e a t e r i a l e m on t h i ss u b j e c tt h a th e r e t o f o r eh a s been s c a t t e r e d i n t h e literature. The authors' intended audience consists of"...practicingspectrum managers i n government and industry, policy planning personnel, and communications engineers and system designers...". The emphaand ims i s i s on systemsanalysisratherthandesign plementationtechniques. an a l t i t u d eo f The G O i s theuniqueorbithaving S 36.000 km and a periodof one s i d e r e a l d a y ; s a t e l l i t e s stationary when viewed from the i n this o r b i t appear is earth. The o r b i t l s p e c t r u m t i l i z a t i o n f f i c i e n c y u e u s u a l l y measured as the information bandwidth (e.g. number o f o i c e h a n n e l s r i t a t e ) e r v c ob r p M z of RF H bandwidthperdegree of o r b i t a l a r c , where t h e o r b i t a l spacing between s a t e l l i t e s , AO, i s expressed in dea v a i l a b l e 360 degreeslongitude. of grees the along Sources interference of among s e p a r asta t e l l i t e e systems include sidelobe the responses terof the r e s t r i a ln t e n n a s h e a t, co- and cross-polarized res p o n s e so ft e r r e s t r i a l and s a t e l l i t ea n t e n n a s and the p a t t e r nr o l l o f f and sidelobe responses the of satell i t e antenna beams. Ia d d i t i o n ,r o s s - p o l a r i z a t i o n n c interference an c limit the capacity of a dual polarized frequency link. reuse Among the many other f a c t o r sh a t t must be considered to maximize o r b i t / spectrum efficiency bandwidth-efficient are: modulat i o n and accessmethods,frequencyplanning,satellite stationkeeping. and beam pointing. The a u t h o r s p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e GSO i s "crowded" i n termsspectrum of and o r b i t a s p a c e l and w i l l become more so i n the future. There may be s k e p t i c s who would note the apparent irony of this claim in view of t h ef a c tt h a tt h eb o o k ' sp u b l i c a t i o nc o i n c i d e sw i t h a current "transponder glut": A December, 1983 survey o f 14 U.S. domestic s a t e l l i t eis d i c a t e d n that 143 a t o t a l of 312 i n o r b i t were i d l e transpondersoutof - a capacity tilization f nly u oo 54% (The New York Times, 10. April1984). B August, 1984 the C-Band y

