1 Unit 5 Topic 4- Thermal

Physics

Heat A form of energy. It causes temperature to increase Temperature: Measure of hotness and depend on the average K.E. of molecules. Kinetic theory: Matter is made up tiny particles. In solids particles are in continuous vibrations about their mean positions. When energy is supplied the molecules vibrate faster and more. This increases their K.E. and the temperature increases. In liquids and gases molecules are in continuous random motion and their motion increases when energy is supplied. Due to this motion their K.E. increases and the temperature increases. Absolute zero: When all the K.E. is removed from an object its K.E. becomes zero. Therefore its temperature falls to zero. This temperature is named as absolute zero kelvin. Kelvin temperature scale: It starts from zero and the scale division is made identical to the celsius scale for convenience. Various temperature scales Celsius 0C ice 00 boiling 1000 Fahrenheit 0F 320 2120 Kelvin K 273.15 373.15 Rankine R 491.67 671.67

Distribution of internal Energy in molecules The molecules have different amount energy and distributed randomly according to Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution In a sample some molecules move slowly and most move with medium velocity and few move with very high velocity. All molecules are identical and mass is the same. So K.E. is directly proportion to velocities. If the number of molecules against K.E. is plotted a curve is obtained. This is called Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution curve.

Heat transfer: Heat flows from hotter area to colder area. When molecules vibrate they interchange energies. Slower molecules move faster and average K.E. increases. The temperature rises. Specific heat capacity Unit J Kg K What is SI base unit of specific heat capacity? Internal Energy Molecules are in continuous motion or vibrations in matter. This makes the molecules to have K.E. and and some P.E. due to their positions. The internal energy is the sum of K.E. and P.E.
-1 -1

Vp most probable speed Va mean speed Vrms root-mean-square speed No zero energy. Few have high energy. No maximum energy At different temperatures

Edexcel London A2 Notes By J.ISHAQU B.Sc (Peradeniya) 072-4789083

2 Unit 5 Topic 4- Thermal

Physics

1) 6 molecules have the following speeds respectively. 5,6,6,6,7,8 (ms-1). Find i) Most probable speed ii) Mean speed iii)mean square speed. iv) rms speed

2) The lowest possible temperature in outer space is 2.7 K. What is the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at this temperature?

Gas laws
These laws are empirical laws. Root-mean-square-speed

Most Probable speed Mean speed

Boyles law For a constant mass of gas the Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume if the temperature remains constant . Experiment

Molecular K.E m<c2>= kT

k- Boltzmann constant= 1.38x 10-23 JK-1 rms speed is zero at absolute temperature since temperature is zero. Molecules are stationary. Total number of molecules= Area under graph Exercise

Pressure law

Edexcel London A2 Notes By J.ISHAQU B.Sc (Peradeniya) 072-4789083

3 Unit 5 Topic 4- Thermal

Physics

For a constant mass of gas the pressure exerted by the gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the volume remains constant.

Ideal gases The real gases do not obey gas laws perfectly. The volume should disappear when temperature becomes absolute zero. But it does not happen! The gas becomes liquid. Properties of ideal gas 1. The molecules have zero size 2. The molecules are identical 3. Molecules are in continuous random motion. They collide with the walls and bounce elastically. 4. Collision time is negligible. 5. Molecules do not exert forces except during collisions. 6. Probability can be applied since there is a large number of molecules. Ideal gas equation pV=NkT N- Number of molecules k- Boltzmann Constant. Equation of state pV=nRT n- number of moles -1 -1 R- Universal gas constant. 8.31 J K mol nR=Nk k= k

Charless Law
When a given mass of a gas is heated at constant pressure, the volume V of given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

k= 1.38x10-23 J K-1

Edexcel London A2 Notes By J.ISHAQU B.Sc (Peradeniya) 072-4789083

4 Unit 5 Topic 4- Thermal

Physics

A quantity of gas has a pressure of 2.5x105 Pa at a temperature of 20 C. (a) Calculate the new pressure when the temperature reaches 37 C.(2.65x105 Pa) (b) State two important assumptions made in part (a). There is 50 cm3 of gas at 27 C collected. Calculate the volume of gas at 10 C when the pressure is unchanged.( 47.2 cm3) Calculate the molar mass of butane if 0.5836 g of this gas fills a 250.0 mL flask at 23.5C and 742.6 mm Hg.

1. A balloon contains 2.00 mol of nitrogen at a pressure of 0.980 atm and a temperature of 37C. What is the volume of the balloon? 2. A 248 mole sample of nitrogen is sealed in a 18.3 L container and heated to a temperature of 27C. What is the pressure of the gas? 3. What will the temperature (in C) be when there are 2.00 mol of O2 at 840.0 KPa and occupying 1.60 L of space? 4. How many moles of N2 would be contained in a 10.0 L balloon at 640 mmHg and -78C? How many grams? 5. A tank with a volume of 658 mL contains 1.50 g of Ne gas at a pressure of 450 kPa [convert!]. What is the temperature of the gas, in C?

Edexcel London A2 Notes By J.ISHAQU B.Sc (Peradeniya) 072-4789083