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newslelter, February 1985

and rushed print. into Also, the technical presentat i o n s r e oo f o n s i s t e nq u a l i t y . a n tc t The a r i t h m e t i c is generally straightfor ofinterferencecalculations ward but often appearsbe to more complicated than necessary because the of need to keep track of many i n t e r f e r e n c ee n t r i e s and paths. This bookkeeping task r e s u l t i nh e r e s e n c e f st p o many s u b s c r i p t s and the atc l a r i t yo ft h ep r e s e n t a t i o n so f t e ns u f f e r si nt h e tempt t o be completely general and rigorous. In t h i s regard, authors the might have supplemented derithe vations with a few well-chosen specific examples. w l gain an apil Neverthelessthe ersistent eader , p r preciation f o how the multitude individual of parameters in a s a t e l l i t e communications system interact o c While t h i s a t h e r r ext o lim'it t h e v e r a l l a p a c i t y . acceppensive book i s n o tl i k e l yt of i n dw i d e s p r e a d tance among subsystem and component designers, i t should be a convenientreferenceforsystemdesigners and planners. l h e book i s d i v i d e di n t oP a r t s I, 11, and I 1 p l u s 1 appendices. Part I i s w r i t t e n by t hf i r sa u t h o r e t (Jansky) and p a r t s I1 and I 1 by Jeruchim. vast 1 Ihe i s in t h e s e l a t t e r two P a r t s . majorityofmaterial P a r t I, Regulatory and Policy Considerations, deGSO g e o m e t r i c a l a t u r e s ,r e s e n t s e fe p h s c r i b ets e h e v o l u t i o no fs a t e l l i t ep o l i c y from t h ee a r l yy e a r st o 1982, and lists the prominent satellite ervices s and mofrequency bands. This short readable but section t i v a t e sa p p r e c i a t i o nf o rt h e many p o l i t i c a l a s w e l l a s t e c h n i c a la c t o ra f f e c t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a lg r e e m e n t s f s g a displayed frequency allof o rs a t e l l i t e use. Here are cation harts c and frequency sharing and coordination C C I R Recommendation 4 6 6 ; i.e.. c r i t e r i a such a sh e t Ibis r u lc a l lfsoc o o r d i n a t i o n e r the "ATIT rule." among administrations when i n t e r s y s t e m t e r f e r e n c e in power increases a l i n k ' se q u i v a l e n tn o i s et e m p e r a t u r e by 4% or more. developChapter 3 gives a chronology o f policy m e n t s ,s t a r t i n gw i t hi n t e r n a t i o n a la g r e e m e n t s and culU.S. policy allowing existence the minating with the u f many owners and o p e r a t o r so fd o m e s t i cs a t e l l i t e s . While this chapter is as timely as can be expected, g i v e nt h ep u b l i c a t i o nd a t e ,t h ep o l i c y and regulatory a r e a sa r ec u r r e n t l yv e r y dynamic and this i s t h es o r t that i s threatened with obsolescence alo fm a t e r i a l most a s soon as i t i s published. For example, r e c e n t p e t i t i o n s for deregulation in t h ei n t e r n a t i o n a la r e n a couldnothavebeentreated i n this book but may proin s a t e l l i t e communif o u n d l ya l t e rf u t u r ed i r e c t i o n s cations. P a r t 1 , Technical 1 Considerations, begins with a d e s c r i p t i o n tfh e o homogeneous model in Chapter 4. Here are defined measures orbit the of and spectrum or b i t s / s e c / u t i l i z a t i o n i n terms of:voicechannels MHz/degree-of-arc. Alternatively, given t h a t a l l o t h e rp a r a m e t e r sa r ef i x e d ,t h eu t i l i z a t i o nc a n be expressed as the m i n i m u m i n t e r s a t e l l i ts p a c i n g , e Ae. The s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d p p l i c a t i o n f h e i n k q u a t i o n a ot l e l e a dts o an e x p l i c i t formulacarrier-to-interfor f e r e n c r a t i oC / I ) e ( and s i g n a l - t o - n o i sr a t i o e (SIN) f o r any system in the presence the of others. This a n a l y s i s shows the important very influence of the Antenna deearth antenna sidelobe envelopes on A B . des i g n e r sa r ew e l l aware o f t h i s as theyattemptto velop antennas whose gain envelope beyond one degree from boresight i s l e s s h a n t 29-251agB w h i l e n t i c i p a t a that may ing even more s t r i n g e n t u t u r e e q u i r e m e n t s f r use of symmetrical reflecportend the demise of the tors. D a p o l a r i z a t i o n is discussed as ul here i s the e f f e c t on capacity modulation of type and frequency interleaving. e eader nterested mr i in a cursory understanding of t h e s ea c t o r c o u l d u f f i c e i t hh e f s s w t m a t e r i a l in t h i sc h a p t e r .
24

For t h o s e q u i r i n g e a t e r t a iC,h a p t e r r gr de l ' 5 t r e a t st h e more r e a l i s t i c nom-homogeneous case where symmetry i s l o s te i t h e r because system each has d i f or because of propagation condif e r e np a r a m e t e r s t t i o n s , assumed t o e b s e n t n h e ba i t homogeneous case. by considering p a i r s o f nonThe analysis proceeds definitionsor f homogeneous c a r r i e r s , leading the to " i s o l a t i o n " between networks. l h ils a dts e o a dea s i n g l ee n t r y s c r i p t i o no fi n t e r f e r e n c ec r i t e r i af o r and f o r h e o t a l n t e r f e r e n c e . n t e r n a t i o n a l e g u l a t t i I r limits on both. topics Other in this t i op l a c e s n c h a p t e ri n c l u d es a t e l l i t ec l u s t e r i n g and frequency reuse a t t h es a t e l l i t ev i am u l t i p l e beams. Once again, given use the the of most e f f i c i e n t r e q u e n c y l a n s f p and m o d u l a t i o n s ,t h es a t e l l i t ea n t e n n ap r o p e r t i e sa r e a s i g n i f i c a n tf a c t o rl i m i t i n gu l t i m a t ec a p a c i t y . P a r t 111, I n t e r f e r e n c ec o v e r s , in g r e a t e r e t a i l d as c a l c u l a t e d or measured t h es u b j e c to fi n t e r f e r e n c e a t the receiver. Chapter 6 deals ith nalog ignals w a s The p r i and concentrates on FDMIFM telephony and i s thenoise power r a t i o mary measureofinterference (NPR) and expressionsaredevelopedforthe NR f o r a P number o fm u l t i p l ec a r r i e r sf o rb o t hi n t e r l e a v e d and non-interleaved cases.

T. V

the performance Chapter 7 describes interference o fd i g i t a ls i g n a l s . Of course,theprimarymeasureof (BER) b u t , as pointperformance i s t h e b i t e r r o r r a t e a l i n e a rr e l a t i o n s h i p between the ed o u t ,t h el a c ko f waveforms and the BER makes e x a c ta n a l y s e sd i f f i c u l t . Eowever, approximate formulas and BFX bounds a r e determined for a number o i n t e r f e r e n c e c e n a r i o f o r f s s the specific digital modulations of coherent phase s h i f t keying (CPSK) and m i n i m u m s h i f t keying (MSK). One observation made in thechapter i s t h a tc o n s i d e r ing interference the noise be to Gaussian provides a convenientupper bound on BBR f o r C j N ' s of general interest. '&is a l s o seems to for nonlinear hold the channel with hardwired synchronization, but with synch recoverytheGaussianapproximationdoesnot bound the performance.
8 d e a l sw i t hi n t e r f e r e n c e reducF i n a l l y .c h a p t e r It d e s c r i b ets e h t i o n and cancellation techniques. a subtraction use of an auxiliary antenna provide to o r c a n c e l l a t i o n signal when a s i n g l e i n t e r f e r i n g p a t h , such as a s i g n a l e n t e r i n g v i a a sidelobe,canbeidentified. Both RF and I F c a n c e l l a t i o na r ed e s c r i b e d as a r e baseband techniques for analog modulation. The remainderofthechapterbrieflyoutlinestheconcepts o f beam shaping and adaptive nulling with antenna patt e r n s as well as p o l a r i z a t i o n n u l l i n g t e c h n i q u e s .

The Appendices cover a v a r i e t yo ft o p i c s in some are g e n e r a l l v e r p o o r l y y y d e t a i lB e s a p p e n d i c e s . e w r i t t e n and appearhave to totally escaped editing. Appendix A. "Some Signal-to-Noise Relationships for Analog Signals,"contains so many e r r o r s and typos as t o be almostunreadable.
In conclusion, this book g e n e r a l l ys a t i s f i e st h e i n t e n t o f i t s authors. It will be a u s e f u ls o u r c eo f reference aterial m on t h es u b j e c to fo r b i t and spectrum u t i l i z a t i o n that may appeal system to planners. It w i l l b e l e s s u s e f u l t o e n g i n e e r s c o n c e r n e d w i t h imp l e m e n t a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c hardware designs.

Reviewed by Daniel F. DiFonzo Communications S a t e l l i t e Cow. 950 L'EnfantPlaza, SW .. Washington, DC 20024